Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-94fs2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-15T03:25:41.522Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Morphological characterization of indigenous chickens of Sikkim and West Bengal, India

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 August 2012

Sandip Banerjee
Sandip Banerjee*
Affiliation:
B-1/87, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal 741235, India
*
Correspondence to: Sandip Banerjee, B-1/87, Kalyani, Dist, Nadia, West Bengal 741235, India. [email protected] and [email protected]
Get access

Summary

The study was conducted to characterize the variations in physical characters and some important feather and skin mutations observed in different populations of native chickens of West Bengal and Sikkim, India. The data encompassing eight different phenotypes such as, naked neck chicken, frizzled chicken, muffed/bearded chicken, creeper chicken, crested chicken, rumpless chicken, feathered shank chicken and fibromelanosis chicken, were collected from six districts of West Bengal and two districts of Sikkim. Seven qualitative traits such as colour of the egg shell, feather, skin, shank, comb and earlobe as well as the type of feather, and three quantitative traits such as shank length, egg weight and body weight, were assessed in a total of 2 170 fowls of both sexes. The data were analysed statistically using descriptive statistics, the differences in means were compared using Duncan's multiple range test and χ2 was used for non-parametric characters. Each of the populations had multiple variants and mixed feather colours were seen in most of the chickens while the feather, skin and shank colours were all black in fibromelanosis chickens. The shank colour was predominantly blue, followed by yellow and white. The skin colour in most of the chickens was white. Most of the chickens had a single comb (except for the crested chicken). The highest body weight was observed in the desi chicken while the rumpless chicken weighed the least. The egg-shell colour varied between cream and light brown in all the flocks except for the fibromelanosis chicken whose egg-shell colour was tinted bluish. The highest recorded egg weight was observed in the naked neck chicken, whereas the hatchability and egg weight were the lowest for the rumpless chicken. In the recent years, it has been observed that there is a significant reduction in the population of native chickens. This may be attributed to the restocking with Rhode Island Red and synthetic Kruilor chickens following the avian influenza outbreaks in the region. Hence, immediate steps need to be taken to preserve whatever is left in the native chicken ecotypes in the region.

Résumé

L'étude a été dirigée pour caractériser les variations dans les caractères physiques et les aspects utiles de quelque plume important et de mutations de peau a observé dans la population différente de poulets natals de Bengale et de Sikkim d'ouest (l'Inde). L'étude a été dirigée à six quartiers de Bengale d'ouest et deux emplacements d'entourer de Sikkim huit mutations différentes dans les poulets. Sept quantitatif et deux traits qualitatifs ont été évalués dans une population de 2 170 volailles des deux les sexes. Les données ont été statistiquement ana - lysées utilisant la statistique descriptive, les différences dans les moyens ont été évaluées utiliser Duncan le test de Gamme Multiples et le carré de chi ont été utilisés pour non les caractères paramétriques. Chacune des populations ont eu des variantes multiples et la couleur de plume mélangée a été vue dans la plupart des poulets pendant que la plume, la couleur de peau et jambe était noire dans les poulets avec fibromelanin. La couleur de jambe était d'une manière prédominante bleue, suivie par le jaune et le blanc. La couleur de peau dans la plupart des poulets était blanche, le peigne, blanc seul et des lobes le. Le plus haut poids a été observé dans le poulet de desi pendant que le chiffonne a pesé le moins. La couleur de coquille d'oeuf a varié entre la crème pour allumer le marron dans tous les troupeaux sauf l'une de fibromelanin où la couleur de coquille a été teintée bleuâtre. Le plus haut poids d'oeuf enregistré a été observé dans les poulets de cou nus où comme le poids de hatchability et oeuf était le plus bas pour le chiffonne des poulets. Il a été observé qu'il y a une réduction significative dans la population de poulets natals. Ceci pourrait être attribué au regarnir avec Rhode Island poulets Rouges et la tache de Kruilor synthétique qui suivent la grippe d'avian dans la région. Donc, les étapes immédiates ont besoin d'être pris pour conserver quoi qu'est parti de l'ecotypes natal actuel dans la région.

Resumen

El presente estudio fue realizado para caracterizar las variaciones en caracteres físicos y aspectos útiles de algunas mutaciones importantes de pluma y piel que se observaron en diferentes poblaciones de gallinas nativas de Bengala Occidental y Sikkim (India). El estudio fue realizado en seis distritos de Bengala Occidental y dos localidades de Sikkim abarcando ocho mutaciones diferentes. Siete caracteres cuantitativos y dos cualitativos fueron valorados en una población de 2 170 aves de ambos los sexos. Los datos fueron analizados estadísticamente utilizando la estadística descriptiva, las diferencias de medias fueron valoradas utilizando la prueba deRangos Múltiples de Duncan, utilizando el ji cuadrado para los caracteres no paramétricos. Cada una de las poblaciones mostró múltiples variantes de color de pluma, mientras que la mayor parte de los colores de pluma, color de piel y patas fue negro en los pollos con fibromelanina. El color de las patas fue predominantemente azul, seguido de amarillo y blanco. El color de la piel en la mayor parte de las aves fue blanco, combinado, y orejillas blancas. El color de la cáscara del huevo varió entre nata y marrón en todas las poblaciones menos los que poseían fibromelanina, en los que el color de la cáscara estaba teñido de azulado. El peso registrado más alto del huevo fue observado en los pollos de cuello pelado, mientras que el peso del huevo fue más bajo para los pollos de arrugas. Se ha observado que hay una reducción significativa en la población de pollos nativos. Esto puede ser atribuido a la reposición con Rhode Island Roja y con la población sintética Kruilor, que siguió a la epidemia de gripe aviar en la región. De ahí, que pasos inmediatos deben ser dados para preservar lo que ha quedado de los ecotipos nativos existentes en la región.

Keywords

native chickenmorphological characterizationWest BengalSikkimIndiapoules indigènescaractérisation morphologiqueBengale occidentalSikkimIndepollo autóctonocaracterización morfológicaBengala OccidentalSikkimIndia
Type
Research Article
Information
Animal Genetic Resources/Resources génétiques animales/Recursos genéticos animales , Volume 51 , December 2012 , pp. 57 - 71
Copyright
Copyright © Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ahmed, S.T. & Ali, M.A. 2007. Performance of synthetic, desi, synthetic × desi, and synthetic × Star cross brown chicken at marketing. In Proceedings of the 5th International Poultry Show and Seminar, 1–3 March, 2007, Dhaka, Bangladesh. pp. 18–25.Google Scholar
Ahuja, V., Dhawan, M., Punjabi, M., Maarse, L. & Pan, S. 2009. Dead birds or shattered hopes? A study of the impact of bird flu on poor people's poultry related livelihoods in West Bengal. South Asia Pro Poor Livestock Policy Programmes, A Joint Initiative of NDDB and FAO. Document, 019, 43 pp.Google Scholar
Aklilu, H.A. 2007. Village poultry in Ethiopia: socio-technical analysis and learning with farmers. Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands. 178 pp. (Ph.D. thesis).Google Scholar
Al-Yousef, Y.M. 2007. A survey study on the distribution of Saudi Baladi chickens and their characteristics. Int. J. Poultry Sci., 6(4): 289–292.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anonymous. 2011. Red Jungle fowl (Gallus gallus). (available at http://nzpnewdelhi.gov.in/red_jungle_fall.htm).Google Scholar
Ayele, Z.W. 2011. Investigating village chicken production system, consumption pattern and egg quality parameters in Goncha Siso Enesie Woreda of Amhara region. Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia. 85 pp. (M.Sc. thesis).Google Scholar
Badubi, S.S., Rakereng, M. & Marumo, M. 2006. Morphological characteristics and feed resources available for indigenous chickens in Botswana. Livestock Res. Rural Dev., 18(1): 3. (available at http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd18/1/badu18003.htm).Google Scholar
Banerjee, S. 2007. Some native ecotypes of poultry reared in West Bengal and Sikkim. In Proceedings of an International Workshop on Livestock Keepers and the Management of Animal Genetic Resources: Roles, Rights, and Responsibilities, 26–28 February, 2007, Sadri, India. pp. 4.Google Scholar
Banerjee, S. & Banerjee, S. 2000. Gola kata murgi – a poultry genetic resource of West Bengal (India). Asian Livestock, 24(3): 22–23.Google Scholar
Banerjee, S., Roy, U.B., Sengupta, S. & Sadana, D.K. 2008. New poultry breeds/strains in West Bengal and Sikkim. In Proceedings of National Symposium on Redefining Role of Indigenous Animal Genetic Resources in Rural Development, 15–16 February, 2008, Bangalore, India. p. 166.Google Scholar
Banglapedia. 2006. Junglefowl (available at http://www.banglapedia.org/httpdocs/HT/J_0131.HTM).Google Scholar
Bhasin, V. 2002. Ethnic relations among the people of Sikkim. J. Soc. Sci., 6(1): 1–20.Google Scholar
Bhuiyan, A.K.F.H., Bhuiyan, M.S.A. & Deb, G.K. 2005. Indigenous chicken genetic resources in Bangladesh: current status and future outlook. Anim. Genet. Resour. Inf., 36: 73–84.Google Scholar
Bordas, A., Monnet, L.E. & Mérat, P. 1980. Gène Cou nu, performances de ponte et efficacité alimentaire selon la temperature chez la poule. Ann. Génét. Sél. Anim., 12(4): 343–361.Google Scholar
Chatterjee, R.N., Niranjan, M., Sharma, R.P., Dange, M. & Bhattacharya, T.K. 2010. Estimation of genetic heterogeneity of chicken germplasm being used for development of rural varieties utilizing DNA markers. J. Genet., 89: e33–e37. (available at http://www.ias.ac.in/jgenet/online).Google Scholar
Crawford, R.D. 1990. Origin and history of poultry species. Poultry genetic resources: evolution, diversity, and conservation. In Crawford, R.D., ed. Poultry breeding and genetics, pp. 1–59. Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Crooke, W. 1896. The popular religion and folklore of Northern India, Vol. II, 246 pp. Constable and Co., London.Google Scholar
Dana, N., Dessie, Tadellevan der Waaji, Liesbeth H. & van Arendonk, Johan A.M.. 2010. Morphological features of indigenous chicken populations of Ethiopia. Animal Genetic Resources. 46: 11–23.Google Scholar
DARAH. 2006b. 17th All India livestock census, agriculture implements and machinery, fishery statistics, Midnapur (East). District report, Vol. 1. Government of West Bengal, India.Google Scholar
DARAH. 2006c. 17th All India livestock census, agriculture implements and machinery, fishery statistics, Murshidabad, District report, Vol. 1. Government of West Bengal, India.Google Scholar
DARAH. 2006d. 17th All India livestock census. agriculture implements and machinery, fishery statistics, Nadia, District report, Vol. 1. Government of West Bengal, India.Google Scholar
DARAH. 2006e. 17th All India livestock census. agriculture implements and machinery, fishery statistics. North 24 Parganas, District report, Vol. 1. Government of West Bengal, India.Google Scholar
DARAH. 2006f. 17th All India livestock census, agriculture implements and machinery, fishery statistics. South 24 Parganas, District report, Vol. 1. Government of West Bengal, India.Google Scholar
DAHVS. 1997. 16th Quniquennial livestock census, Sikkim, http://www.sikkim.nic.in/ahvs/ahvs_intro.htm Government of Sikkim, IndiaGoogle Scholar
Dastagiri, M.B. 2004. Demand and supply projections of livestock products in India. Policy Paper 21, 43 pp. National Centre for Agricultural Economics and Policy Research, ICAR, New Delhi, India.Google Scholar
Deeb, N. & Cahaner, A. 1994. Genotype-environmental interaction and heat tolerance of naked neck broilers of naked neck broilers. In Proceedings of the 5th World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production, Guelph, Canada. pp. 65–68.Google Scholar
Eriksson, J., Larsen, G., Gunnarsson, U., Bed'hom, B., Tixier-Boichard, M., Stromstedt, L., Wright, D., Jungerius, A., Vereijken, A., Randi, E., Jensen, P. & Andersson, L. 2007. Identification of the yellow skin gene reveals the hybrid origin of domestic fowl. PLoS Genet., 4(2): e1000010 (doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000010).Google Scholar
FAO. 2007. The State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, edited by Rischkowsky, B. & Pilling, D., FAO, Rome.Google Scholar
FAO. 2008a. Domestic animal diversity information system. FAO, Rome (available at http://www.fao.org/dad-is/).Google Scholar
FAO. 2008b. Local chicken genetic resources and production systems in Indonesia. Prepared by Muladno Muladno. GCP/RAS/228/GER Working Paper No. 6. FAO, Rome.Google Scholar
Faruque, S., Siddiquee, N.U., Afroz, M.A. & Islam, M.S. 2010. Phenotypic characterization of native chicken reared under intensive management system. J. Bangladesh Agric. Univ., 8(1): 79–82.Google Scholar
Galal, A. 2000. Pleiotropic effects of naked neck, frizzled and double segregation genes on some phenotypic and genetic parameters of chickens under hot environment condition. Egypt Poultry Sci., 20: 945–960.Google Scholar
Gao, Y., Tu, Y., Tong, H., Wang, K., Tang, X. & Chen, K. 2008. Genetic variation of indigenous chicken breeds in China and a recessive white breed using AFLP fingerprinting. South African J. Anim. Sci., 38(3): 193–200.Google Scholar
Garcês, A., Casey, N.H. & Horst, P. 2001. Productive performance of naked neck, frizzle and dwarf laying hens under various natural climates and two nutritional treatments. South African J. Anim. Sci., 31(3): 174–180.Google Scholar
GOI. 2006. Basic Animal Husbandry statistics, AHS series-10, pp. 162. Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries, Krishi Bhawan, New Delhi, India.Google Scholar
Grobbelaar, J.A.N., Sutherland, B. & Molalakgotla, N.M. 2010. Egg production potentials of certain indigenous chicken breeds from South Africa. Anim. Genet. Resources, 46: 25–32.Google Scholar
Guéye, E.F. 2005. Editorial: Family poultry must no longer be a ‘hidden harvest’. INFPD Newslett., 15(1): 1–2.Google Scholar
Halima, H., Neser, F.W.C., van Marle-Köster, E. & de Kock, A. 2007. Phenotypic variation of native chicken populations in northwest Ethiopia. Trop. Anim. Health Prod., 39: 507–513.Google Scholar
Haque, Q.M.E. & Assaduzzaman, U. 1990. Feeding pattern of birds (chickens and ducks) under scavenging condition and formulation of supplementary ration using local ingredients. In Second Annual Progress Report, 47 pp. Poultry Production Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh.Google Scholar
Hoffmann, I., Siewerdt, F. & Manzella, D. 2004. Research and investment – challenges and options for sustainable use of poultry genetic resources. Paper presented at the XXII World Poultry Congress, CD Proceedings, 8–13 August, 2004, Istanbul, Turkey. 10 p.Google Scholar
Horst, P. 1987. Animal genetic resources and potential for resources development in the tropics: with special reference to Malaysia. Malaysia Appl. Biol., 16: 13–22.Google Scholar
Hussein, S.H., Fathi, M.M., & Galal, A. 2000. Residual feed consumption in three Egyptian local genotypes of chicken segregation for naked neck gene. Egypt Poultry Sci., 20: 311–326.Google Scholar
Iqbal, S. & Pampori, Z.A. 2008. Production potential and qualitative traits of indigenous chicken of Kashmir. Livestock Res. Rural Dev., 20(11): 182 (available at http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd20/11/iqba20182.htm).Google Scholar
Landauer, W. 1945. Recessive rumplessness of fowl with Kyphoscoliosis and supernumerary ribs. Genetics, 30(September): 403–428.Google Scholar
Lush, J.L. 1994. The genetic nature of differences between groups. In Chapman, A.B., Shrode, R.R. & Crow, J.F., eds. The genetics of populations, pp. 248–268. Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA.Google Scholar
Maciejowski, J and Zieba., J. 1982. Genetics and Animal Breeding. Part A. Biological and genetic foundations of animal breeding. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Mandal, M.K., Khandekar, N. & Khandekar, P. 2006. Backyard poultry farming in Bareilly district of Uttar Pradesh, India: an analysis. Livestock Res. Rural Dev., 18(7): 101 (available at http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd18/7/mand18101.htm).Google Scholar
Manner, K. (1992) cited after Horst, P and Mathur, P.K. 1994. Feathering and adaptation to tropical climates. 9th European poultry conference. Glasgow, U.K. pp 79–82.Google Scholar
Mathur, P. K. 2003. Genotype- Environment Interactions: Problems Associated with Selection for Increased Production. In Poultry Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, edited by Muir, M. W., and Aggrey, S. E.. CABI Publishing, UK. P 546.Google Scholar
Mérat, P. 1990. Pleiotropic and associated effects of major genes. In Crawford, R.D., ed. Poultry breeding and genetics, pp. 429–468. Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Moiseyeva, I.G., Volokhovich, V.A., Tolokonnikova, E.V. & Altukhov, Yu.P. 1984. Differentiation of chicken breeds for biochemical gene markers. Genetika, 20: 672–81.Google Scholar
Nidup, K., Penjor, Dorji, P., Gurung, R., Arasta, P. & Moran, C. 2005. Genetic structure of the indigenous chickens of Bhutan. SAAR J. Agric., 3: 69–89.Google Scholar
Oke, U.K. 2011. Influence of some major genes on early lay traits of crossbred local pullets in a humid tropical environment. Online J. Anim. Feed Res., 1(3): 92–98.Google Scholar
Parmar, S.N.S., Thakur, M.S., Tomar, S.S. & Pillai, P.V.A. 2006. Evaluation of egg quality traits in indigenous Kadaknath breed of poultry. Livestock Res. Rural Dev., 18(9): 132 (available at http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd18/9/parm18132.htm).Google Scholar
Patra, B.N., Bais, R.K.S., Prasad, R.B. & Singh, B.P. 2002. Performance of naked neck versus normally feathered coloured broilers for growth, carcass traits and blood biochemical parameters in tropical climate. Asian-Austr. J. Anim. Sci., 12: 1776–1783.Google Scholar
Pech-Waffenschmidt, V. 1992. The effect of heat stress conditions on performance, physiology and blood chemistry of laying eggs of different feathering types and nutritional considerations to improve the heat resistance. No. 245. Berlin, Germany, Technical University (TU). (Dissertation).Google Scholar
Pym, R.A.E., Guerne Bleich, E. & Hoffmann, I. 2006. The relative contribution of indigenous chicken breeds to poultry meat and egg production and consumption in the developing countries of Africa and Asia. In Proceedings of the XII European Poultry Conference, 10–14 September, 2006, Verona, Italy. CD Rom.Google Scholar
Rajkumar, U., Sharma, R.P., Rajaravindra, K.S., Niranjan, M., Reddy, B.L.N., Bhattacharya, T.K. & Chatterjee, R.N. 2009. Effect of genotype and age on egg quality traits in naked neck chicken under tropical climate of India. Int. J. Poultry Sci., 8(12): 1151–1155.Google Scholar
Sarkar, R. & Ray, I. 2006. Two nineteenth century trade routes in the Eastern Himalayas: the Bhutanese trade with Tibet and Bengal. J. Bhutan Studies, 15: 56–83.Google Scholar
Sartika, T., Iskander, S., Sopiyana, S., Susanti, T. J., Saefudin, Y. and Yusnandar, M.E. 2007. Pengelolaan database dan system informasi plasma nutfah dan bahan pakan. Laporan Hasil Kegiatan Penelitian Tahun Anggaran 2006 Balitnak, Badan Litbang Pertanian, Deptan RI, Indonesia.Google Scholar
Sharifi, A.R., Horst, P. & Simianer, H. 2010. The effect of frizzle gene and dwarf gene on reproductive performance of broiler breeder dams under high and normal ambient temperatures. Poultry Sci., 89: 2356–2369.Google Scholar
Sidadolog, J.H.P. 2007. Pemanfaatan dan kegunaan ayam local Indonesia. In Diwyanto, K. and Prijono, S.N., eds. Keanekaragaman Sumber Daya Hayati Ayam local Indonesia : Manfaat and Potensi. pp. 27–42. Pusat Penelitian Biologi, Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LIPI) Jakarta, Indonesia LIPI press.Google Scholar
Smyth, J.R. Jr., 1990. Genetics of plumage skin and eye pigmentation in chickens. In Crawford, R.D., ed. Poultry breeding and genetics, pp. 109–167. Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Somes, R.G. 1990. Mutations and major variants of plumage and skin in chicken. In Crawford, R.D., ed. Poultry breeding and genetics, pp. 169–208. Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
SPSS. 2003. Statistical package for social sciences. SPSS 12.0 for Windows. SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL.Google Scholar
Subba, J.R. 2009. Mythology of the people of Sikkim, 222 pp. Gyan Publishing House, New Delhi, India.Google Scholar
Surono, A., 1997 Membongkar rahasia mistis ayam cemani. Artikel Lepas, intisari 403 (available at www.intisari.com)Google Scholar
Thakur, M.S., Parmar, S.N.S. & Pillai, P.V.A. 2006. Studies on growth performance in Kadaknath breed of poultry. Livestock Res. Rural Dev., 18(8): 116 (available at http://lrrd.cipav.org.co/lrrd18/8/thak18116.htm).Google Scholar
Uddin, M.H., Ali, A., Akter, Y. & Khatun, M.A. 2011. Geographical distribution, classification, characterization and conservation of different native chicken varieties of Bangladesh. Bangladesh Res. Pub. J., 5(3): 227–233.Google Scholar
Weigend, S., Romanov, M.N. & Rath, D. 2004. Methodologies to identify evaluate and conserve poultry genetic resources. Paper presented at the XXII World Poultry Congress, pp. 1–10, 8–13 August, 2004, Istanbul, Turkey.Google Scholar
Yakubu, A., Kuje, D. & Okpeku, M. 2009. Principal components as measures of size and shape in Nigerian indigenous chickens. Thai J. Agric. Sci., 42(3): 167–176.Google Scholar
Yoshimura, Y., Barua, A., Heryanto, B., Olira, H. & Zheng, W. 1997. Reproductive physiology in domestic animals: as a basic knowledge to improve poultry production in Asian countries. J. Int. Dev. Coop., Hiroshima Univ., 3: 27–41.Google Scholar
Yunis, R. & Cahaner, A. 1999. The effect of the naked neck (Na) and frizzle (F) genes on growth and meat yield of broilers and their interactions with ambient temperatures and potential growth rates. Poultry Sci., 78: 1347–1352.Google Scholar