Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dsjbd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-28T10:31:12.572Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Human and porcine Taenia solium infections in Mozambique: identifying research priorities

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 June 2011

S. M. S. Afonso ,
Y. Vaz ,
L. Neves ,
A. Pondja ,
G. Dias ,
A. L. Willingham III ,
M. Vilhena ,
P. C. Duarte ,
C. C. Jost  and
E. V. Noormahomed
S. M. S. Afonso
Affiliation:
Veterinary Faculty, Eduardo Mondlane University, Av. de Moçambique 1,5 Km, Maputo, Mozambique
Y. Vaz
Affiliation:
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Technical University of Lisbon – TULisbon, Av. da Universidade, Técnica 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal
L. Neves
Affiliation:
Biotechnology Centre, Eduardo Mondlane University, Av. de Moçambique 1,5 Km, Maputo, Mozambique
A. Pondja
Affiliation:
Veterinary Faculty, Eduardo Mondlane University, Av. de Moçambique 1,5 Km, Maputo, Mozambique
G. Dias
Affiliation:
Veterinary Faculty, Eduardo Mondlane University, Av. de Moçambique 1,5 Km, Maputo, Mozambique
A. L. Willingham III
Affiliation:
WHO/FAO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Neglected and Other Parasitic Zoonoses, Section for Parasitology, Health and Development, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlaegevej 100, Frederiksberg C 1870, Denmark
M. Vilhena
Affiliation:
Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Évora, Pólo da Mitra Ap. 94, 7002-554, Portugal
P. C. Duarte
Affiliation:
Secretariat of International Affairs (SRI), Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply (MAPA), PqEB, Av. W3 Norte (Final) – Edifício Sede, 70770-901 Brasília-DF, Brasil International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
C. C. Jost*
Affiliation:
International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
E. V. Noormahomed
Affiliation:
Medical Faculty, Eduardo Mondlane University, Av. Salvador Allende 702, Maputo, Mozambique School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0602, La Jolla, CA 92093-0602, USA
*
*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The objective of this paper is to critically review and summarize available scientific and lay literature, and ongoing studies on human and porcine cysticercosis in Mozambique to identify knowledge gaps and direct immediate and long-term research efforts. Data on the spatial distribution and prevalence of the disease in human and swine populations are scarce and fragmented. Human serological studies have shown that 15–21% of apparently healthy adults were positive for cysticercosis antibodies or antigen, while in neuropsychiatric patients seroprevalence was as high as 51%. Slaughterhouse records indicate a countrywide occurrence of porcine cysticercosis, while studies have shown that 10–35% of pigs tested were seropositive for cysticercosis antibodies or antigen. Current research in Mozambique includes studies on the epidemiology, molecular biology, diagnosis and control of the disease. Future research efforts should be directed at better understanding the epidemiology of the disease in Mozambique, particularly risk factors for its occurrence and spread in human and swine populations, documenting the socio-economic impact of the disease, identifying critical control points and evaluating the feasibility and epidemiological impact of control measures and development of local level diagnostic tools for use in humans and swine.

Keywords

cysticercosisneurocysticercosisepidemiologyimmunodiagnosisTaenia soliumMozambique
Type
Review Article
Information
Animal Health Research Reviews , Volume 12 , Issue 1 , June 2011 , pp. 123 - 129
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abreu, EF, Valadão, FG, Costa, MPR and Serra, JJBL (1960). Nosologia animal de Moçambique, contribuição para o seu conhecimento. Anais dos Serviços de Veterinária de Moçambique 6: 135–168.Google Scholar
Afonso, SMS, Neves, L, Afonso, CMC, Nota, A, Vilhena, M and Ito, A (2001). Cysticercus cellulosa in Tete Province, Mozambique. In: Proceedings of the Workshop on Human Helminth Infections “Future Research Foci”, 5–9 March 2001, Lusaka, Zambia, p. 32.Google Scholar
Assane, Y (2009). Human Taenia solium cysticercosis in the district of Angónia, Mozambique: prevalence and clinical aspects. In: Annual Congress of the Neurology Association of South Africa, 11–14 March 2009, Johannesburg, South Africa, NASA, p. 9.Google Scholar
Bern, C, García, H, Evans, C, Gonzalez, E, Verastegui, M, Tsang, V and Gilman, H (1999). Magnitude of the disease burden from neurocysticercosis in a developing country. Clinical Infectious Diseases 29: 203–1209.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (1993). Recommendations of the international task force for disease eradication. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 42: 1–39.Google Scholar
Commission on Tropical Diseases of the International League Against Epilepsy (1994). Relationship between epilepsy and tropical diseases. Epilepsia 35, 89–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Correa, D, Sarti, E, Tapia-Romero, R, Rico, R, Alcántara-Anguiano, I, Salgado, A, Valdez, L and Flisser, A (1999). Antigens and antibodies in sera from human cases of epilepsy or taeniasis from an area of Mexico where Taenia solium cysticercosis is endemic. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 93: 69–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cruz e Silva, JA (1971). Contribuição para o estudo dos helmintos parasitas dos vertebrados de Moçambique. Memórias da Junta de Investigação do Ultramar 61: 1–479.Google Scholar
Direcção Nacional de Pecuária (DINAP) (2004). Relatório Anual 2003. Maputo: Ministério da Agricultura e Desenvolvimento Rural, República de Moçambique.Google Scholar
Dorny, P, Phiri, IK, Vercruysse, J, Gabriel, S, Willingham, AL III, Brandt, J, Victor, B, Speybroeck, N and Berkvens, D (2004). A Bayesian approach for estimating values for prevalence and diagnostic test characteristics of porcine cysticercosis. International Journal for Parasitology 34: 569–576.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fisher, RS, van Emde Boas, W, Blume, W, Elger, C, Genton, P, Lee, P and Engel, J Jr (2005). Epileptic seizures and epilepsy: definitions proposed by International league Against Epilepsy (ILAE) and the international bureau for epilepsy (IBE). Epilepsia 46: 470–472.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Flisser, A, Madrazo, I, Plancarte, A, Schantz, PM, Allan, J, Craig, P and Sarti, E (1993). Neurological symptoms in occult neurocysticercosis after single taeniacidal dose of praziquantel. Lancet 342: 748.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garcia, HH, Gonzalez, AE, Evans, CAW and Gilman, RH (2003). Taenia solium cysticercosis. Lancet 365: 547–556.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilman, RH, Garcia, HH, Gonzalez, AE, Dunleavy, M, Verastegui, M and Peru, TCWGI (1999). Short cuts to development: methods to control the transmission of cysticercosis in developing countries. In: Garcia, HH and Martinez, SM (eds) Taenia Solium Taeniasis/Cysticercosis, 2nd edn. Lima: Ed Universo, pp. 313–326.Google Scholar
Gonzalez, AE, Garcia, HH and Gilman, RH (1996). Effective, single dose treatment of porcine cysticercosis with oxfendazole. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 54: 391–394.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Instituto Nacional de Estatística (INE) (2007). Resultado do Censu Populacional 2007. Maputo: Instituto Nacional de Estatística, República de Moçambique.Google Scholar
Ito, A, Yamasaki, HK, Nakao, M, Sako, Y, Okamoto, M, Sato, MO, Nakaya, K, Margono, SS, Ikejima, T, Kassuku, AA, Afonso, SMS, Ortiz, WB, Plancarte, A, Zoli, A, Geerts, S and Craig, PS (2003). Multiple genotypes of Taenia solium-ramifications for diagnosis, treatment and control. Acta Tropica 87: 95–101.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lightowlers, MW (2010). Eradication of Taenia solium cysticercosis: a role for vaccination of pigs. International Journal for Parasitology 40: 1183–1192.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liu, YJ, Li, QZ and Hao, YH (2003). Morphological changes to early stage Taenia solium cysticerci following oxfendazole treatment. Veterinary Journal 165: 73–77.Google ScholarPubMed
Mafojane, NA, Appleton, CC, Krecek, RC, Michael, LM and Willingham, AL III (2003). The current status of neurocysticercosis in Eastern and Southern Africa. Acta Tropica 87: 25–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ministério da Coordenação Económica (1975). Aprova o Regulamento de Sanidade Pecuária. Portaria n° 27/75 de 14 de Agosto. Boletim da República. Imprensa Nacional de Moçambique, I série 22, 94–95.Google Scholar
Ministério da Saúde (2002). Aprova o Regulamento que define a caracterização técnica e enunciado de funções das Instituições do Serviço Nacional de Saúde. Diploma Ministerial n° 127/2002. Boletim da República. Imprensa Nacional de Moçambique, I série 31, 156.Google Scholar
Ministério da Saúde (2007). Inventário Nacional de Infra-Estruturas de Saúde, Serviços e Recursos. Moçambique: Ministério da Saúde, p. 91.Google Scholar
Murrell, KD (ed.) (2005). WHO/FAO/OIE Guidelines for the surveillance, prevention and control of taeniosis/cysticercosis. Paris: Office International des Epizooties.Google Scholar
Nakao, M, Okamoto, M, Sako, Y, Yamasaki, H, Nakaya, K and Ito, A (2002). A phylogenetic hypothesis for the distribution of two genotypes of the pig tapeworm Taenia solium worldwide. Parasitology 124, 657–662.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ndimubanzi, PC, Carabin, H, Budke, CM, Nguyen, H, Qian, YJ, Rainwater, E, Dickey, M, Reynolds, S and Stoner, JA (2010). A systematic review of the frequency of neurocysticercosis with a focus on people with epilepsy. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 4: e870. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000870.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Noormahomed, E (2005). Cisticercosis y otros parasitismos en población de Maputo, Mozambique, Doctoral Thesis, University of Granada.Google Scholar
Noormahomed, E, Pividal, J, Azzouz, S, Mascaro, C, Delagado-Rodriguez, M and Osuna, A (2003). Seroprevalence of anti-cysticercus antibodies among the children living in the urban environs of Maputo, Mozambique. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 91: 31–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Penrith, ML, Thomson, GR, Bastos, AD, Phiri, OC, Lubisi, BA, Du Plessis, EM, Macome, F, Pinto, F, Botha, B and Esterhysen, J (2004). An investigation into natural resistance to African swine fever in domestic pigs from an endemic area in Southern Africa. Revue Scientifique et Technique de l Office International des Epizooties 23: 965–977.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pondja, A, Duarte, PC, Afonso, SMS, Neves, L, Noormahomed, EV, Assane, Y, Vaz, Y and Vilhena, M (2009). Potential high risk areas for human and porcine cysticercosis in Mozambique. Abstract in: International Symposia on Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, 10–14 August 2009, Durban, South Africa, p. 13.Google Scholar
Pondja, A, Neves, L, Mlangwa, J, Afonso, S, Fafetine, J, Willingham, AL III, Thamsborg, SM and Johansen, MV (2010). Prevalence and risk factors of porcine cysticercosis in Angonia District, Mozambique. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 4: e594. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000594.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rey, L (2008). Parasitologia: parasitos e doenças parasitárias do homem nos trópicos ocidentais, 4th edn. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan, pp. 520–539.Google Scholar
Román, G, Sotelo, J, Del Brutto, O, Flisser, A, Dumas, M, Wadia, N, Botero, D, Cruz, M, García, H, de Bittencourt, PRM, Trelles, L, Arriagada, C, Lorenzana, P, Nash, TE and Spina França, A (2000). A proposal to declare a neurocysticercosis an international reportable disease. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 78: 399–406.Google ScholarPubMed
Sato, MO, Cavalcante, TV, Sako, Y, Nakao, M, Yamasaki, H, Yatsuda, AP, Nakaya, K and Ito, A (2006). Short report: evidence and potential for transmission of human and swine Taenia solium cysticercosis in the Piracuruca region, Piauí, Brazil. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 75: 933–935.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schantz, PM, Cruz, M, Sarti, E and Pawlowski, Z (1993). Potential eradicability of taeniasis and cysticercosis. Bulletin of the Pan American Health Organization 27: 397–403.Google Scholar
Serra, JJBL (1968). Um caso coinidente de raiva e cisticercose no Homem. Anais dos Serviços de Veterinária e Indústria Animal (Moçambique) 16: 313–319.Google Scholar
Sikasunge, CS, Johansen, MV, Willingham, AL III, Leifsson, PS and Phiri, IK (2008). Taenia solium porcine cysticercosis: viability of cysticerci and persistency of antibodies and cysticercal antigens after treatment with oxfendazole. Veterinary Parasitology 158: 57–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Soulsby, EJL (1982). Helminths, Arthropods and Protozoa of Domesticated animals. East Sussex: Bailliere Tindall, pp. 111–113.Google Scholar
Travassos Dias, JATS (1954). Panorama noso-parasitologico veterinário de Moçambique. Anais do Instituto de Medicina Tropical 11: 605–634.Google Scholar
United Nations Development Program (2010). Human development reports. Available online athttp://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/ (accessed 25 June 2010).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vilhena, M (2002). Cisticercose produção animal e saúde da comunidade, um estudo em Moçambique. Lisboa: Universidade Nova de Lisboa.Google Scholar
Vilhena, M and Bouza, M (1994). Serodiagnóstico da cisticercose humana na cidade de Tete, Moçambique. Revista Médica de Moçambique 5: 6–9.Google Scholar
Vilhena, M, Santos, M and Torgal, J (1999). Seroprevalence of human cysticercosis in Maputo, Mozambique. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 61: 59–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yacubian, EMT (2008). Reunião do Grupo Lusofônico em Moçambique. Journal of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology 14: 89 (Abstr.).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Willingham, AL III and Engels, D (2006). Control of Taenia solium Cysticercosis/Taeniosis. In: Molyneux, D (ed.) Control of Human Parasitic Diseases. Advances in Parasitology. Elsevier. vol. 61C: pp. 509–566.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Winkler, AS, Willingham, AL III, Sikasunge, CS and Schmutzhard, E (2009). Epilepsy and neurocysticercosis in sub-Saharan Africa. Wiener Kklinische Wochenschrift 121 (Suppl. 3): 3–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
World Health Organization (WHO) (2003). Control of neurocysticercosis. Fifty-sixth World Health Assembly A56/10 Provisional agenda item 14.2, 6 March 2003.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (WHO) (2006). The control of neglected zoonotic diseases: a route to poverty alleviation. Report of a joint WHO/DFID-AHP meeting, 20 and 21 September 2005, WHO Headquarters, Geneva, with the participation of FAO and OIE. WHO/SDE/FOS/2006 No. 1.Google Scholar