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LE ROLE DES BIOTECHNOLOGIES DE LA REPRODUCTION POUR LA CONSERVATION DES RESSOURCES GENETIQUES ANIMALES

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 August 2011

D. Chupin
D. Chupin
Affiliation:
FAO, Service de la Production Animale, I - 00 I 00, Rome, Italie
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Resume

Cet article analyse dans quelle mesure les nouvelles perspectives offertes par les biotechnologies de la reproduction s'appliquent aux activités de conservation des ressources génétiques animales. Ces activités ont été regroupées autour de cinq thémes: Décrire, Détruire, Défendre, Stocker, Recréer. Ces techniques n'apportent aucun plus pour la description des caractéristiques d'une population ou d'une race. La principals menace qui pése sur une race d'animaux domestiques est de disparaitre par croisement avec une autre, et l'insémination artificielle représente de ce point de vue un danger certain. Inversement, l'insémination artificielle peut devenir un instrument de défense des races locales. II serait plus difficile de trouver une justification A l'utilisation de la plupart des autres biotechnologies (transfert d'embryons, sexage, clonage) pour la protection et la promotion des races locales. Pour la conservation des ressources génétiques, la cryoconservation des spermatozdides et des embryons, mais également les ovocytes, voire des morceaux de gonades et des cellules somatiques est un outil irremplagable. La demiére partie présente des calculs sur les possibilités de re-création de races, selon la nature du matériel stocks.

Summary

This article analyzes to which extent these new possibilities apply to the conservation of animal genetic resources activities. These have been divided in five topics: Describe, Destroy, Conserve, Store, Recreate. These techniques do not bring any “plus” for characterizing breeds or populations. The main threat faced by livestock breeds is disappearance as a result of crossbreeding, artificial insemination representing on this aspect a real danger. Conversely, artificial insemination can become a tool for the active conservation of local breeds. It would be more difficult to justify the use of other more sophisticated biotechnologies (embryo transfer, sexing, cloning) for the active conservation of local breeds. For the preservation of animal genetic resources, the feasibility of freezing sperm cells and embryos, and also, with improvements of the technology, oocytes and part of the gonads, and somatic cells is an irreplacable tool. The last section presents calculations on the possibilities of re-creating a breed, according to the kind of material which has been stored.

Keywords

Animal BiotechnologyGenetic ResourcesReproductionBiotechnologie animaleressources génétiquesReproduction
Type
Research Articles
Information
Animal Genetic Resources/Resources génétiques animales/Recursos genéticos animales , Volume 14 , April 1994 , pp. 13 - 25
Copyright
Copyright © Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 1994

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References

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