Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-8bhkd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-03T08:34:25.983Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Bovine viral diarrhea virus infections in heterologous species

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 November 2009

Thomas Passler  and
Paul H. Walz
Thomas Passler
Affiliation:
Departments of Clinical Sciences and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL36849, USA
Paul H. Walz*
Affiliation:
Departments of Clinical Sciences and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL36849, USA
*
*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Infections with Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) are not limited to cattle, but may be detected in various species in the mammalian order Artiodactyla. Despite epidemiological evidence of BVDV infections in species other than cattle, current knowledge regarding the impact of BVDV on heterologous species is incomplete. In heterologous hosts, BVDV infections with clinical signs analogous to those in cattle have been described and include disease of multiple organ systems, most notably the reproductive tract and immune system. Clinical infections may negatively impact the health and well-being of heterologous species, including camelids and captive and free-ranging wildlife. Of additional importance are BVDV infections in small ruminants and swine where difficulties arise in laboratory testing for Border disease virus (BDV) and Classical swine fever virus (CSFV), respectively. Pestiviruses are antigenically closely related and their cross-reactivity requires additional efforts in virological testing. In cattle populations, persistently infected animals are considered the main source of BVDV transmission. This phenomenon has also been detected in heterologous species, which could facilitate reservoirs for BVDV that may be of great importance where control programs are in progress. This review summarizes the current epidemiological and clinical knowledge on heterologous BVDV infections and discusses their implications.

Keywords

Bovine viral diarrhea virusPestiviruscross-species infectionepidemiologyhost range
Type
Review Article
Information
Animal Health Research Reviews , Volume 11 , Issue 2 , December 2010 , pp. 191 - 205
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Afshar, A, Dulac, GC and Bouffard, A (1989). Application of peroxidase labelled antibody assays for detection of porcine IgG antibodies to hog cholera and bovine viral diarrhea viruses. Journal of Virological Methods 23: 253–261.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aguirre, AA, Hansen, DE, Starkey, EE and McLean, RG (1995). Serologic survey of wild cervids for potential disease agents in selected national parks in the United States. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 21: 313–322.Google Scholar
Anderson, EC and Rowe, LW (1998). The prevalence of antibody to the viruses of bovine virus diarrhoea, bovine herpes virus 1, rift valley fever, ephemeral fever and bluetongue and to Leptospira sp. in free-ranging wildlife in Zimbabwe. Epidemiology and Infection 121: 441–449.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Avalos-Ramirez, R, Orlich, M, Thiel, HJ and Becher, P (2001). Evidence for the presence of two novel pestivirus species. Virology 286: 456–465.Google Scholar
Baker, JA, Coggins, L, Robson, D, Sheffy, BE and Volenec, FJ (1969). A possibility of decreasing the cost of hog cholera eradication with use of a heterotypic BVD vaccine. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 155: 1866–1873.Google Scholar
Barnett, J, Twomey, DF, Millar, MF, Bell, S, Bradshaw, J, Higgins, RJ, Scholes, SF, Errington, J, Bromage, GG and Oxenham, GJ (2008). BVDV in British alpacas. Veterinary Record 162: 795.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barrett, MW and Chalmers, GA (1975). A serologic survey of pronghorns in Alberta and Saskatchewan, 1970–1972. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 11: 157–163.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Becher, P, Avalos Ramirez, R, Orlich, M, Cedillo Rosales, S, Konig, M, Schweizer, M, Stalder, H, Schirrmeier, H and Thiel, HJ (2003). Genetic and antigenic characterization of novel pestivirus genotypes: implications for classification. Virology 311: 96–104.Google Scholar
Bechmann, G (1997). Serological investigations in the diagnosis of viral infections derived from cattle in sheep. Deutsche tierärztliche Wochenschrift 104: 321–324.Google ScholarPubMed
Beckenhauer, WH, Brown, AL, Lidolph, AA and Norden, CJ (1961). Immunization of swine against hog cholera with a bovine enterovirus. Veterinary Medicine 56: 108–112.Google Scholar
Belknap, EB, Collins, JK, Larsen, RS and Conrad, KP (2000). Bovine viral diarrhea virus in New World camelids. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 12: 568–570.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blome, S, Meindl-Bohmer, A, Loeffen, W, Thuer, B and Moennig, V (2006). Assessment of classical swine fever diagnostics and vaccine performance. Revue Scientifique et Technique 25: 1025–1038.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bohrmann, R, Frey, HR and Liess, B (1988). Survey on the prevalence of neutralizing antibodies to bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) virus, bovine herpes virus type 1 (BHV-1) and parainfluenza virus type 3 (PI-3) in ruminants in the Djibouti Republic. Deutsche tierärztliche Wochenschrift 95: 99–102.Google Scholar
Bornstein, S and Musa, BE (1987). Prevalence of antibodies to some viral pathogens, Brucella abortus and Toxoplasma gondii in serum from camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Sudan. Zentralblatt für Veterinärmedizin. Reihe B 34: 364–370.Google ScholarPubMed
Broaddus, CC, Lamm, CG, Kapil, S, Dawson, L and Holyoak, GR (2009). Bovine viral diarrhea virus abortion in goats housed with persistently infected cattle. Veterinary Pathology 46: 45–53.Google Scholar
Burgemeister, R, Leyk, W and Goessler, R (1975). Untersuchungen über vorkommen von parasitosen, bakteriellen und viralen infektionskrankheiten bei dromedaren in südtunesien. Deutsche tierärztliche Wochenschrift 82: 352–354.Google Scholar
Byers, SR, Snekvik, KR, Righter, DJ, Evermann, JF, Bradway, DS, Parish, SM and Barrington, GM (2009). Disseminated Bovine viral diarrhea virus in a persistently infected alpaca (Vicugna pacos) cria. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 21: 145–148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cantu, A, Ortega, SJ, Mosqueda, J, Garcia-Vazquez, Z, Henke, SE and George, JE (2008). Prevalence of infectious agents in free-ranging white-tailed deer in northeastern Mexico. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 44: 1002–1007.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carbrey, EA, Stewart, WC, Kresse, JI and Snyder, ML (1976). Natural infection of pigs with bovine viral diarrhea virus and its differential diagnosis from hog cholera. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 169: 1217–1219.Google Scholar
Carlsson, U and Belak, K (1994). Border disease virus transmitted to sheep and cattle by a persistently infected ewe: epidemiology and control. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 35: 79–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carman, S, Carr, N, DeLay, J, Baxi, M, Deregt, D and Hazlett, M (2005). Bovine viral diarrhea virus in alpaca: abortion and persistent infection. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 17: 589–593.Google Scholar
Celedon, M, Sandoval, A, Drougett, J, Calfio, R, Ascencio, L, Pizarro, J and Navarro, C (2001). Survey for antibodies to pestivirus and herpesvirus in sheep, goats, alpacas (Lama pacos), llamas (Lama glama), guanacos (Lama guanicoe) and vicuna (Vicugna vicugna) from Chile. Archivos De Medicina Veterinaria 33: 165–172.Google Scholar
Celedon, MO, Osorio, J and Pizarro, J (2006). Isolation and identification of pestiviruses in alpacas (Lama pacos) and llamas (Lama glama) introduced to the Region Metropolitana, Chile. Archivos De Medicina Veterinaria 38: 247–252.Google Scholar
Chase, CC, Braun, LJ, Leslie-Steen, P, Graham, T, Miskimins, D and Ridpath, JF (2008). Bovine viral diarrhea virus multiorgan infection in two white-tailed deer in southeastern South Dakota. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 44: 753–759.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Couvillion, CE, Jenney, EW, Pearson, JE and Coker, ME (1980). Survey for antibodies to viruses of bovine virus diarrhea, bluetongue, and epizootic hemorrhagic disease in hunter-killed mule deer in New Mexico. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 177: 790–791.Google Scholar
Dahle, J, Schagemann, G, Moennig, V and Liess, B (1993). Clinical, virological and serological findings after intranasal inoculation of pigs with bovine viral diarrhoea virus and subsequent intranasal challenge with hog cholera virus. Zentralblatt für Veterinärmedizin. Reihe B 40: 46–54.Google ScholarPubMed
Danuser, R, Vogt, HR, Kaufmann, T, Peterhans, E and Zanoni, R (2009). Seroprevalence and characterization of pestivirus infections in small ruminants and new world camelids in Switzerland. Schweizer Archiv fur Tierheilkunde 151: 109–117.Google Scholar
Darbyshire, JH (1960). A serological relationship between swine fever and mucosal disease of cattle. Veterinary Record 72: 331.Google Scholar
Davidson, WR and Crow, CB (1983). Parasites, diseases, and health status of sympatric populations of sika deer and white-tailed deer in Maryland and Virginia. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 19: 345–348.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Smit, AJ, Eble, PL, de Kluijver, EP, Bloemraad, M and Bouma, A (1999). Laboratory decision-making during the classical swine fever epidemic of 1997–1998 in The Netherlands. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 42: 185–199.Google Scholar
Dedek, J, Loepelmann, H, Kokles, R, Kretzschmar, C, Muller, M and Bergmann, H (1987). Ergebnisse serologischer Untersuchungen auf Antikorper gegen das Virus der bovinen virusdiarrhoe/ mucosal disease beim Rot-, Reh-, Dam- und Muffelwild. Monatshefte fur Veterinarmedizin 43: 63–65.Google Scholar
Deem, SL, Noss, AJ, Villarroel, R, Uhart, MM and Karesh, WB (2004). Disease survey of free-ranging grey brocket deer (Mazama gouazoubira) in the Gran Chaco, Bolivia. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 40: 92–98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DeFillipis, VR and Villareal, LP (2000). An introduction to the evolutionary ecology of viruses. In: Hurst, CJ (ed.) Viral Ecology. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, pp. 126–189.Google Scholar
Dekker, A, Wensvoort, G and Terpstra, C (1995). Six antigenic groups within the genus pestivirus as identified by cross neutralization assays. Veterinary Microbiology 47: 317–329.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Depner, K, Hubschle, OJ and Liess, B (1991). Prevalence of ruminant pestivirus infections in Namibia. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research 58: 107–109.Google ScholarPubMed
Diaz, R, Steen, M, Rehbinder, C and Alenius, S (1988). An outbreak of a disease in farmed fallow deer (Dama dama L) resembling bovine virus diarrhea/mucosal disease. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 29: 369–376.Google Scholar
Doyle, LG and Heuschele, WP (1983). Bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in captive exotic ruminants. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 183: 1257–1259.Google Scholar
Dubay, SA, Noon, TH, deVos, JC Jr and Ockenfels, RA (2006). Serologic survey for pathogens potentially affecting pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) fawn recruitment in Arizona, USA. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 42: 844–848.Google Scholar
Duncan, C, Ridpath, J, Palmer, MV, Driskell, E and Spraker, T (2008a). Histopathologic and immunohistochemical findings in two white-tailed deer fawns persistently infected with Bovine viral diarrhea virus. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 20: 289–296.Google Scholar
Duncan, C, Van Campen, H, Soto, S, Levan, IK, Baeten, LA and Miller, MW (2008b). Persistent Bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in wild cervids of Colorado. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 20: 650–653.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Edmondson, MA, Walz, PH, Johnson, JW, Gard, JA, Marley, MS, Eason, AB and Givens, MD (2009). Experimental exposure of pregnant alpacas to different genotypes of Bovine viral diarrhea virus. In: 4th US BVDV Symposium, 25–27 January 2009, Phoenix, AZ, p. 38.Google Scholar
ElAzhary, MA, Roy, RS and Frechette, JL (1979). Serological evidence of IBR and BVD infection in caribou (Rangifer tarandus). Veterinary Record 105: 336.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
ElAzhary, MA, Frechette, JL, Silim, A and Roy, RS (1981). Serological evidence of some bovine viruses in the caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) in Quebec. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 17: 609–612.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
English, AW (1982). Serological survey of wild fallow deer (Dama dama) in New South Wales, Australia. Veterinary Record 110: 153–154.Google Scholar
Evermann, JF (2006). Pestiviral infection of llamas and alpacas. Small Ruminant Research 61: 201–206.Google Scholar
Fischer, S, Weiland, E and Frolich, K (1998). Characterization of a bovine viral diarrhea virus isolated from roe deer in Germany. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 34: 47–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Foster, AP, Houlihan, M, Higgins, RJ, Errington, J, Ibata, G and Wakeley, PR (2005). BVD virus in a British alpaca. Veterinary Record 156: 718–719.Google Scholar
Foster, AP, Houlihan, MG, Holmes, JP, Watt, EJ, Higgins, RJ, Errington, J, Ibata, G and Wakeley, PR (2007). Bovine viral diarrhoea virus infection of alpacas (Vicugna pacos) in the UK. Veterinary Record 161: 94–99.Google Scholar
Friend, M and Halterman, LG (1967). Serologic survey of two deer herds in New York State. Bulletin of the Wildlife Disease Association 3: 32–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frolich, K (1995). Bovine virus diarrhea and mucosal disease in free-ranging and captive deer (Cervidae) in Germany. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 31: 247–250.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frolich, K and Hofmann, M (1995). Isolation of bovine viral diarrhea virus-like pestiviruses from roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). Journal of Wildlife Diseases 31: 243–246.Google Scholar
Frolich, K and Streich, WJ (1998). Serologic evidence of bovine viral diarrhea virus in free-ranging rabbits from Germany. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 34: 173–178.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frolich, K, Hamblin, C, Parida, S, Tuppurainen, E and Schettler, E (2006). Serological survey for potential disease agents of free-ranging cervids in six selected national parks from Germany. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 42: 836–843.Google Scholar
Giangaspero, M and Harasawa, R (1999). Ovine pestiviruses: their taxonomic status revealed by palindromic nucleotide substitutions. Veterinary Microbiology 70: 33–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Giangaspero, M and Harasawa, R (2007). Numerical taxonomy of the genus Pestivirus based on palindromic nucleotide substitutions in the 5′ untranslated region. Journal of Virological Methods 146: 375–388.Google Scholar
Giovannini, A, Cancellotti, FM, Turilli, C and Randi, E (1988). Serological investigations for some bacterial and viral pathogens in fallow deer (Cervus dama) and wild boar (Sus scrofa) of the San Rossore Preserve, Tuscany, Italy. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 24: 127–132.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goyal, SM, Bouljihad, M, Haugerud, S and Ridpath, JF (2002). Isolation of bovine viral diarrhea virus from an alpaca. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 14: 523–525.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Graham, DA, Calvert, V, German, A and McCullough, SJ (2001). Pestiviral infections in sheep and pigs in Northern Ireland. Veterinary Record 148: 69–72.Google Scholar
Grondahl, C, Uttenthal, Å, Houe, H, Rasmussen, TB, Hoyer, MJ and Larsen, LE (2003). Characterisation of a pestivirus isolated from persistently infected mousedeer (Tragulus javanicus). Archives of Virology 148: 1455–1463.Google Scholar
Grubb, P (2005). Order Artiodactyla. In: Wilson, DE and Reeder, DM (eds) Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 637–722.Google Scholar
Gruber, AD, Hewicker-Trautwein, M, Liess, B and Trautwein, G (1995). Brain malformations in ovine fetuses associated with the cytopathogenic biotype of bovine viral-diarrhoea virus. Zentralblatt für Veterinärmedizin. Reihe B 42: 443–447.Google ScholarPubMed
Hamblin, C and Hedger, RS (1979). The prevalence of antibodies to bovine viral diarrhoea/mucosal disease virus in African wildlife. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 2: 295–303.Google Scholar
Hedger, RS, Barnett, IT and Gray, DF (1980). Some virus diseases of domestic animals in the Sultanate of Oman. Tropical Animal Health and Production 12: 107–114.Google Scholar
Hegazy, AA, Lotifa, SF, Saber, MS, Aboellail, TA, Yousif, AA and Chase, CCL (1996). Bovine viral diarrhea virus infection causes reproductive failure and neonatal deaths in dromedary camel. In: International Symposium, Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus: a 50 Year Review, 23–25 June 1996, Ithaca, NY, p. 205.Google Scholar
Hewicker-Trautwein, M, Trautwein, G, Frey, HR and Liess, B (1995). Variation in neuropathogenicity in sheep fetuses transplacentally infected with non-cytopathogenic and cytopathogenic biotypes of bovine-virus diarrhoea virus. Zentralblatt für Veterinärmedizin. Reihe B 42: 557–567.Google Scholar
Hyera, JM, Liess, B and Frey, HR (1991). Bovine viral diarrhoea virus infection in cattle, sheep and goats in northern Tanzania. Tropical Animal Health and Production 23: 83–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hyera, JMK, Liess, B, Anderson, E and Hirji, KN (1992). Prevalence of antibodies to bovine viral diarrhoea in some wild ruminants in northern Tanzania. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa 40: 143–151.Google Scholar
Jensen, MH (1985). Screening for neutralizing antibodies against hog cholera- and/or bovine viral diarrhea virus in Danish pigs. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 26: 72–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jewett, CJ, Kelling, CL, Frey, ML and Doster, AR (1990). Comparative pathogenicity of selected bovine viral diarrhea virus isolates in gnotobiotic lambs. American Journal of Veterinary Research 51: 1640–1644.Google Scholar
Johnson, JW, Edmonson, MA, Walz, PH and Givens, MD (2009). Experimental exposure of naive alpacas to different genotypes of Bovine viral diarrhea virus isolated from cattle and alpacas. In: 4th US BVDV Symposium, 25–27 January 2009, Phoenix, AZ, p. 71.Google Scholar
Jordan, LT, Rettie, WJ and Tessaro, SV (2003). Evidence of herpesvirus infection in Woodland Caribou in Saskatchewan. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 39: 216–220.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Julia, S, Craig, MI, Jimenez, LS, Pinto, GB and Weber, EL (2009). First report of BVDV circulation in sheep in Argentina. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 90: 274–277.Google Scholar
Kahrs, R, Atkinson, G, Baker, JA, Carmichael, L, Coggins, L, Gillespie, J, Langer, P, Marshall, V, Robson, D and Sheffy, B (1964). Serological studies on the incidence of bovine virus diarrhea, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, bovine myxovirus parainfluenza-3, and leptospira pomona in New York State. Cornell Veterinarian 54: 360–369.Google ScholarPubMed
Karesh, WB, Uhart, MM, Dierenfeld, ES, Braselton, WE, Torres, A, House, C, Puche, H and Cook, RA (1998). Health evaluation of free-ranging guanaco (Lama guanicoe). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 29: 134–141.Google Scholar
Kim, IJ, Hyun, BH, Shin, JH, Lee, KK, Lee, KW, Cho, KO and Kang, MI (2006). Identification of bovine viral diarrhea virus type 2 in Korean native goat (Capra hircus). Virus Research 121: 103–106.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, SG, Anderson, RR, Yu, JZ, Zylich, NC, Kinde, H, Carman, S, Bedenice, D and Dubovi, EJ (2009). Genotyping and phylogenetic analysis of bovine viral diarrhea virus isolates from BVDV infected alpacas in North America. Veterinary Microbiology 136: 209–216.Google Scholar
Kingscote, BF, Yates, WD and Tiffin, GB (1987). Diseases of wapiti utilizing cattle range in southwestern Alberta. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 23: 86–91.Google Scholar
Kocan, AA, Franzmann, AW, Waldrup, KA and Kubat, GJ (1986). Serologic studies of select infectious diseases of moose (Alces alces L.) from Alaska. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 22: 418–420.Google Scholar
Konig, M, Cedillo Rosales, S, Becher, P and Thiel, HJ (2003). Heterogeneity of ruminant pestiviruses: academic interest or important basis for the development of vaccines and diagnostics? Berliner und Münchener tierärztliche Wochenschrift 116: 216–221.Google ScholarPubMed
Koppel, C, Knopf, L, Thur, B, Vogt, HR, Meli, ML, Lutz, H and Stark, KDC (2007). Bovine virus diarrhea and the vector-borne diseases Anaplasmosis and Bluetongue: a sero-surveillance in free-ranging red deer (Cervus elaphus) in selected areas of Switzerland. European Journal of Wildlife Research 53: 226–230.Google Scholar
Krametter, R, Nielsen, SS, Loitsch, A, Froetscher, W, Benetka, V, Moestl, K and Baumgartner, W (2004). Pestivirus exposure in free-living and captive deer in Austria. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 40: 791–795.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krametter-Froetscher, R, Loitsch, A, Kohler, H, Schleiner, A, Schiefer, P, Moestl, K, Golja, F and Baumgartner, W (2006). Prevalence of antibodies to pestiviruses in goats in Austria. Zentralblatt für Veterinärmedizin. Reihe B 53: 48–50.Google Scholar
Krametter-Frotscher, R, Loitsch, A, Kohler, H, Schleiner, A, Schiefer, P, Mostl, K, Golja, F and Baumgartner, W (2007). Serological survey for antibodies against pestiviruses in sheep in Austria. Veterinary Record 160: 726–730.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lawman, MJ, Evans, D, Gibbs, EP, McDiarmid, A and Rowe, L (1978). A preliminary survey of British deer for antibody to some virus diseases of farm animals. British Veterinary Journal 134: 85–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lenihan, P and Collery, P (1977). Bovine viral diarrhea infections in pigs in Ireland: a serological survey and epidemiological study. In: Proceedings of the CEC Seminar on Hog Cholera/Classical Swine Fever and African Swine Fever, 6–11 September 1977, Hannover, Germany. p. 314–332.Google Scholar
Liess, B and Moennig, V (1990). Ruminant pestivirus infection in pigs. Revue Scientifique et Ttechnique 9: 151–161.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lillehaug, A, Vikoren, T, Larsen, IL, Akerstedt, J, Tharaldsen, J and Handeland, K (2003). Antibodies to ruminant alpha-herpesviruses and pestiviruses in Norwegian cervids. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 39: 779–786.Google Scholar
Liou, PP, Chen, SS, Lin, TC, Sheffy, BE and Lee, RCT (1975). Evaluation of four BVD strains as immunization antigens against hog cholera. Taiwan Provincial Research Institute for Animal Health 12: 13–20.Google Scholar
Loeffen, WL, van Beuningen, A, Quak, S and Elbers, AR (2009). Seroprevalence and risk factors for the presence of ruminant pestiviruses in the Dutch swine population. Veterinary Microbiology 136: 240–245.Google Scholar
Loken, T (1990). Pestivirus infections in Norway. Epidemiological studies in goats. Journal of Comparative Pathology 103: 1–10.Google Scholar
Loken, T and Bjerkas, I (1991). Experimental pestivirus infections in pregnant goats. Journal of Comparative Pathology 105: 123–140.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loken, T, Krogsrud, J and Larsen, IL (1991). Pestivirus infections in Norway. Serological investigations in cattle, sheep and pigs. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 32: 27–34.Google Scholar
Makoschey, B, Janssen, MG, Vrijenhoek, MP, Korsten, JH and Marel, P (2001). An inactivated bovine virus diarrhoea virus (BVDV) type 1 vaccine affords clinical protection against BVDV type 2. Vaccine 19: 3261–3268.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Makoschey, B, Liebler-Tenorio, EM, Biermann, YM, Goovaerts, D and Pohlenz, JF (2002). Leukopenia and thrombocytopenia in pigs after infection with bovine viral diarrhoea virus-2 (BVDV-2). Deutsche tierärztliche Wochenschrift 109: 225–230.Google ScholarPubMed
Mark, CS, Ridpath, JF and Chase, CC (2005). Exposure of white-tailed deer to bovine viral diarrhea virus. In: Proceedings of the 86th Annual Meeting of the Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases, 4–6 December 2005, St. Louis, Missouri. p. 141.Google Scholar
Mattson, D, Baker, R, Catania, J, Imbur, S, Wellejus, K and Bell, R (2006). Persistent infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus in an alpaca. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 228: 1762–1765.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mattson, DE (1994). Update on llama medicine. Viral diseases. Veterinary Clinics of North America – Food Animal Practice 10: 345–351.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meehan, JT, Lehmkuhl, HD, Cutlip, RC and Bolin, SR (1998). Acute pulmonary lesions in sheep experimentally infected with bovine viral diarrhoea virus. Journal of Comparative Pathology 119: 277–292.Google Scholar
Mishra, N, Dubey, R, Rajukumar, K, Tosh, C, Tiwari, A, Pitale, SS and Pradhan, HK (2007). Genetic and antigenic characterization of bovine viral diarrhea virus type 2 isolated from Indian goats (Capra hircus). Veterinary Microbiology 124: 340–347.Google Scholar
Mishra, N, Rajukumar, K, Vilcek, S, Tiwari, A, Satav, JS and Dubey, SC (2008). Molecular characterization of bovine viral diarrhea virus type 2 isolate originating from a native Indian sheep (Ovies aries). Veterinary Microbiology 130: 88–98.Google Scholar
Mishra, N, Rajukumar, K, Tiwari, A, Nema, RK, Behera, SP, Satav, JS and Dubey, SC (2009). Prevalence of Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) antibodies among sheep and goats in India. Tropical Animal Health and Production 41: 1231–1239.Google Scholar
Morton, JK, Evermann, JF and Dieterich, RA (1990). Experimental infection of reindeer with bovine viral diarrhea virus. Rangifer 10: 75–77.Google Scholar
Munday, BL (1972). A serological study of some infectious diseases of Tasmanian wildlife. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 8: 169–175.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nelson, DD, Dark, MJ, Bradway, DS, Ridpath, JF, Call, N, Haruna, J, Rurangirwa, FR and Evermann, JF (2008). Evidence for persistent bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in a captive mountain goat (Oreamnos americanus). Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 20: 752–759.Google Scholar
Nettleton, PF (1990). Pestivirus infections in ruminants other than cattle. Revue Scientifique et Technique 9: 131–150.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nettleton, PF, Herring, JA and Corrigall, W (1980). Isolation of bovine virus diarrhoea virus from a Scottish red deer. Veterinary Record 107: 425–426.Google Scholar
Neumann, W, Buitkamp, J and Ploger, W (1980). BVD/MD – Infektion bei einem Damhirsch. Deutsche tierärztliche Wochenschrift 87: 94.Google Scholar
Nielsen, SS, Roensholt, L and Bitsch, V (2000). Bovine virus diarrhea virus in free-living deer from Denmark. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 36: 584–587.Google Scholar
O'Connor, M, Lenihan, P and Dillon, P (1991). Pestivirus antibodies in pigs in Ireland. Veterinary Record 129: 269.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oguzoglu, TC, Floegel-Niesmann, G, Frey, HR and Moennig, V (2001). Differential diagnosis of classical swine fever and border disease: seroepidemiological investigation of a pestivirus infection on a mixed sheep and swine farm. Deutsche tierärztliche Wochenschrift 108: 210–213.Google Scholar
Olde Riekerink, RG, Dominici, A, Barkema, HW and de Smit, AJ (2005). Seroprevalence of pestivirus in four species of alpine wild ungulates in the High Valley of Susa, Italy. Veterinary Microbiology 108: 297–303.Google Scholar
Passler, T, Walz, PH, Ditchkoff, SS, Givens, MD, Maxwell, HS and Brock, KV (2007). Experimental persistent infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus in white-tailed deer. Veterinary Microbiology 122: 350–356.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Passler, T, Walz, PH, Ditchkoff, SS, Walz, HL, Givens, MD and Brock, KV (2008). Evaluation of hunter-harvested white-tailed deer for evidence of bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in Alabama. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 20: 79–82.Google Scholar
Passler, T, Walz, PH, Ditchkoff, SS, Brock, KV, Deyoung, RW, Foley, AM and Givens, MD (2009a). Cohabitation of pregnant white-tailed deer and cattle persistently infected with Bovine viral diarrhea virus results in persistently infected fawns. Veterinary Microbiology 134: 362–367.Google Scholar
Passler, T, Walz, PH, Ditchkoff, SS, Givens, MD, DeYoung, RW and Brock, KV (2009b). Maintenance of Bovine viral diarrhea virus in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) following exposure to persistently infected cattle. In: 4th US BVDV Symposium, 25–27 January 2009, Phoenix, AZ, p. 44.Google Scholar
Paton, DJ, Simpson, V and Done, SH (1992). Infection of pigs and cattle with bovine viral diarrhoea virus on a farm in England. Veterinary Record 131: 185–188.Google Scholar
Paton, DJ, Carlsson, U, Lowings, JP, Sands, JJ, Vilcek, S and Alenius, S (1995). Identification of herd-specific bovine viral diarrhoea virus isolates from infected cattle and sheep. Veterinary Microbiology 43: 283–294.Google Scholar
Phillip, JIH and Darbyshire, JH (1972). Infection of pigs with bovine viral diarrhoea virus. Journal of Comparative Pathology 82: 105–109.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pogranichniy, RM, Raizman, E, Thacker, HL and Stevenson, GW (2008). Prevalence and characterization of bovine viral diarrhea virus in the white-tailed deer population in Indiana. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 20: 71–74.Google Scholar
Pratelli, A, Martella, V, Cirone, F, Buonavoglia, D, Elia, G, Tempesta, M and Buonavoglia, C (2001). Genomic characterization of pestiviruses isolated from lambs and kids in southern Italy. Journal of Virological Methods 94: 81–85.Google Scholar
Puntel, M, Fondevila, NA, Blanco Viera, J, O'Donnell, VK, Marcovecchio, JF, Carrillo, BJ and Schudel, AA (1999). Serological survey of viral antibodies in llamas (Lama glama) in Argentina. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series B 46: 157–161.Google Scholar
Raizman, EA, Pogranichniy, R, Levy, M, Negron, M, Langohr, I and Van Alstine, W (2009). Experimental infection of white-tailed deer fawns (Odocoileus virginianus) with bovine viral diarrhea virus type-1 isolated from free-ranging white-tailed deer. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 45: 653–660.Google Scholar
Raoofi, A, Hemmatzadeh, F and Ghanaei, AM (2009). Serological survey of antibodies against BVD virus in camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Iran. Tropical Animal Health and Production (Epub Aug 24).Google ScholarPubMed
Ridpath, JF, Mark, CS, Chase, CC, Ridpath, AC and Neill, JD (2007). Febrile response and decrease in circulating lymphocytes following acute infection of white-tailed deer fawns with either a BVDV1 or a BVDV2 strain. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 43: 653–659.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ridpath, JF, Driskell, EA, Chase, CC, Neill, JD, Palmer, MV and Brodersen, BW (2008). Reproductive tract disease associated with inoculation of pregnant white-tailed deer with bovine viral diarrhea virus. American Journal of Veterinary Research 69: 1630–1636.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Riemann, HP, Ruppanner, R, Willeberg, P, Franti, CE, Elliott, WH, Fisher, RA, Brunetti, OA, Aho, JH Jr, Howarth, JA and Behymer, DE (1979). Serologic profile of exotic deer at Point Reyes National Seashore. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 175: 911–913.Google Scholar
Rivera, H, Madewell, BR and Ameghino, E (1987). Serologic survey of viral antibodies in the Peruvian alpaca (Lama pacos). American Journal of Veterinary Research 48: 189–191.Google ScholarPubMed
Romvary, J (1965). Incidence of virus diarrhoea among roes. Acta veterinaria Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 15: 451–455.Google Scholar
Rypula, K (2003). The effects of experimental infection with bovine diarrhoea virus (BVDV) on lymphocyte subpopulations in the peripheral blood of pigs. Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences 6: 189–193.Google Scholar
Sadi, L, Joyal, R, St-Georges, M and Lamontagne, L (1991). Serologic survey of white-tailed deer on Anticosti Island, Quebec for bovine herpesvirus 1, bovine viral diarrhea, and parainfluenza 3. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 27: 569–577.Google Scholar
Salwa, A, Anusz, K, Arent, Z, Paprocka, G and Kita, J (2007). Seroprevalence of selected viral and bacterial pathogens in free-ranging European bison from the Bialowieza Primeval Forest (Poland). Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences 10: 19–23.Google Scholar
Scherer, CF, Flores, EF, Weiblen, R, Caron, L, Irigoyen, LF, Neves, JP and Maciel, MN (2001). Experimental infection of pregnant ewes with bovine viral diarrhea virus type-2 (BVDV-2): effects on the pregnancy and fetus. Veterinary Microbiology 79: 285–299.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schiefer, P, Krametter-Frotscher, R, Schleiner, A, Loitsch, A, Golja, F, Mostl, K and Baumgartner, W (2006). Seroprevalence of antibodies to ruminant pestiviruses in sheep and goats in Tyrol (Austria). Deutsche tierärztliche Wochenschrift 113: 55–58.Google Scholar
Schirrmeier, H, Strebelow, G, Depner, K, Hoffmann, B and Beer, M (2004). Genetic and antigenic characterization of an atypical pestivirus isolate, a putative member of a novel pestivirus species. Journal of General Virology 85: 3647–3652.Google Scholar
Schirrmeier, H, Strebelow, G, Tavella, A and Stifter, E (2008). Border disease virus infection in cattle – epidemiological and diagnostic impact. In: 7th ESVV Pestivirus Symposium, 16–19 September 2008, Uppsala, Sweden, p. 172.Google Scholar
Schleiner, A, Krametter-Frobtscher, R, Schiefer, P, Loitsch, A, Golja, F, Mostl, K and Baumgartner, W (2006). Seroepidemiological survey of sheep in Carinthia for the dissemination of ruminant pestiviruses. Berliner und Münchener tierärztliche Wochenschrift 119: 203–208.Google Scholar
Schmitt, SM, O'Brien, DJ, Bruning-Fann, CS and Fitzgerald, SD (2002). Bovine tuberculosis in Michigan wildlife and livestock. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 969: 262–268.Google Scholar
Semrau, A, Wibbelt, G, Hilbe, M, Lieckfeldt, D, Hermes, R, Muller, KE, Heckert, HP, Hoyer, MJ and Frolich, K (2008). Experimental superinfection of a Lesser Malayan mousedeer (Tragulus javanicus) persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 39: 124–127.Google Scholar
Shimeld, LA (2009). Seroprevalence to BVDV of alpacas in Southern California. In: 4th US BVDV Symposium, 25–27 January 2009, Phoenix, AZ, p. 40.Google Scholar
Simonyi, E and Biro, J (1967). Immunization experiments against hog cholera with the bovine viral diarrhoea virus strain Oregon C24V. Acta Veterinaria Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 17: 55–61.Google Scholar
Snowdon, WA and French, EL (1968). The bovine mucosal disease-swine fever virus complex in pigs. Australian Veterinary Journal 44: 179–184.Google Scholar
Statistisches Bundesamt (2007). Rinder- und Schweinebestand. In: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Fischerei. Available online at http://www-ec.destatis.de/csp/shop/sfg/bpm.html.cms.cBroker.cls?cmspath=struktur,vollanzeige.csp&ID=1021596 (accessed 2 June 2008).Google Scholar
Stauber, EH, Nellis, CH, Magonigle, RA and Vaughn, HW (1977). Prevalence of reactors to selected livestock pathogens in Idaho mule deer. Journal of Wildlife Management 41: 515–519.Google Scholar
Stauber, EH, Autenrieth, R, Markham, OD and Whitbeck, V (1980). A seroepidemiologic survey of three pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) populations in southeastern Idaho, 1975–1977. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 16: 109–115.Google Scholar
Stewart, WC, Carbrey, EA, Jenney, EW, Brown, CL and Kresse, JI (1971). Bovine viral diarrhea infection in pigs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 159: 1556–1563.Google ScholarPubMed
Stewart, WC, Miller, LD, Kresse, JI and Snyder, ML (1980). Bovine viral diarrhea infection in pregnant swine. American Journal of Veterinary Research 41: 459–462.Google Scholar
Stuen, S, Krogsrud, J, Hyllseth, B and Tyler, NJC (1993). Serosurvey of three virus infections in reindeer in northern Norway and Svalbard. Rangifer 13: 215–219.Google Scholar
Tamoglia, TW, Tellejohn, AL, Phillips, CE and Wilkinson, FB (1965). Further evaluation of hog cholera immunizing agents bovine virus diarrhea and hog cholera vaccine, MLV, TCO. In: Proceedings of 69th Annual Meeting of the United States Livestock Sanitary Association, p. 385–389.Google Scholar
Taylor, WP, Okeke, AN and Shidali, NN (1977a). Experimental infection of Nigerian sheep and goats with bovine virus diarrhoea virus. Tropical Animal Health and Production 9: 249–251.Google Scholar
Taylor, WP, Okeke, AN and Shidali, NN (1977b). Prevalence of bovine virus diarrhoea and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis antibodies in Nigerian sheep and goats. Tropical Animal Health and Production 9: 171–175.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tegtmeier, C, Stryhn, H, Uttentha, I, Kjeldsen, AM and Nielsen, TK (2000). Seroprevalence of Border Disease in Danish sheep and goat herds. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 41: 339–344.Google Scholar
Terpstra, C and Wensvoort, G (1991). Bovine virus diarrhea virus infections in swine. Tijdschrift Voor Diergeneeskunde 116: 943–948.Google Scholar
Terpstra, C and Wensvoort, G (1997). A congenital persistent infection of bovine virus diarrhoea virus in pigs: clinical, virological and immunological observations. Veterinary Quarterly 19: 97–101.Google Scholar
Tessaro, SV, Carman, PS and Deregt, D (1999). Viremia and virus shedding in elk infected with type 1 and virulent type 2 bovine viral diarrhea virus. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 35: 671–677.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thorsen, J and Henderson, JP (1971). Survey for antibody to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), bovine virus diarrhea (BVD) and parainfluenza 3 (PI3) in moose sera. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 7: 93–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Topliff, CL, Smith, DR, Clowser, SL, Steffen, DJ, Henningson, JN, Brodersen, BW, Bedenice, D, Callan, RJ, Reggiardo, C, Kurth, KL and Kelling, CL (2009). Prevalence of bovine viral diarrhea virus infections in alpacas in the United States. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 234: 519–529.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Uhart, MM, Vila, AR, Beade, MS, Balcarce, A and Karesh, WB (2003). Health evaluation of pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus celer) at Campos del Tuyu Wildlife Reserve, Argentina. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 39: 887–893.Google Scholar
Uttenthal, A, Hoyer, MJ, Grondahl, C, Houe, H, van Maanen, C, Rasmussen, TB and Larsen, LE (2006). Vertical transmission of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) in mousedeer (Tragulus javanicus) and spread to domestic cattle. Archives of Virology 151: 2377–2387.Google Scholar
Van Campen, H, Williams, ES, Edwards, J, Cook, W and Stout, G (1997). Experimental infection of deer with bovine viral diarrhea virus. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 33: 567–573.Google Scholar
Van Campen, H, Ridpath, J, Williams, E, Cavender, J, Edwards, J, Smith, S and Sawyer, H (2001). Isolation of bovine viral diarrhea virus from a free-ranging mule deer in Wyoming. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 37: 306–311.Google Scholar
Vannier, P, Leforban, Y, Carnero, R and Cariolet, R (1988). Contamination of a live virus vaccine against pseudorabies (Aujeszky's disease) by an ovine pestivirus pathogen for the pig. Annals of Veterinary Research 19: 283–290.Google Scholar
Vilcek, S and Nettleton, PF (2006). Pestiviruses in wild animals. Veterinary Microbiology 116: 1–12.Google Scholar
Vilcek, S, Paton, DJ, Rowe, LW and Anderson, EC (2000). Typing of pestiviruses from eland in Zimbabwe. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 36: 165–168.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vilcek, S, Ridpath, JF, Van Campen, H, Cavender, JL and Warg, J (2005). Characterization of a novel pestivirus originating from a pronghorn antelope. Virus Research 108: 187–193.Google Scholar
Wahab, A, Hussein, MR, Asfowr, HA and Shalaby, MA (2005). Detection of BVDV associated with mortalities in camels. International Journal of Virology 1: 45.Google Scholar
Walz, PH, Baker, JC, Mullaney, TP, Kaneene, JB and Maes, RK (1999). Comparison of type I and type II bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in swine. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research 63: 119–123.Google Scholar
Walz, PH, Baker, JC, Mullaney, TP and Maes, RK (2004). Experimental inoculation of pregnant swine with type 1 bovine viral diarrhoea virus. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series B 51: 191–193.Google Scholar
Weber, A, Paulsen, J and Krauss, H (1978). Seroepidemiologische Untersuchungen zum Vorkommen von Infektionskrankheiten beim einheimischen Schalenwild. Der praktische Tierarzt 5: 353–358.Google Scholar
Weber, KH, Hurter, KP and Commichau, C (1982). Uber das Vorkommen des Virusdiarrhoe/ Mucosal Disease-Virus bei Cerviden in Rheinland-Pfalz. Deutsche tierärztliche Wochenschrift 89: 1–3.Google ScholarPubMed
Wentz, PA, Belknap, EB, Brock, KV, Collins, JK and Pugh, DG (2003). Evaluation of bovine viral diarrhea virus in New World camelids. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 223: 223–228.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wernery, U and Wernery, R (1990). Seroepidemiologic studies of the detection of antibodies to Brucella, Chlamydia, Leptospira, BVD/MD virus, IBR/IPV virus and enzootic bovine leukosis virus (EBL) in dromedary mares (Camelus dromedarius). Deutsche tierärztliche Wochenschrift 97: 134–135.Google Scholar
Wieringa-Jelsma, T, Quak, S and Loeffen, WL (2006). Limited BVDV transmission and full protection against CSFV transmission in pigs experimentally infected with BVDV type 1b. Veterinary Microbiology 118: 26–36.Google Scholar
Willoughby, K, Valdazo-Gonzalez, B, Maley, M, Gilray, J and Nettleton, PF (2006). Development of a real time RT-PCR to detect and type ovine pestiviruses. Journal of Virological Methods 132: 187–194.Google Scholar
Wolf, KN, Deperno, CS, Jenks, JA, Stoskopf, MK, Kennedy-Stoskopf, S, Swanson, CC, Brinkman, TJ, Osborn, RG and Tardiff, JA (2008). Selenium status and antibodies to selected pathogens in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Southern Minnesota. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 44: 181–187.Google Scholar
Woods, RD, Kunkle, RA, Ridpath, JE and Bolin, SR (1999). Bovine viral diarrhea virus isolated from fetal calf serum enhances pathogenicity of attenuated transmissible gastroenteritis virus in neonatal pigs. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 11: 400–407.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yadav, P, Barde, PV, Jadi, R, Gokhale, MD, Basu, A, Joshi, MV, Mehla, R, Kumar, SR, Athavale, SS and Mourya, DT (2004). Isolation of bovine viral diarrhea virus 1, a pestivirus from autopsied lamb specimen from Tamil Nadu, India. Acta Virologica 48: 223–227.Google Scholar
Yesilbag, K and Gungor, B (2009). Antibody prevalence against respiratory viruses in sheep and goats in North-Western Turkey. Tropical Animal Health and Production 41: 421–425.Google Scholar
Yousif, AA, Braun, LJ, Saber, MS, Aboellail, TA and Chase, CCL (2004). Cytopathic genotype 2 bovine viral diarrhea virus in dromedary camels. Arabian Journal of Biotechnology 7: 123–140.Google Scholar
Zaghawa, A (1998). Prevalence of antibodies to bovine viral diarrhoea virus and/or border disease virus in domestic ruminants. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series B 45: 345–351.Google Scholar
Zarnke, RL (1983). Serologic survey for selected microbial pathogens in Alaskan wildlife. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 19: 324–329.Google Scholar