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Conservation of farm animal biodiversity: history and prospectsa

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 August 2011

J. Hodges
Affiliation:
Lofererfeld 16, Mittersill A-5730, Austria
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Summary

The conservation and sustainable use of animal genetic resources (AGR) is now recognized as a legitimate activity of public concern in which inter-governmental, governmental, non-governmental and private sectors are involved. Livestock breeds became threatened on a large scale only in the second half of the 20th century. They are now recognized as a significant human heritage resulting from domestication whose loss would deplete the quality of human life. Conservation as a conscious and organized activity is therefore a new item on the public agenda. This paper traces the origin of livestock conservation from the Vision in the 1950s and 1960s through the awakening of the environmental movement with the creation of UNEP in 1972, followed by the development of a Joint Conservation Infrastructure and Programme for animal genetic resources in the 1980s by FAO and UNEP.

The paper describes the context, participants, constraints, opposition and activities of building the AGR Conservation Infrastructure and Programme. Although the concept of conservation was opposed by some and there were both financial and political difficulties, an effective institutional infrastructure for conservation was built by FAO by 1990 using UNEP funds. In 1992, the advent of the Convention on BioDiversity offered substantial funding for project activities for the first time through the Global Environmental Facility (GEF). At that point it was desirable to move activities from central planning to the design, funding and operation of local or national conservation projects. “Top-down” institutional control should have been replaced by “Bottom-up” conservation activities. Regrettably this did not happen during the 1990s and, as shown by successive editions of the World Watch List, the number of endangered livestock breeds has continued to increase. Now that the conservation vision is accepted and the institutional infrastructures are in place it is time for a new dynamic by creating and funding specific conservation projects which harness the local human resources of knowledge and enthusiasm.

Resumen

La conservación y utilización sostenible de los recursos genéticos animales (ANGR) ha sido ahora reconocida como actividad legítima de beneficio público en cuanto se refiere a los sectores interesados a nivel intergubernamental, gubernamental, no gubernamental y privados. Sólo a partir de la segunda mitad del siglo XX las razas domésticas empezaron a estar en peligro de manera importante. Actualmente estas razas están reconocidas como parte importante de la herencia de la humanidad y una pérdida supondría una disminución en la calidad de la vida. La conservación, como actividad consciente y organizada, es por lo tanto un tema nuevo en la agenda pública. Este artículo presenta el origen de la conservación animal desde su visión en los años 50 y 60 y posteriormente a través del despertar del movimiento ambiental con la creación del UNPE en 1972, seguida del establecimiento de la Infraestructura y Programa Conjunto de Conservación para los recursos genéticos animales en los años 80 por la FAO y el UNEP.

El artículo describe el contexto, los participantes, los límites, la oposición y las actividades en la creación del Programa e Infraestructura de Conservación de los recursos genéticos animales. A pesar de que el concepto de conservación encontrase una cierta oposición y, por consiguiente, dificultades tanto financieras como económicas, la FAO durante los '90 con la ayuda de los fondos del UNEP, consiguió crear una infraestructura institucional efectiva. En 1992, el avenimiento de la Conveción sobre Biodiversidad ofreció un financiamiento substancial para las actividades del proyecto por primera vez a través del GEF (Global Environmental Facility). En aquel momento era preferible trasferir las actividades desde la planificación central hacia un diseño, financiamiento y operación de proyectos de conservación local o nacional. El control institucional debería haber sido substituido por las actividades de conservación, pero desgraciadamente no fue así en los años 90 y, como se observa en las ediciones sucesivas de la World Watch List, el número de razas de animales domésticos en peligro ha seguido aumentando. Ahora que la visión de conservación ha sido aceptada y que las infraestructuras institucionales han sido establecidas, ha llegado el momento de una nueva dinámica a través de la creación y fundación de proyectos de conservación específicos que fomenten los conocimientos y el entusiasmo en los recursos humanos.

Type
Research Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 2002

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