Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7fkt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-28T13:17:05.189Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Bovine herpes virus infections in cattle

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 June 2009

S. Nandi ,
Manoj Kumar ,
M. Manohar  and
R. S. Chauhan
S. Nandi*
Affiliation:
Virology Laboratory, Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis (CADRAD), Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar-243122, UP, India
Manoj Kumar
Affiliation:
Virology Laboratory, Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis (CADRAD), Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar-243122, UP, India
M. Manohar
Affiliation:
Virology Laboratory, Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis (CADRAD), Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar-243122, UP, India
R. S. Chauhan
Affiliation:
Virology Laboratory, Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis (CADRAD), Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar-243122, UP, India
*
*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Bovine herpes virus 1 (BHV-1) is primarily associated with clinical syndromes such as rhinotracheitis, pustular vulvovaginitis and balanoposthitis, abortion, infertility, conjunctivitis and encephalitis in bovine species. The main sources of infection are the nasal exudates and the respiratory droplets, genital secretions, semen, fetal fluids and tissues. The BHV-1 virus can become latent following a primary infection with a field isolate or vaccination with an attenuated strain. The viral genomic DNA has been demonstrated in the sensory ganglia of the trigeminal nerve in infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) and in sacral spinal ganglia in pustular vulvovaginitis and balanoposthitis cases. BHV-1 infections can be diagnosed by detection of virus or virus components and antibody by serological tests or by detection of genomic DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), nucleic acid hybridization and sequencing. Inactivated vaccines and modified live virus vaccines are used for prevention of BHV-1 infections in cattle; subunit vaccines and marker vaccines are under investigation.

Keywords

infectious bovine rhinotracheitisbovine herpes virus 1vulvovaginitisbalanoposthitisabortion
Type
Review Article
Information
Animal Health Research Reviews , Volume 10 , Issue 1 , June 2009 , pp. 85 - 98
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ackermann, M and Engels, M (2005). Pro and contra IBR eradication. Veterinary Microbiology 113: 293–302.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ackermann, M and Wyler, R (1984). The DNA of an IPV strain of bovid herpesvirus 1 in sacral ganglia during latency after intravaginal infection. Veterinary Microbiology 9: 53–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anon, H (2007). CADRAD – a profile. pp. 30–32.Google Scholar
Babiuk, LA, L'Italien, J, van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk, S, Zamb, T, Lawman, JP, Hughes, G and Gifford, GA (1987). Protection of cattle from bovine herpesvirus type I (BHV-1) infection by immunization with individual viral glycoproteins. Virology 159: 57–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Babiuk, LA, van Drunen, L, Hurk, S and Tikoo, SK (1996). Immunology of bovine herpesvirus 1 infection. Veterinary Microbiology 53: 31–42.Google Scholar
Bitsch, V (1973). Bovine rhinotracheitis virus infection in bulls, with special reference to preputial infection. Applied Microbiology 26: 337–343.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boelaert, F, Biront, P, Soumare, B, Dispas, M, Vanopdenbosch, E, Vermeersch, JP, Raskin, A, Dufey, J, Berkvens, D and Kerkhofs, P (2000). Prevalence of bovine herpesvirus 1 in Belgian cattle population. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 45: 285–295.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boelaert, F, Speybroeck, N, de Kruif, A, Burzykowski, T, Molenberghs, G and Berkven, DL (2005). Risk factors for bovine herpesvirus-1 seropositivity. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 69: 285–295.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brake, F and Studdert, MJ (1985). Molecular epidemiology and pathogenesis of ruminant herpesviruses including bovine buffalo and caprine herpesviruses 1 and bovine encephalitis herpesvirus. Australian Veterinary Journal 62: 331–334.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brun, A, Dauvergne, M, Languet, B and Reynaud, G (1988). Studies of an inactivated vaccine prepared from viral subunits against infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus. Veterinary Medicine 5: 583–586.Google Scholar
Campos, M, Bielefeldt, OH, Hutchings, D, Rapin, N and Babiuk, LA (1989). Role of interferon gamma in inducing cytotoxicity of peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes to bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1) infected cells. Cellular Immunology 120: 259–269.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Castrucci, G, Frigerin, F, Salvatori, D, Ferrari, M, Cassi, E, Rotola, A and Angelini, R (2002). Vaccination of calves against bovine herpesvirus-1: assessment of protective value of eight vaccines. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 25: 29–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Castrucci, G, Ferrari, M, Marchini, C, Salvatori, D, Provinciali, M, Petrini, S and Amici, A (2004). Immunization against bovine herpes virus-1 infection. Preliminary tests in calves with a DNA vaccine. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 27: 171–179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chinchkar, SR, Deshmukh, VV, Abdul, A and Gujar, MB (2002). Seroprevalence of IBR in Maharashtra state. Indian Veterinary Journal 79: 68–69.Google Scholar
Chowdhury, SI, Lee, BJ, Ozkul, A and Weiss, ML (2000). Bovine herpes virus 5 glycoprotein E is important for neuro-invasiveness and neurovirulence in the olfactory pathway of the rabbit. Journal of Virology 74: 2094–2106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cox, GJM, Zamb, TJ and Babiuk, LA (1993). Bovine herpesvirus 1: immune responses in mice and cattle injected with plasmid DNA. Journal of Virology 67: 5664–5667.Google Scholar
Deka, D, Ramneek, NK, Maiti, NK and Oberoi, MS (2005). Detection of bovine herpesvirus-1 infection in breeding bull semen by virus isolation and polymerase chain reaction. Revue Scientific Technique Office International des Epizooties 24: 1085–1094.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Denis, M, Slaoui, M and Keil, G (1993). Identification of different target glycoproteins for bovine herpesvirus-1 specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes depending on the method of in vitro stimulation. Immunology 78: 7–13.Google ScholarPubMed
Edwards, S, White, H and Nixon, P (1990). A study of the predominant genotypes of BHV-1 found in UK. Veterinary Microbiology 22: 213–223.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edwards, S, Newman, RH and White, H (1991). The virulence of British isolates of BHV-1 in relationship to viral genotype. British Veterinary Journal 47: 216–231.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Endsley, JJ, Quade, MJ, Terhaar, B and Roth, JA (2002). BHV-1 specific CD4+, CD8+, and gD T cells in calves vaccinated with one dose of a modified live BHV-1 vaccine. Viral Immunology 15: 385–393.Google Scholar
Engels, M and Ackermann, M (1996). Pathogenesis of ruminant herpesvirus infections. Veterinary Microbiology 53: 3–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frerichs, GN, Woods, SB, Lucas, MH and Sands, JJ (1982). Safety and efficacy of live and inactivated infectious bovine rhinotracheitis vaccines. The Veterinary Record 111: 116–122.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fuchs, M, Hubert, P, Detterer, J and Rziha, HJ (1999). Detection of bovine herpesvirus type 1 in blood from naturally infected cattle by using a sensitive PCR that discriminates between wild type virus and virus lacking glycoprotein E. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 37: 2498–2507.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Galiero, G, Giordanelli, MP and Fraulo, P (2001). Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR). Serum epidemiological survey in buffalo herds of southern Italy. Bubalus-Bubalis 7: 69–74.Google Scholar
Gerdts, V, Snider, M, Brownlie, R, Babiuk, LA and Griebel, PJ (2002). Oral DNA vaccination in utero induces mucosal immunity and immune memory in the neonate. Journal of Immunology 168: 1877–1885.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gibbs, EPJ and Rweyemamu, MM (1977). Bovine herpesviruses. Part I. Bovine herpesvirus 1. Veterinary Bulletin 47: 317–18.Google Scholar
Goffaux, M, Harlay, T and Allietta, M (1976). Untersuchungen ueberdas IBR-IPV-virus im samen von besamungsbullen. Dtsch Tieraerztl Wschr 83: 544–547.Google Scholar
Grom, J, Hostnik, P, Toplak, I and Barlic-Maganja, D (2006). Molecular detection of BHV-1 in artificially inoculated semen and in the semen of a latently infected bull treated with dexamethasone. The Veterinary Journal 171: 539–544.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gupta, PK, Saini, M, Gupta, LH, Rao, VDP, Bandyopadhyay, SK, Garg, GK and Garg, SK (2001). Induction of immune response in cattle with a DNA vaccine encoding glycoprotein C of bovine herpesvirus-1. Veterinary Microbiology 78: 293–305.Google Scholar
Hariharan, MJ, Nataraj, C and Srikumaran, S (1993). Down regulation of murine MHC class I expression by bovine herpesvirus 1. Viral Immunology 6: 273–284.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Homan, EJ and Easterday, BC (1980). Isolation of bovine herpesvirus 1 from trigeminal ganglia of clinically normal cattle. American Journal of Veterinary Research 41: 1212–1213.Google ScholarPubMed
Homan, EJ and Easterday, BC (1983). Experimental latent and recrudescent bovine herpes-1 infection in calves. American Journal of Veterinary Research 44: 309–313.Google Scholar
Jain, V, Parihar, AK, Upadhayay, AK and Kumar, M (2006). Seroprevalance of IBR among bovines of Garwal region. Indian Veterinary Journal 83: 340–342.Google Scholar
Jianning, W, O'Keefe, J, Della, O, Leo, L, Malcolm, B, Philip, W, Roderick, C, Georgina, I, Kees, VM and Pierre, K (2008). An international inter-laboratory ring trial to evaluate a real-time PCR assay for the detection of bovine herpesvirus 1 in extended bovine semen. Veterinary Microbiology 126: 11–19.Google Scholar
Johannes, AK, Malcolm, B, Martin, B, Pierre, K, Myriam, P, Gerard, JW and Van Oirschot, JT (2004). Evaluation of tests for antibodies against bovine herpesvirus 1 performed in national reference laboratories in Europe. Veterinary Microbiology 102: 169–181.Google Scholar
Jones, C and Chowdhury, S (2007). A review of the biology of bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1), its role as a cofactor in the bovine respiratory disease complex and development of improved vaccines. Animal Health Research Reviews 8: 187–205.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, C, Newby, TJ, Holt, T, Doster, A, Stone, M, Ciacci-Zanella, J, Webster, CJ and Jackwood, MW (2000). Analysis of latency in cattle after inoculation with a temperature sensitive mutant of bovine herpesvirus 1 (RLB106). Vaccine 18: 3185–3195.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, C, Geiser, V, Henderson, G, Jiang, Y, Meyer, F, Perez, S and Zhang, Y (2006). Functional analysis of bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) genes expressed during latency. Veterinary Microbiology 113: 199–210.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaashoek, MJ, Moerman, A, Madic, J, Weerdmeester, K, Maris-Veldhuis, MA and Van Oirschot, JT (1995). An inactivated vaccine based on a glycoprotein E-negative strain of bovine herpesvirus 1 induces protective immunity and allows serological differentiation. Vaccine 13: 342–346.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Karger, A, Saalmiiller, A, Tufaro, F, Banfield, BW and Mettenleiter, TC (1995). Cell surface proteoglycans are not essential for infection by pseudo-rabies virus. Journal of Virology 69: 3482–3489.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kiran, KK, Ravi, P and Prabhudas, K (2005). Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis. National survey of IBR antibodies by AB-ELISA kit. Annual Report of Project Directorate on Animal Disease Monitoring and Surveillance, ICAR, Bangalore, p. 7–10.Google Scholar
Lehmann, D, Sodoyer, R, Leterme, S and Crevat, D (2002). Improvement of serological discrimination between herpesvirus-infected animals and animals vaccinated with marker vaccines. Veterinary Microbiology 86: 59–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leite, F, Sylte, MJ, O'Brien, S, Schultz, R, Peek, S, van Reeth, K and Czuprynski, CJ (2002). Effect of experimental infection of cattle with bovine herpesvirus (BHV-1) on the ex vivo interaction of bovine leukocytes with Mannheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica leukotoxin. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 84: 97–100.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liang, X, Pyne, C, Li, Y, Babiuk, LA and Kowalski, J (1995). Delineation of the essential function of bovine herpesvirus 1 gD An indication for the modulatory role of gD in virus entry. Virology 207: 429–441.Google Scholar
Madinelli, R, Bricheese, M, Muliari, R, Ferrarese, A and Vicenzoni, G (2001). Results of an investigation on the seroprevalence of BHV-1 virus in Verona and Vicenza provinces. Atti della Societa Italiana di Buiatria 33: 205–210.Google Scholar
Mehrotra, ML, Rajya, BS and Kumar, S (1976). IBR-keratoconjunctivitis in calves. Indian Journal of Veterinary Pathology 1: 70–73.Google Scholar
Mensik, J, Pospisil, Z, Suchankova, A, Cepica, A, Rozkosny, V and Machatkova, M (1976). Activation of latent infectious bovine rhinotracheitis after experimental infection parainfluenza 3 virus in young calves. Zentralblatt für Veterinärmedizin. Reihe B 23: 854–864.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mettenleiter, TC (1994). Initiation and spread of α-herpesvirus infections. Trends in Microbiology 2: 2–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, JM and Vander, MJ (1984). Reproductive tract lesions in heifers after intrauterine inoculation with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus. American Journal of Veterinary Research 45: 790–794.Google ScholarPubMed
Miller, JM, Whetstone, CA and Maarten, VMJ (1991). Abortifacient property of BHV-1 isolates that represent three subtypes of determined by RE analysis of viral DNA. American Journal of Veterinary Research 52: 458–461.Google Scholar
Molello, JA, Chow, TL, Owen, N and Jensen, R (1966). Placental pathology V. Placental lesions of cattle experimentally infected with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus. American Journal of Veterinary Research 27: 907–915.Google Scholar
Msolla, PM, Allan, EM, Selman, JE and Wiseman, A (1983). Reactivation and shedding of bovine herpesvirus 1 following Dictyocaulus viviparous infection. Journal of Comparative Pathology 93: 271–274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murphy, FA, Gibbs, EPJ, Horzinek, MC and Studdert, MJ (1999). Veterinary Virology. 3rd edn.New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Muylkens, B, Thiry, J, Kirten, P, Schynts, F and Thiry, E (2007). Bovine herpesvirus 1 infection and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis. Veterinary Research 38: 181–209.Google Scholar
Nandi, S, Pandey, AB, Sharma, K and Chauhan, RS (2004). Serological evidence of BHV-1 antibodies in cattle and buffalo from different states of India. Indian Journal of Comparative Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases 25: 87–89.Google Scholar
Nandi, S, Pandey, AB, Sharma, K, Audarya, SD and Chauhan, RS (2007). Seroprevalence of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis in cattle of an organized farm by indirect ELISA. The Indian Cow 7: 50–53.Google Scholar
Nandi, S, Manohar, M, Pandey, AB and Chauhan, RS (2008a). Sensitive detection of genomic DNA of BHV-1 in semen samples of bulls by polymerase chain reaction. Journal of Immunology and Immunopathology 10: 132–136.Google Scholar
Nandi, S, Pandey, AB, Manohar, M and Chauhan, RS (2008b). Sero-surveillance of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis in cow bulls and buffalo bulls in India. Indian Journal of Comparative Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases 28: 1–3.Google Scholar
Noordegraaf, AV, Jalvingh, AW, de Jong, MCM, Franken, P and Dijkhuizen, AA (2000). Evaluating control strategies for outbreaks in BHV-1 free areas including stochastic and spatial simulation. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 44: 21–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nyaga, PN and McKercher, DG (1980). Pathogenesis of bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) infections: interactions of the virus with peripheral bovine blood cellular components. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 2: 587–602.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Owen, NV, Chow, TL and Molello, JA (1964). Bovine fetal lesions experimentally produced by infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus. American Journal of Veterinary Research 25: 1617–1626.Google ScholarPubMed
Parsonson, IM and Snowdon, WA (1975). The effect of natural and artificial breeding using bulls infected with or semen contaminated with IBR virus. Australian Veterinary Journal 51: 365–369.Google Scholar
Pastoret, PP, Thiry, E, Brochier, B and Derboven, G (1982). Bovine herpesvirus 1 infection of cattle: pathogenesis, latency, consequences of latency. Annales de Research Veterinaire 13: 221–235.Google ScholarPubMed
Patel, JR (2005). Relative efficacy of inactivated bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) vaccines. Vaccine 23: 4054–4061.Google Scholar
Pharande, RR, Deshmukh, VV and Gujar, MB (2004). Seroprevalence of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis in Marathwada region of Maharashtra state. Indian Journal of Comparative Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases 25: 115–116.Google Scholar
Preston, CM and Nicholl, MJ (2008). Induction of cellular stress overcomes the requirement of herpes simplex virus type 1 for immediate-early protein ICP0 and reactivates expression from quiescent viral genomes. Journal of Virology 82: 11775–11783.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reddy, DN, Reddy, PG, Xue, W, Minocha, HC, Daley, MJ and Blecha, F (1993). Immuno-potentiation of bovine respiratory disease virus vaccines by interleukin-1 beta and interleukin-2. Veterinary Immunology Immunopathology 37: 25–38.Google Scholar
Rocha, MA, Barbosa, EF, Guimaraes, SEF, Dias, NE and Gomcia, AMG (1998). A high sensitivity-nested PCR assay for BHV-1 detection in semen of naturally infected bulls. Veterinary Microbiology 63: 1–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rock, DL (1994). Latent infection with bovine herpesvirus 1. Seminar in Virology 5: 233–240.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salwa, A, Rulka, J and Arent, Z (2000). The prevalence of the mixed infection of BLV, BHV-1, BVD-MD in dairy herds. Veterinary Medicine 56: 443–444.Google Scholar
Sarumathi, C, Reddy, TV and Sreedevi, B (2002). A study on sero-epizootiology of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis in Andhra Pradesh. Indian Journal of Comparative Microbiology Immunology and Infectious Disease 27: 107–108.Google Scholar
Schudel, AA, Carillo, BJ, Wyler, R and Metzler, AE (1986). Infections of calves with antigenic variants of BHV-1 and neurological disease. Journal of Veterinary Medicine 33B: 303–310.Google Scholar
Schultz, RD, Hall, CE, Sheffy, BE, Kahrs, RF and Bean, BH (1977). Current status of IBR-IPV infection in bulls. In: Proceedings of the 80th Annual Meeting of US Animal Health Association, pp. 159–168.Google Scholar
Schwyzer, M and Ackermann, M (1996). Molecular virology of ruminant herpesviruses. Veterinary Microbiology 53: 17–29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schynts, F, Vanderplasschen, A, Hanon, E, Rijsewijk, FA, Van Oirschot, JT and Thiry, E (2001). Use of PCR and immunofluorescence to detect bovine herpesvirus 1 recombinants. Journal of Virological Methods 92: 99–104.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schynts, F, Meurens, F, Detry, B, Vanderplasschen, A and Thiry, E (2003). Rise and survival of bovine herpesvirus 1 recombinants after primary infection and reactivation from latency. Journal of Virology 77: 12535–12542.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sharma, A, Dhand, NK, Singh, J and Gumber, S (2004). Status of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) in Punjab state. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 74: 264–66.Google Scholar
Snowdon, WA (1965). The IBR-IPV virus: reaction to infection and intermittent recovery of virus from experimentally infected cattle. Australian Veterinary Journal 41: 135–142.Google Scholar
Straub, OC (1990). Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus. In: Dinter, Z and Morein, B (eds) Virus Infections of Ruminants. Oxford: Elsevier Science Publishers BV, pp. 71–108.Google Scholar
Suresh, KB, Sudharshana, KJ and Rajasekar, M (1999). Seroprevalence of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis in India. Indian Veterinary Journal 76: 5–9.Google Scholar
Thiry, E, Saliki, J, Bublot, M and Pastoret, PP (1987). Reactivation of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus by transport. Comparative Immunology Microbiology and Infectious Disease 10: 59–63.Google Scholar
Thiry, E, Muylkens, B, Meurens, F, Gogev, S, Thiry, J, Vanderplasschen, A and Schynts, F (2006). Recombination in the alphaherpesvirus bovine herpesvirus 1. Veterinary Microbiology 113: 171–177.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tikoo, SK, Campos, M and Babiuk, LA (1995). Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1): biology, pathogenesis, and control. Advances in Virus Research 45: 191–223.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tiwari, AK, Kataria, RS, Butchaiah, G and Prasad, N (2000). A simple method for detection of BHV-1 from infected MDBK cells by polymerase chain reaction. Indian Veterinary Journal 77: 98–102.Google Scholar
Turin, L and Russo, S (2003). BHV-1 infection in cattle: an update. Veterinary Bulletin 73: 16–21.Google Scholar
Turin, L, Russo, S and Poli, G (1999). BHV-1: new molecular approaches to control a common and widespread infection. Molecular Medicine 5: 261–284.Google Scholar
van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk, S (2006). Rationale and perspectives on the success of vaccination against bovine herpesvirus-1. Veterinary Microbiology 113: 283–291.Google Scholar
van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk, S, Donkersgoed, VJ, Kowalski, J, van den Hurk, JV, Harland, R, Babiuk, LA and Zamb, TJ (1994). A subunit gIV vaccine, produced by transfected mammalian cells in culture, induces mucosal immunity against bovine herpesvirus-1 in cattle. Vaccine 12: 1295–1302.Google Scholar
Van Engelenburg, FAC, Kaashoek, MJ, van Oirschot, JT and Rijsewijk, FAM (1995). A glycoprotein E deletion mutant of bovine herpesvirus 1 infects the same limited number of tissues in calves as wild-type virus, but for a shorter period. Journal of General Virology 76: 2387–2392.Google Scholar
Van Oirschot, JT (1995). Bovine herpesvirus 1 in semen of bulls and the risk of transmission: a brief review. Veterinary Quarterly 17: 29–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Oirschot, JT, Kaasohoek, MJ, Maris-Veldhuis, MA, Weerdmeester, K and Rijsewijk, FA (1997). An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect antibodies against glycoprotein E of bovine herpesvirus 1 allows differentiation between infected and vaccinated cattle. Journal of Virological Methods 67: 23–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wentink, GH, Rutten, VPMG, van Exsel, ACAde Jong, WAC, Vleugel, H and Hensen, EJ (1990). Failure of an in vitro lymphoproliferative assay specific for bovine herpes virus type 1 to detect immunized or latently infected animals. Veterinary Quarterly 12: 175–182.Google Scholar
Wentink, GH, van Oirschot, JT and Verhoeff, J (1993). Risk of infection with BHV-1: a review. Veterinary Quarterly 15: 30–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whetstone, CA, Wheeler, JG and Reed, DE (1986). Investigation of possible vaccine-induced epizootics of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, using restriction endonuclease analysis of viral DNA. American Journal of Veterinary Research 47: 1789–1795.Google ScholarPubMed
Winkler, MTC, Doster, A and Jones, C (1999). Bovine herpesvirus 1 can infect CD4+ T lymphocytes and induce programmed cell death during acute infection of cattle. Journal of Virology 73: 8657–8668.Google Scholar
Winkler, MTC, Doster, A and Jones, C (2000). Persistence and reactivation of bovine herpesvirus 1 in the tonsils of latently infected calves. Journal of Virology 74: 5337–5346.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Xia, JQ, Yason, CV and Kibenge, FSB (1995). Comparison of dot-blot hybridization, polymerase chain reaction and virus isolation for the detection of bovine herpesvirus 1 in artificially infected bovine semen. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research 59: 102–109.Google Scholar
Xiao, DH, Li, LH, Jiang, HX and Wang, LY (2004). Research in prevention and cure of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis. China Dairy Cattle 4: 43–45.Google Scholar
Yan, BF, Chao, YJ, Chen, Z, Tian, KG, Wang, CB, Lin, XM, Chen, HC and Guo, AZ (2008). Serological survey of bovine herpesvirus type 1 infection in China. Veterinary Microbiology 127: 136–141.Google Scholar
Yates, DWG (1982). A review of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, shipping fever pneumonia and viral-bacterial synergism in respiratory disease of cattle. Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine 46: 225–263.Google Scholar