Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rdxmf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T15:27:37.394Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

AU-rich elements and the control of gene expression through regulated mRNA stability

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 February 2007

Timothy J. Gingerich ,
Jean-Jacques Feige  and
Jonathan LaMarre
Timothy J. Gingerich
Affiliation:
1Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1, DRDC/ANGIO, CEA/G, 17 Rue des Martyrs, F-38054 Grenoble Cedex 09, France
Jean-Jacques Feige
Affiliation:
2EMI INSERM 01-05, DRDC/ANGIO, CEA/G, 17 Rue des Martyrs, F-38054 Grenoble Cedex 09, France
Jonathan LaMarre*
Affiliation:
1Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1, DRDC/ANGIO, CEA/G, 17 Rue des Martyrs, F-38054 Grenoble Cedex 09, France
*
*E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The regulation of gene expression is a fundamental cellular process that is controlled at multiple levels. Abnormal regulation of gene expression has been directly implicated in the pathogenesis of some diseases of animals and humans and may contribute to the disease process in unrecognized ways in many others. Furthermore, novel treatment strategies for a number of different diseases may hinge upon our ability to exploit mechanisms that normally alter the expression of endogenous genes. While the study of gene regulation has traditionally focused on transcription as a major regulator of gene expression, it has recently become apparent that the post-transcriptional control of gene expression may play an equally important role. In particular, rapid, context-specific regulation of the stability of mRNA transcripts encoding highly active proteins, such as cytokines, growth factors, oncogenes and cell-cycle regulators, appears to play a key role in the control of these molecules and the processes they mediate. Many of the known regulatory pathways for mRNA stability involve proteins that interact with specific AU-rich elements in the 3′-untranslated region of the transcript. This review will address some important aspects of the normal regulation of mRNA stability and known or potential contributions of RNA stability regulation to health and disease.

Keywords

gene expressionregulationmRNAAU-rich elements
Type
Review Article
Information
Animal Health Research Reviews , Volume 5 , Issue 1 , June 2004 , pp. 49 - 63
Copyright
Copyright © CAB International 2004

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abe, R, Sakashita, E, Yamamoto, K and Sakamoto, H (1996). Two different RNA binding activities for the AU-rich element and the poly(A) sequence of the mouse neuronal protein mHuC. Nucleic Acids Research 24: 4895–4901.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Allmang, C, Petfalski, E, Podtelejnikov, A, Mann, M, Tollervey, D and Mitchell, P (1999). The yeast exosome and human PM-Scl are related complexes of 3'→5' exonucleases. Genes and Development 13: 2148–2158.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andrulis, ED, Werner, J, Nazarian, A, Erdjument-Bromage, H, Tempst, P and Lis, JT (2002). The RNA processing exosome is linked to elongating RNA polymerase II in Drosophila. Nature 420: 837–841.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arao, Y, Kuriyama, R, Kayama, F and Kato, S (2000). A nuclear matrix-associated factor, SAF-B, interacts with specific isoforms of AUF1/hnRNP D. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 380: 228–236.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Atasoy, U, Curry, SL, Lopez de Silanes, I, Shyu, AB, Casolaro, V, Gorospe, M and Stellato, C (2003). Regulation of eotaxin gene expression by TNF-alpha and IL-4 through mRNA stabilization: involvement of the RNA-binding protein HuR. Journal of Immunology 171: 4369–4378.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bakheet, T, Frevel, M, Williams, BRG, Greer, W and Khabar, KSA (2001). ARED: human AU-rich element-containing mRNA database reveals an unexpectedly diverse functional repertoire of encoded proteins. Nucleic Acids Research 29: 246–254.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bakheet, T, Williams, BRG and Khabar, KSA (2003). ARED 2.0: an update of AU-rich element mRNA database. Nucleic Acids Research 31: 421–423.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Balmer, LA, Beveridge, DJ, Jazayeri, JA, Thomson, AM, Walker, CE and Leedman, PJ (2001). Identification of a novel AU-Rich element in the 3' untranslated region of epidermal growth factor receptor mRNA that is the target for regulated RNA-binding proteins. Molecular and Cellular Biology 21: 2070–2084.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beelman, CA and Parker, R (1995). Degradation of mRNA in eukaryotes. Cell 81: 179–183.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bernstein, P and Ross, J (1989). Poly(A), poly(A) binding protein and the regulation of mRNA stability. Trends in Biochemical Sciences 14: 373–377.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bernstein, P, Peltz, SW and Ross, J (1989). The poly(A)-poly(A)-binding protein complex is a major determinant of mRNA stability in vitro. Molecular and Cellular Biology 9: 659–670.Google Scholar
Bevilacqua, A, Ceriani, MC, Capaccioli, S and Nicolin, A (2003). Post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression by degradation of messenger RNAs. Journal of Cellular Physiology 195: 356–372.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bhattacharya, S, Giordano, T, Brewer, G and Malter, JS (1999). Identification of AUF-1 ligands reveals vast diversity of early response gene mRNAs. Nucleic Acids Research 27: 1464–1472.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blackshear, PJ (2002). Tristetraprolin and other CCCH tandem zinc-finger proteins in the regulation of mRNA turnover. Biochemical Society Transactions 30: 945–952.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blaxall, BC, Dwyer-Nield, LD, Bauer, AK, Bohlmeyer, TJ, Malkinson, AM and Port, JD (2000). Differential expression and localization of the mRNA binding proteins, AU-rich element mRNA binding protein (AUF1) and Hu antigen R (HuR), in neoplastic lung tissue. Molecular Carcinogenesis 28: 76–83.3.0.CO;2-0>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boutaud, O, Dixon, DA, Oates, JA and Sawaoka, H (2003). Tristetraprolin binds to the COX-2 mRNA 3' untranslated region in cancer cells. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 525: 157–160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brennan, CM and Steitz, JA (2001). HuR and mRNA stability. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 58: 266–277.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Briggs, MW, Burkard, KT and Butler, JS (1998). Rrp6p, the yeast homologue of the human PM-Scl 100-kDa autoantigen, is essential for efficient 5.8 S rRNA 3' end formation. Journal of Biological Chemistry 273: 13255–13263.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Butler, JS (2002). The yin and yang of the exosome. Trends in Cell Biology 12: 90–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Butler, NS, Monick, MM, Yarovinsky, TO, Powers, LS and Hunninghake, GW (2002). Altered IL-4 mRNA stability correlates with Th1 and Th2 bias and susceptibility to hypersensitivity pneumonitis in two inbred strains of mice. Journal of Immunology 169: 3700–3709.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Campos, AR, Grossman, D and White, K (1985). Mutant alleles at the locus elav in Drosophila melanogaster lead to nervous system defects. A developmental-genetic analysis. Journal of Neurogenetics 2: 197–218.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carballo, E, Gilkeson, GS and Blackshear, PJ (1997). Bone marrow transplantation reproduces the tristetraprolin-deficiency syndrome in recombination activating gene-2 (–/–) mice. Evidence that monocyte/macrophage progenitors may be responsible for TNFalpha overproduction. Journal of Clinical Investigation 100: 986–995.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carballo, E, Lai, WS and Blackshear, PJ (1998). Feedback inhibition of macrophage tumor necrosis factor-alpha production by tristetraprolin. Science 281: 1001–1005.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carballo, E, Lai, WS and Blackshear, PJ (2000). Evidence that tristetraprolin is a physiological regulator of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor messenger RNA deadenylation and stability. Blood 95: 1891–1899.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carlsson, A and Schwartz, S (2000). Inhibitory activity of the human papillomavirus type 1 AU-rich element correlates inversely with the levels of the elav-like HuR protein in the cell cytoplasm. Archives of Virology 145: 491–503.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chagnovich, D, Cohn, SL (1996). Binding of a 40-kDa protein to the N-myc 3'-untranslated region correlates with enhanced N-myc expression in human neuroblastoma. Journal of Biological Chemistry 271: 33580–33586.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chekanova, JA, Shaw, RJ, Wills, MA and Belostotsky, DA (2000). Poly(A) tail-dependent exonuclease AtRrp41p from Arabidopsis thaliana rescues 5.8 S rRNA processing and mRNA decay defects of the yeast ski6 mutant and is found in an exosome-sized complex in plant and yeast cells. Journal of Biological Chemistry 275: 33158–33166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, CA and Shyu, A. (1995). AU-rich elements: characterization and importance in mRNA degradation. Trends in Biochemical Sciences 20: 465–470.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chen, CY, Gherzi, R, Ong, SE, Chan, EL, Raijmakers, R, Pruijn, GJ, Stoecklin, G, Moroni, C, Mann, M and Karin, M (2001). AU binding proteins recruit the exosome to degrade ARE-containing mRNAs. Cell 107: 451–464.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chinn, AM, Ciais, D, Bailly, S, Chambaz, E, LaMarre, J and Feige, JJ (2002). Identification of two novel ACTH-responsive genes encoding manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase (SOD2) and the zinc finger protein TIS11b [tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate (TPA)-inducible sequence 11b]. Molecular Endocrinology 16: 1417–1427.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cumming, SA, Repellin, CE, McPhillips, M, Radford, JC, Clements, JB and Graham, SV (2002). The human papillomavirus type 31 late 3' untranslated region contains a complex bipartite negative regulatory element. Journal of Virology 76: 5993–6003.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Darnell, RB and DeAngelis, LM (1993). Regression of small-cell lung carcinoma in patients with paraneoplastic neuronal antibodies. Lancet 341: 21–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Decker, CJ and Parker, R (1993). A turnover pathway for both stable and unstable mRNAs in yeast: evidence for a requirement for deadenylation. Genes and Development 7: 1632–1643.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DeMaria, CT, Sun, Y, Long, L, Wagner, BJ and Brewer, G (1997). Structural determinants in AUF1 required for high affinity binding to A + U-rich elements. Journal of Biological Chemistry 272: 27635–27643.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Denkert, C, Weichert, W, Pest, S, Koch, I, Licht, D, Kobel, M, Reles, A, Sehouli, J, Dietel, M and Hauptmann, S (2004). Overexpression of the embryonic-lethal abnormal vision-like protein HuR in ovarian carcinoma is a prognostic factor and is associated with increased cyclooxygenase 2 expression. Cancer Research 64: 189–195.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dixon, DA, Tolley, ND, King, PH, Nabors, LB, McIntyre, TM, Zimmerman, GA and Prescott, SM (2001). Altered expression of the mRNA stability factor HuR promotes cyclooxygenase-2 expression in colon cancer cells. Journal of Clinical Investigation 108: 1657–1665.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DuBois, RN, McLane, MW, Ryder, K, Lau, LF and Nathans, D (1990). A growth factor-inducible nuclear protein with a novel cysteine/histidine repetitive sequence. Journal of Biological Chemistry 265: 19185–19191.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eisenstein, RS and Blemings, KP (1998). Iron regulatory proteins, iron responsive elements and iron homeostasis. Journal of Nutrition 128: 2295–2298.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Estevez, AM, Kempf, T and Clayton, C (2001). The exosome of Trypanosoma brucei. EMBO Journal 20: 3831–3839.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eversole, A and Maizels, N (2000). In vitro properties of the conserved mammalian protein hnRNP D suggest a role in telomere maintenance. Molecular and Cellular Biology 20: 5425–5432.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fan, XC, Myer, VE and Steitz, JA (1997). AU-rich elements target small nuclear RNAs as well as mRNAs for rapid degradation. Genes and Development 11: 2557–2568.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Faour, WH, Mancini, A, He, QW and Di Battista, JA (2003). T-cell-derived interleukin-17 regulates the level and stability of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA through restricted activation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade: role of distal sequences in the 3'-untranslated region of COX-2 mRNA. Journal of Biological Chemistry 278: 26897–26907.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gallouzi, IE, Brennan, CM and Steitz, JA (2001). Protein ligands mediate the CRM1-dependent export of HuR in response to heat shock. RNA 7: 1348–1361.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gao, M, Wilusz, CJ, Peltz, SW and Wilusz, J (2001). A novel mRNA-decapping activity in HeLa cytoplasmic extracts is regulated by AU-rich elements. EMBO Journal 20: 1134–1143.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldberg-Cohen, I, Furneaux, H and Levy, AP (2002). A 40-bp RNA element that mediates stabilization of vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA by HuR. Journal of Biological Chemistry 277: 13635–13640.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gouble, A and Morello, D (2000). Synchronous and regulated expression of two AU-binding proteins, AUF1 and HuR, throughout murine development. Oncogene 19: 5377–5384.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gouble, A, Grazide, S, Meggetto, F, Mercier, P, Delsol, G and Morello, D (2002). A new player in oncogenesis: AUF1/hnRNPD overexpression leads to tumorigenesis in transgenic mice. Cancer Research 62: 1489–1495.Google Scholar
Gouka, RJ, Stam, H, Fellinger, AJ, Muijsenberg, RJ, van de Wijngaard, A, Punt, PJ, Musters, W and van den Hondel, CA (1996). Kinetics of mRNA and protein synthesis of genes controlled by the 1, 4-beta-endoxylanase A promoter in controlled fermentations of Aspergillus awamori. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 62: 3646–3649.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guhaniyogi, J and Brewer, G. (2001). Regulation of mRNA stability in mammalian cells. Gene 265: 11–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hollams, EM, Giles, KM, Thomson, AM and Leedman, PJ (2002). mRNA stability and the control of gene expression: implications for human disease. Neurochemical Research 27: 957–980.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jacobs, JS, Anderson, AR and Parker, RP (1998). The 3' to 5' degradation of yeast mRNAs is a general mechanism for mRNA turnover that requires the SKI2 DEVH box protein and 3' to 5' exonucleases of the exosome complex. EMBO Journal 17: 1497–1506.Google Scholar
Jacobson, A and Peltz, SW (1996). Interrelationships of the pathways of mRNA decay and translation in eukaryotic cells. Annual Review of Biochemistry 65: 693–739.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jarrousse, AS, Petit, F, Kreutzer-Schmid, C, Gaedigk, R and Schmid, HP (1999). Possible involvement of proteasomes (prosomes) in AUUUA-mediated mRNA decay. Journal of Biological Chemistry 274: 5925–5930.Google Scholar
Jeon, S and Lambert, PF (1995). Integration of human papillomavirus type 16 DNA into the human genome leads to increased stability of E6 and E7 mRNAs: implications for cervical carcinogenesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 92: 1654–1658.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kiledjian, M, DeMaria, CT, Brewer, G and Novick, K (1997). Identification of AUF1 (heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein D) as a component of the alpha-globin mRNA stability complex. Molecular and Cellular Biology 17: 4870–4876.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
King, PH (2000). RNA-binding analyses of HuC and HuD with the VEGF and c-myc 3'-untranslated regions using a novel ELISA-based assay. Nucleic Acids Research 28: E20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lagnado, CA, Brown, CY and Goodall, GJ (1994). AUUUA is not sufficient to promote poly(A) shortening and degradation of an mRNA: the functional sequence within AU-rich elements may be UUAUUUA(U/A)(U/A). Molecular and Cellular Biology 14: 7984–7995.Google Scholar
Lai, WS, Stumpo, DJ and Blackshear, PJ (1990). Rapid insulin-stimulated accumulation of an mRNA encoding a proline-rich protein. Journal of Biological Chemistry 265: 16556–16563.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lai, WS, Kennington, EA and Blackshear, PJ (2003). Tristetraprolin and its family members can promote the cell-free deadenylation of AU-rich element-containing mRNAs by poly(A) ribonuclease. Molecular and Cellular Biology 23: 3798–3812.Google Scholar
Laroia, G, Cuesta, R, Brewer, G and Schneider, RJ (1999). Control of mRNA decay by heat shock-ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Science 284: 499–502.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loflin, P, Chen, CY and Shyu, AB (1999). Unraveling a cytoplasmic role for hnRNP D in the in vivo mRNA destabilization directed by the AU-rich element. Genes and Development 13: 1884–1897.Google Scholar
Lu, JY and Schneider, RJ (2004). Tissue distribution of AU-rich mRNA binding proteins involved in regulation of mRNA decay. Journal of Biological Chemistry January 7 [Epub ahead of print]Google Scholar
Ma, WJ, Chung, S and Furneaux, H (1997). The Elav-like proteins bind to AU-rich elements and to the poly(A) tail of mRNA. Nucleic Acids Research 25: 3564–3569.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marzluff, WF and Pandey, NB (1988). Multiple regulatory steps control histone mRNA concentrations. Trends in Biochemical Sciences 13: 49–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mazan-Mamczarz, K, Galban, S, Lopez de Silanes, I, Martindale, JL, Atasoy, U, Keene, JD and Gorospe, M (2003). RNA-binding protein HuR enhances p53 translation in response to ultraviolet light irradiation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100: 8354–8359.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mazumder, B, Seshadri, V and Fox, PL (2003). Translational control by the 3'-UTR: the ends specify the means. Trends in Biochemical Sciences 28: 91–98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, AD, Curran, T and Verma, M (1984). C-fos protein can induce cellular transformation: A novel mechanism of activation of a cellular oncogene. Cell 36: 51–60.Google ScholarPubMed
Mitchell, P and Tollervey, D (2000). mRNA stability in eukaryotes. Current Opinion in Genetics and Development 10: 193–198.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mitchell, P and Tollervey, D (2001). mRNA turnover. Current Opinion in Cell Biology 13: 320–325.Google Scholar
Mitchell, P, Petfalski, E, Shevchenko, A, Mann, M and Tollervey, D (1997). The exosome: a conserved eukaryotic RNA processing complex containing multiple 3'→5' exoribonucleases. Cell 91: 457–466.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moraes, KC, Quaresma, AJ, Maehnss, K and Kobarg, J (2003). Identification and characterization of proteins that selectively interact with isoforms of the mRNA binding protein AUF1 (hnRNP D). Biological Chemistry 384: 25–37.Google Scholar
Muhlrad, D, Decker, CJ and Parker, R (1994). Deadenylation of the unstable mRNA encoded by the yeast MFA2 gene leads to decapping followed by 5'→3' digestion of the transcript. Genes and Development 8: 855–866.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mukherjee, D, Gao, M, O'Connor, JP, Raijmakers, R, Pruijn, G, Lutz, CS and Wilusz, J (2002). The mammalian exosome mediates the efficient degradation of mRNAs that contain AU-rich elements. EMBO Journal 21: 165–174.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Munroe, D and Jacobson, A (1990). mRNA poly(A) tail, a 3' enhancer of translational initiation. Molecular and Cellular Biology 10: 3441–3455.Google ScholarPubMed
Nabors, LB, Gillespie, GY, Harkins, L and King, PH (2001). HuR, a RNA stability factor, is expressed in malignant brain tumors and binds to adenine- and uridine-rich elements within the 3' untranslated regions of cytokine and angiogenic factor mRNAs. Cancer Research 61: 2154–2161.Google Scholar
Peng, SS, Chen, CY and Shyu, AB (1996). Functional characterization of a non-AUUUA AU-rich element from the c-jun proto-oncogene mRNA: evidence for a novel class of AU-rich elements. Molecular and Cellular Biology 16: 1490–1499.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raju, R, Hajjou, M, Hill, KR, Botta, V and Botta, S (1999). In vivo addition of poly(A) tail and AU-rich sequences to the 3' terminus of the Sindbis virus RNA genome: a novel 3'-end repair pathway. Journal of Virology 73: 2410–2419.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ross, J (1995). mRNA stability in mammalian cells. Microbiological Reviews 59: 423–450.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sachs, A (1990). The role of poly(A) in the translation and stability of mRNA. Current Opinion in Cell Biology 2: 1092–1098.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sakai, K, Kitagawa, Y, Saiki, M, Saiki, S and Hirose, G (2003). Binding of the ELAV-like protein in murine autoimmune T-cells to the nonameric AU-rich element in the 3' untranslated region of CD154 mRNA. Molecular Immunology 39: 879–883.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwartz, S, Felber, BK and Pavlakis, GN (1992). Distinct RNA sequences in the gag region of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 decrease RNA stability and inhibit expression in the absence of Rev protein. Journal of Virology 66: 150–159.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sela-Brown, A, Silver, J, Brewer, G and Naveh-Many, T (2000). Identification of AUF1 as a parathyroid hormone mRNA 3'-untranslated region-binding protein that determines parathyroid hormone mRNA stability. Journal of Biological Chemistry 275: 7424–7429.Google Scholar
Sengupta, S, Jang, BC, Wu, MT, Paik, JH, Furneaux, H and Hla, T (2003). The RNA-binding protein HuR regulates the expression of cyclooxygenase-2. Journal of Biological Chemistry 278: 25227–25233.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shatkin, AJ (1976). Capping of eucaryotic mRNAs. Cell 9: 645–653.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shaw, G and Kamen, R (1986). A conserved AU sequence from the 3' untranslated region of GM-CSF mRNA mediates selective mRNA degradation. Cell 46: 659–667.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shyu, AB, Belasco, JG and Greenberg, ME (1991). Two distinct destabilizing elements in the c-fos message trigger deadenylation as a first step in rapid mRNA decay. Genes and Development 5: 221–231.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spangberg, K, Wiklund, L and Schwartz, S (2000). HuR, a protein implicated in oncogene and growth factor mRNA decay, binds to the 3' ends of hepatitis C virus RNA of both polarities. Virology 274: 378–390.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stoecklin, G, Stoeckle, P, Lu, M, Muehlemann, O and Moroni, C (2001). Cellular mutants define a common mRNA degradation pathway targeting cytokine AU-rich elements. RNA 7: 1578–1588.Google ScholarPubMed
Stolle, CA and Benz, EJ Jr (1988). Cellular factor affecting the stability of beta-globin mRNA. Gene 62: 65–74.Google Scholar
Subbaramaiah, K, Marmo, TP, Dixon, DA and Dannenberg, AJ (2003). Regulation of cyclooxgenase-2 mRNA stability by taxanes: evidence for involvement of p38, MAPKAPK-2, and HuR. Journal of Biological Chemistry 278: 37637–37647.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sully, G, Dean, JL, Wait, R, Rawlinson, L, Santalucia, T, Saklatvala, J and Clark, AR (2004). Structural and functional dissection of a conserved destabilizing element of cyclo-oxygenase-2 mRNA: evidence against the involvement of AUF-1 [AU-rich element/poly(U)-binding/degradation factor-1], AUF-2, tristetraprolin, HuR (Hu antigen R) or FBP1 (far-upstream-sequence-element-binding protein 1). Biochemical Journal 377: 629–639.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Szabo, A, Dalmau, J, Manley, G, Rosenfeld, M, Wong, E, Henson, J, Posner, JB and Furneaux, HM (1991). HuD, a paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis antigen, contains RNA-binding domains and is homologous to Elav and Sex-lethal. Cell 67: 325–333.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, GA, Carballo, E, Lee, DM, Lai, WS, Thompson, MJ, Patel, DD, Schenkman, DI, Gilkeson, GS, Broxmeyer, HE, Haynes, BF and Blackshear, PJ (1996a). A pathogenetic role for TNF alpha in the syndrome of cachexia, arthritis, and autoimmunity resulting from tristetraprolin (TTP) deficiency. Immunity 4: 445–454.Google Scholar
Taylor, GA, Thompson, MJ, Lai, WS and Blackshear, PJ (1996b). Mitogens stimulate the rapid nuclear to cytosolic translocation of tristetraprolin, a potential zinc-finger transcription factor. Molecular Endocrinology 10: 140–146.Google Scholar
Treisman, R (1985). Transient accumulation of c-fos RNA following serum stimulation requires a conserved 5' element and c-fos 3' sequences. Cell 42: 889–902.Google Scholar
Twizere, JC, Kruys, V, Lefebvre, L, Vanderplasschen, A, Collete, D, Debacq, C, Lai, WS, Jauniaux, JC, Bernstein, LR, Semmes, OJ, Burny, A, Blackshear, PJ, Kettmann, R and Willems, L (2003). Interaction of retroviral Tax oncoproteins with tristetraprolin and regulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha expression. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 95: 1846–1859.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Hoof, A and Parker, R (1999). The exosome: a proteasome for RNA? Cell 99: 347–350.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Hoof, A and Parker, R (2002). Messenger RNA degradation: beginning at the end. Current Biology 12 R285–287CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Varnum, B, Lim, RW, Sukhatme, VP and Herschman, HR (1989). Nucleotide sequence of a cDNA encoding TIS11, a message induced in Swiss 3T3 cells by the tumor promoter tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate. Oncogene 4: 119–120.Google ScholarPubMed
Vasudevan, S and Peltz, SW (2001). Regulated ARE-mediated mRNA decay in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Molecular Cell 7: 1191–1200.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wagner, BJ, DeMaria, CT, Sun, Y, Wilson, GM and Brewer, G (1998). Structure and genomic organization of the human AUF1 gene: alternative pre-mRNA splicing generates four protein isoforms. Genomics 48: 195–202.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, W, Furneaux, H, Cheng, H, Caldwell, MC, Hutter, D, Liu, Y, Holbrook, N and Gorospe, M (2000). HuR regulates p21 mRNA stabilization by UV light. Molecular and Cellular Biology 20: 760–769.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, Z and Kiledjian, M (2001). Functional link between the mammalian exosome and mRNA decapping. Cell 107: 751–762.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilson, GM, Sun, Y, Sellers, J, Lu, H, Penkar, N, Dillard, G and Brewer, G (1999). Regulation of AUF1 expression via conserved alternatively spliced elements in the 3' untranslated region. Molecular and Cellular Biology 19: 4056–4064.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yu, H, Stasinopoulos, S, Leedman, P and Medcalf, RL (2003). Inherent instability of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 2 mRNA is regulated by tristetraprolin. Journal of Biological Chemistry 278: 13912–13918.Google Scholar
Zhang, T, Kruys, V, Huez, G and Gueydan, C (2002). AU-rich element-mediated translational control: complexity and multiple activities of trans-activating factors. Biochemical Society Transactions 30: 952–958.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhao, Z, Chang, FC and Furneaux, HM (2000). The identification of an endonuclease that cleaves within an HuR binding site in mRNA. Nucleic Acids Research 28: 2695–2701.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zubiaga, AM, Belasco, JG and Greenberg, ME (1995). The nonamer UUAUUUAUU is the key AU-rich sequence motif that mediates mRNA degradation. Molecular and Cellular Biology 15: 2219–2230.Google Scholar