Article contents
The archaeology of Anglo-Saxon England in the pagan period: a review
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 26 September 2008
Extract
In recent years there has been a great increase in both excavation and research in the field of pagan Anglo-Saxon archaeology. Yet much of the literature remains so detailed and specific for a non-specialist it resembles a maze without obvious clues. A recent book, The Archaeology of Anglo-Saxon England, dealt with many aspects of later Anglo-Saxon archaeology but did not cover some of the topics which have been central to study of the pagan period in recent years. This article is an attempt at an outline of some of those topics. The subject falls into two interrelated parts. First there is the course, date and nature of the Anglo-Saxon settlement of England, involving consideration of the continental background, both late Roman and Germanic, and assessment of the significance of the earliest Germanic finds in England. The second part is concerned with the material culture of early Anglo-Saxon England, chiefly as reflected in the cemeteries of the period. Although I discuss settlement patterns in general, I do not examine individual settlements or house types in detail, because this subject has been dealt with twice recently, once by Addyman in this publication and once by Rahtz. I refer only occasionally to documentary records, since my intention is to present the archaeological evidence to non-archaeologists.
- Type
- Research Article
- Information
- Copyright
- Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1979
References
page 297 note 1 The Archaeology of Anglo-Saxon England, ed. Wilson, David M. (London, 1976).Google Scholar
page 297 note 2 Addyman, P. V., ‘The Anglo-Saxon House: a New Review’, ASE 1 (1972), 273–307.Google Scholar
page 297 note 3 Rahtz, Philip, ‘Buildings and Rural Settlement’, Archaeology of Anglo-Saxon England, ed. Wilson, , PP. 49–98.Google Scholar
page 297 note 4 Jones, A. H. M., The hater Roman Empire (Oxford, 1964) 11, 612 and 621.Google Scholar
page 297 note 5 Ekwall, E., Dictionary of English Place-Namet, 4th ed. (Oxford, 1960), p. 455.Google Scholar
page 298 note 1 Hawkes, Sonia Chadwick and Dunning, G. C., ‘Soldiers and Settlers in Britain, Fourth to Fifth Century’, MA 5 (1961), 1–70.Google Scholar
page 298 note 2 See, e.g., Morris, John, The Age of Arthur (London, 1973), pp. 60–1.Google Scholar
page 298 note 3 The northern part of this distribution is mapped, Böhme, H. W., Germanische Grabfunde des 4. bis 5. Jahrhunderts zwischen Loire und Elbe (Munich, 1974)Google Scholar, maps 11–18; see also Hawkes and Dunning, fig. 3.
page 298 note 4 Kirk, J. R. and Leeds, E. T., ‘Three Early Saxon Graves from Dorchester, Oxon.’, Oxoniensia 17–18 (1954), 63–76.Google Scholar
page 298 note 5 ibid, fig. 28.
page 298 note 6 Bullinger, H., ‘Spätantike Gürtelbeschläge’, Dissertationes Archaeologicae Gandenses 12 (Bruges, 1969).Google Scholar
page 298 note 7 Ypey, J., ‘Zur Tragweise frühfränkischer Gürtelgarnituren auf grund nieder ländischer Befunde’, Berichten van de Rijksdienst voor het Oudheidkundig Bodermonderzoek 19 (1969), 89–117.Google Scholar
page 299 note 1 Bullinger, ’Gürtelbeschläge’, figs. 35–9.
page 299 note 2 Bohme, , Germanische Grabfunde, maps 11–18 and pp. 53–97.Google Scholar
page 299 note 3 Some of these are discussed in a recent article by Simpson, C. J. (‘Belt Buckles and Strapends of the Later Roman Empire’, Britannia 7 (1976), 192–209).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
page 299 note 4 Brøndsted, J., Danmarks Oldtid 111, Jernalderen (Copenhagen, 1940)Google Scholar, fig. 136; also Almgren, O. and Nerman, B., Die Älters Eisenzeit Gotlands (Stockholm, 1923), pls. 26–7 and 36–7.Google Scholar
page 299 note 5 Bullinger, ‘Gürtelbeschläge’, pls. LXVII.I and LXIX.
page 299 note 6 ibid. pls. LXVII.2 and 3.
page 300 note 1 Jones, , The Later Reman Empire 11, 566.Google Scholar
page 300 note 2 ibid. 11, 620, and 111, 7, n. 38, and Gunther, R., ‘Laeti, foederati und Gentilen in nord und nordostgallien im zusammenhang mit der sogenannten Lactcnzivilisation’, Zeitschrifl für Archaeologie 5 (1971), 59–59.Google Scholar
page 300 note 3 ibid. pp. 52–3.
page 300 note 4 There has recently been a conference devoted to discussion of this document; see Aspects of the Notitia Dignitatum, ed. Goodburn, R. and Bartholomew, P., Brit. Archaeol. Reports supplementary ser. 15 (Oxford, 1976).Google Scholar
page 300 note 5 Jones, The hater Roman Empire 11, 611.
page 301 note 1 ibid. 1, 152.
page 301 note 2 ibid. 11, 621.
page 301 note 3 Werner, J., ‘Zur Entstehung der Reihengräberzivilisation’, Archaeologica Geographica 1 (1950), 23–32.Google Scholar
page 301 note 4 de Laet, S. J., Dhondt, J. and Nenquin, J., ‘Les Laeti du Namurois et l'origine de la civilisation mérovingienne’, Études d'histoire et d'archéologie namuroises dédiées à Ferdinand Courtoy (Namur, 1952) 1, 149–72.Google Scholar
page 301 note 5 Cemeteries such as Westerwanna in the Elbe-Weser region, Preetz in Holstein, Pritzier in Mecklenberg, Suderbrarup and Borgstedt in Schleswig, all consist virtually entirely of cremation; see Zimmer-Linnfeld, C., Westerwanna 1 (Hamburg, 1960)Google Scholar; Brandt, J., Das Urnengráberfeld von Preetz in Holstein, Offa Bücher n.f. 16 (Neumunster, 1960)Google Scholar; E. Schuldt, , Pritzier (Berlin, 1955)Google Scholar; and Genrich, A., Formenkreise und Stammesgruppen in Schleswig-Holstein, Offa Bücher n.f. 10 (Neumunster, 1954)Google Scholar. In central Europe this was also the general practice; see Godlowski, K., The Chronology of the Late Roman and Early Migration Periods in Central Europe (Cracow, 1970).Google Scholar
page 301 note 6 Pirling, R., ‘Das römisch-fränkische Gräberfeld von Krefeld-Gellep’, Germanischc Denkmakr der Völkerwanderungszeit 2 (1966) and 8 (1974).Google Scholar
page 302 note 1 van Doorselaer, A., ‘Le Problème des mobiliers funéraires avec armes en Gaule septentrionale à l'époque du Haut-empire romain’, Helinium 5 (1965), 118–35.Google Scholar
page 302 note 2 Böhner, K., ‘Zur historischen interpretation der sogennannten Laetengräber’, Jabrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz 10 (1963), 139–67Google Scholar, esp. 141–6.
page 302 note 3 Wegewitz, W., Der Urnenfriedbof von Hamburg-Langenbek (Hildesheim, 1965), pls. 17–27Google Scholar, and Der Urnenfriedbof von Hamburg-Marmstorf (Hildesheim, 1964), pls. 36–56.
page 302 note 4 Mertens, J. and van Impe, D., ‘Het laat-romeins gravfeld van Oudenburg’, Archaeologia Belgica 135 (1971)Google Scholar; also Mertens, J., ‘Oudenburg and the Northern Section of the Continental Litus Saxonicum’, The Saxon Shore, ed. Johnston, D. E., Council for Brit. Archaeology, Research Report 18 (1977), 51–62.Google Scholar
page 302 note 5 Böhme, Germanische Grabfunde.
page 303 note 1 Böhme, W. H., ‘Die Bedeutung der spätrömischen Chionologie Nordgalliens für das nordwestdeutsche Kustengebiet im 4–5 Jahrhundert n.Chr.’, Archäeologische Beiträge zur Chronologie der Völkerwanderungszeit, ed. Georg, Kossack and Joachim, Reichstein (Bonn, 1977), pp. 17–28.Google Scholar
page 303 note 2 Böhner, ‘Laetengräber.
page 303 note 3 Werner, J., ‘Kriegegräber aus der ersten Hälfte des 5 Jahrhunderts zwischen Schelde und Weser’, Bonner Jabrbücher 158 (1958), 372–413.Google Scholar
page 303 note 4 Roosens, H., ‘Laeti, Foederati und andere spätrömische Bevölkerungsniederschläge im belgischen Raum’, Die Kunde, n.f. 8 (1967), 89–109.Google Scholar
page 303 note 5 Gunther, ‘Laeti, foederati und Gentilen’.
page 304 note 1 Werner, , ‘Zur Entstehung’, repr. F. Petri, ‘Siedlung, Sprache und Bevölkerungstruktur im Frankenreich’, Wege der Forschung 49 (1973), 285–325.Google Scholar
page 304 note 2 Hawkes, Sonia, ‘Some Recent Finds of Late Roman Buckles’, Britannia 5 (1974), 386–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
page 304 note 3 Simpson, ‘Belt Buckles’.
page 304 note 4 See below, p. 306.
page 304 note 5 Koch, R., ‘Die spätkaiserzeitliche Gürtelgarnitur von der Ehrenburg bei Forcheim’, Germania 43 (1965), 106–20.Google Scholar
page 304 note 6 Roes, A., Bone and Antler Objects from the Frisian Terp Mounds (Haarlem, 1963), pls. XII–XIIIGoogle Scholar, and McGregor, A., ‘Frisian Barred Combs in England’, MA 19 (1975), 195–8.Google Scholar
page 305 note 1 Hawkes, Sonia, ‘The Late Roman Military Belt-Fittings’, Excavations at Shakenoak, ed. Brodribb, A. C. C., Hands, A. R. and Walker, D. R. 1 (Oxford, 1968), 96–101Google Scholar, and ‘More Late Roman Military Belt-Fittings’, ibid, 111 (Oxford, 1972), 74–7.
page 305 note 2 Hawkes, ‘Some Recent Finds’, fig. 4.
page 305 note 3 Hawkes, Sonia, ‘A Late Roman Buckle from Tripontium’, Trans. of the Birmingham and Warwickshire Archaeol. Soc. 85 (1972), 145–59.Google Scholar
page 305 note 4 ibid. fig. 3.2.
page 305 note 5 See catalogue, Hawkes and Dunning, ‘Soldiers and Settlers’, pp. 45 and 49; see also Hawkes, ‘Some Recent Finds’.
page 305 note 6 Hawkes, ‘Some Recent Finds’, p. 395.
page 305 note 7 ibid. fig. 5.
page 305 note 8 Hawkes and Dunning, ‘Soldiers and Settlers’, fig. 4.
page 306 note 1 Kirk and Leeds, ‘Three Early Saxon Graves’.
page 306 note 2 Hawkes and Dunning, ‘Soldiers and Settlers’, fig. 2, pp. 4–5 and pl. 1.
page 306 note 3 G. Clarke, ‘Lankhills School’ (Biddle, M., ‘Excavations at Winchester, 1969’), Ant J 50 (1970), 292–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
page 306 note 4 ibid. figs. 4–6.
page 306 note 5 Interim reports on this site have been published in Panorama, the journal of the Thurrock local history society, and Jones, M. U., Evison, V. I. and Myres, J. N. L., ‘Cropmark Sites at Mucking, Essex’, Ant J 48 (1968), 210–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
page 306 note 6 V. I. Evison, ‘Quoit Brooch Style Buckles’, ibid. pp. 231–46.
page 306 note 7 Evison, V. I., The Fifth Century Invasions South of the Thames (London, 1965), ch. v, esp. p. 52.Google Scholar
page 306 note 8 Leeds, E. T., Early Anglo-Saxon Art and Archaeology (Oxford, 1936), ch. 1, esp. pp. 4–7.Google Scholar
page 306 note 9 Bakka, E., ‘On the Beginnings of Salin's Style I in England’, Universitet i Bergen Årbok, Historisk Antikvarisk Rekke 3 (Bergen, 1958), 1–83.Google Scholar
page 306 note 10 Hawkes, S., ‘The Jutish Style A’, Archaeologia 98 (1961), 29–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
page 307 note 1 Evison, Invasions.
page 307 note 2 Myres, J. N. L., Anglo-Saxon Pottery and the Settlement of England (Oxford, 1969)Google Scholar, ch. v.
page 307 note 3 Hawkes, ‘Tripontium’, p. 148, n. 14.
page 307 note 4 Evison, ‘Buckles’, pp. 240–1.
page 308 note 1 Spong Hill inhumation no. 26 unpublished; material at present stored at Gressenhall, Norwich Castle Museum.
page 308 note 2 Myres, J. N. L., ‘Romano-Saxon Pottery’, Dark Age Britain: Studies presented to E. T. Leeds, ed. Harden, D. (Oxford, 1956), pp. 16–59.Google Scholar
page 308 note 3 Rodwell, Warwick, ‘Some Romano-Saxon Pottery from Essex’, Ant J 50 (1970), 262–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
page 308 note 4 Johnson, S., ‘Late Roman Defences and the Limes’, Saxon Shore, ed. Johnston, , pp. 63–9Google Scholar, esp. 65.
page 308 note 5 Myres, ‘Romano-Saxon Pottery’, fig. 3, pl. LIV.
page 309 note 1 The wealth of this plastic ornamentation can best be appreciated by a visit to a major Roman collection, such as that at Cologne, where the variety of decoration, especially on glass vessels, is most striking.
page 309 note 2 Eggers, A. J., Der Römische Import im Freien Germanien (Hamburg, 1951).Google Scholar
page 309 note 3 Tischler, F., ‘Der Stand der Sachsenforschung, archäeologisch gesehen’, Bericht der Römisch-Germanischen Kommission 35 (1954), 21–215Google Scholar, esp. Abb. 5–7.
page 309 note 4 Johnson, ‘Roman Defences’, p. 65. This pot is now on display in the British Museum.
page 309 note 5 Unpublished; material at present stored at Gressenhall, Norwich Castle Museum.
page 309 note 6 E.g. Zimmer-Linnfeld, , Westerwanna, pls. 2, 4, 7–9, 11Google Scholar and passim; Brandt, , Preetz, pl 14Google Scholar; Schuldt, Pritzier, Abb. 3–38; Godlowski, Chronology, pls. 9.32, 13.36 and 21.17.
page 309 note 7 Cox, B. H., ‘The Significance of the Distribution of English Place-Names in bäm in the Midlands and East Aaglia’, Jnl of the Eng. Place-Name Soc. 5 (1973), 15–73.Google Scholar
page 309 note 8 Bonney, D. J., ‘Pagan Saxon Burials and Boundaries in Wiltshire’, Wiltshire Arch. and Nat. Hist. Mag. 63 (1968), 27–38.Google Scholar
page 310 note 1 Fowler, P. J. (‘Agriculture and Rurai Settlement’, Archaeology of Anglo-Saxon England, ed. Wilson, , pp. 23–48Google Scholar) has discussed Roman and post-Roman settlements in relation to parish boundaries.
page 310 note 2 Davies, W. and Vierck, Hayo, ‘The Contexts of Tribal Hidage: Social Aggregates and Settlement Patterns’, FS 8 (1974), 223–93Google Scholar, esp. figs. 5 and 7.
page 310 note 3 Jones et al., ‘Cropmark Sites at Mucking’.
page 310 note 4 West, S. E., ‘The Anglo-Saxon Village of West Stow: an Interim Report of the Excavations, 1965–68’, MA 13 (1969), 1–20.Google Scholar
page 310 note 5 Addyman, P. V., ‘Anglo-Saxon Houses at Chalton, Hampshire’, MA 16 (1972), 13–31.Google Scholar
page 311 note 1 Welch, M. G., ‘Late Romans and Saxons in Sussex’, Britannia 2 (1971), 232–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
page 311 note 2 Myres, J. N. L., ‘Britain in the Dark Ages’, Antiquity 9 (1935), 455–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
page 311 note 3 Dodgson, J. M., ‘The Significance of the Distribution of the English Place-Name in OE -ingas, -inga-in South-East England’, MA 10 (1966), 1–29.Google Scholar
page 311 note 4 Cox, ‘Place-Names in bam’.
page 311 note 5 Gelling, M., ‘English Place-Names Derived from the Compound wicham’, MA 11 (1967), 87–104.Google Scholar
page 311 note 6 Gelling, M., Signposts to the Past (London, 1978)Google Scholar, ch. 3.
page 312 note 1 Frere, S., ‘The End of Towns in Roman Britain’, The Civitas Capitals of Reman Britain, ed. Wacher, J. (Leicester, 1966), pp. 87–100Google Scholar. Excavation in 1978 produced more pagan Anglo-Saxon huts in the centre of Canterbury (information from Mrs Webster, British Museum).
page 312 note 2 Rowley, R. T., ‘Early Saxon Settlement in Dorchester’, Anglo-Saxon Settlement and Landscape, ed. Trevor, Rowley, Brit. Archaeol. Reports 6 (Oxford, 1974), 42–50.Google Scholar
page 312 note 3 The whole subject of the origin and early development of Anglo-Saxon towns has been discussed by Biddle, M. (‘Towns’, Archaeology of Anglo-Saxon England, ed. Wilson, , pp. 99–150Google Scholar, and ‘The Evolution of Towns: Planned Towns before 1066’, The Plans and Topography of Medieval Towns in Englandand Wales, cd.M.W.Barley, Council for Brit. Archaeology, Research Report 14 (1975), 19–32.Google Scholar
page 313 note 1 Taylor, C., ‘Roman Settlements in the Nene Valley’, Recent Work in Rural Archaeology, ed. Fowler, P. J. (Bradford on Avon, 1975), pp. 107–120Google Scholar, esp. fig. 7.1.
page 313 note 2 Historia Ecclesiastica 1.15.
page 313 note 3 Åberg, N., The Anglo-Saxons in England (Uppsala, 1926).Google Scholar
page 313 note 4 Joliffe, J. E. A., Pre-Feudal England: the Jutes (Oxford, 1913).Google Scholar
page 313 note 5 Leeds, E. T., The Archaeology of the Anglo-Saxon Settlements (Oxford, 1913), p. 115.Google Scholar
page 313 note 6 Jessup, R., ‘An Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Westbere, Kent’, Ant J 26 (1946), 11–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
page 314 note 1 Myres, J. N. L., ‘Three Styles of Decoration on Anglo-Saxon Pottery’, Ant J 17 (1937), 424–37CrossRefGoogle Scholar, esp. 433–6.
page 314 note 2 Leeds, E. T., Early Anglo-Saxon Art and Archaeology (Oxford, 1936).Google Scholar
page 314 note 3 Leeds, E. T., A Corpus of Early Anglo-Saxon Great Square-Headed Brooches (Oxford, 1949).Google Scholar
page 314 note 4 Bakka ‘Style I’
page 314 note 5 Hawkes, ‘;The Jutish Style A’.
page 314 note 6 C. F. C. Hawkes, ‘The Jutes’, Dark Age Britain, ed. Harden, pp. 91–111.
page 314 note 7 E. T. Leeds (ed. Sonia Chadwick), ‘Notes on Jutish Art in Kent between 450 and 575’, MA 1 (1957). 5–26.
page 314 note 8 Myres, Anglo-Saxon Pottery, map 7.
page 314 note 9 Evison, Invasions.
page 315 note 1 E.g. in a review by Hawkes, C. F. C. (MA 9 (1965), 221–3).Google Scholar
page 315 note 2 Evison, Invasions, figs. 16g and 17b (Alfriston) and 20a (Winterbourne Gunner).
page 315 note 3 ibid. figs. 18 and 22.
page 315 note 4 Cf., e.g., Zimmer-Linnfeld, Westerwanna, with Genrich, Formenkreise.
page 316 note 1 Böhme, Germanische Grabfunde, map 8.
page 316 note 2 Myres, J. N. L. and Green, Barbara, The Anglo-Saxon Cemeteries of Caistor by Norwich and Markshall, Norfolk (London, 1973), pls. X and XI.Google Scholar
page 316 note 3 Hills, Catherine, The Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Spong Hill, North Elmbam, Part I, East Anglian Archaeology Report 6 (Norwich, 1977)Google Scholar, fig. no, and Grohne, E., Mabndorf (Bremen, 1953)Google Scholar, Abb. 66 and 67.
page 316 note 4 Geniich, Formenkreise.
page 316 note 5 This distinction has been studied by Vierck. Some of his conclusions are summarized, , Actes VIII Congris international des sciences Prébist. et Protohist. III (Belgrade, 1973), pp. 352–4.Google Scholar
page 316 note 6 Myres, Anglo-Saxon Pottery.
page 317 note 1 E.g., the zoomorphic combs which are found in Frisia (Roes, , Bone and Antler Objects, pls. XII and XIIIGoogle Scholar), in the Elbe-Weser region (Janssen, Walter, Issendorf (Hildesheim,, 1972), pls. 13, 34 and 42Google Scholar) and in East Anglia (Myres and Green, Anglo-Saxon Cemeteries, figs. 28 and 59, and Hills, ‘Spong Hill’, figs. 129–32).
page 317 note 2 Myres and Green, Anglo-Saxon Cemeteries.
page 317 note 3 Hills, Spong Hill.
page 317 note 4 Janssen, Issendorf.
page 317 note 5 Described and discussed, Musset, A., Les Invasions: les vagues germaniques (Paris, 1951; Eng. trans., London, 1975).Google Scholar
page 317 note 6 This was brought home to me when I made this mistake during a lecture in Great Yarmouth.
page 317 note 7 Kemble, J. M., Horae Ferales (London, 1863).Google Scholar
page 318 note 1 Meaney, Audrey, A Gazetteer of Early Anglo-Saxon Burial Sites (London, 1964).Google Scholar
page 318 note 2 MA 17 (1973), 146.Google Scholar
page 318 note 3 ibid. 18 (1974), 175.
page 318 note 4 ibid. 21 (1977), 209–10.
page 318 note 5 Morningthorpe, south of Norwich, contained more than 300 inhumations and some cremations; see ibid. 20 (1976), 167.
page 318 note 6 Including two separate sites at Broadstairs: St Peters and Bradstow School; see ibid. 16 (1972), 156, and 19 (1975), 223.
page 318 note 7 Stretton-under-Fosse; see ibid. 15 (1971), 134.
page 318 note 8 Berinsfield; see ibid. 19 (1975), 227.
page 318 note 9 Empingham; see ibid. 20 (1976), 165.
page 318 note 10 Lethbridge, T. C., A Cemetery at Lackford, Suffolk (Cambridge, 1951).Google Scholar
page 318 note 11 Myres, J. N. L. and Souther, W. H., The Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Sancton, East Yorkshire (Hull, 1973).Google Scholar
page 319 note 1 Recent field-walking and surrey have confirmed that Sancton extended a considerable distance beyond the limits of previous excavation (information from N. Reynolds, Dept of Environment, Scotland); see also Fauli, Margaret Lindsay, ‘The Location and Relationship of the Sancton Anglo-Saxon Cemeteries’, Ant J 56 (1976), 227–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
page 319 note 2 Zimmer-Linnfeld, , Westerwanna pls. 200–1.Google Scholar
page 319 note 3 Alcock, Leslie, Artbur's Britain (London, 1971), pp. 291 and 310–11.Google Scholar
page 320 note 1 Åberg, The Anglo-Saxons in England, pp. 28–56.
page 320 note 2 Leeds, E. T. and Pocock, Michael, ‘A Survey of the Anglo-Saxon Cruciform Brooches of Florid Type’, MA 15 (1971), 13–36.Google Scholar
page 320 note 3 Reichstein, J., Die Kretizförmige Fibel, Offa Bücher n.f. 34 (Neumunster, 1975).Google Scholar
page 320 note 4 It formed a part of Vierck's Oxford B.Litt. thesis, which is not available for study, but the gist of the contents has been conveyed in various articles.
page 320 note 5 Leeds, Square-Headed Brooches.
page 320 note 6 Leeds, E. T., ‘The Distribution of the Angles and Saxons Archaeologically Considered’, Archacologia 91 (1945), 1–106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
page 320 note 7 Avent, Richard, Anglo-Saxon Disc and Composite Brooches, Brit. Archaeol. Reports 11 (Oxford, 1975).Google Scholar
page 321 note 1 Also considered by Vierck in his thesis.
page 321 note 2 Brown, David, ‘So-Called “Needle-Cases”’ MA 18 (1974), 151–4Google Scholar, and ‘Fire-Steels and Purse-Mounts Again’, Bornier Jahrbücher 177 (1977), 451–77.Google Scholar
page 321 note 3 V.I. Evison, , ‘Early Anglo-Saxon Inlaid Metalwork’, Ant J 35 (1955), 20–45CrossRefGoogle Scholar, esp. figs. 1 and 2.
page 321 note 4 Swanton, M. J., The Spearheads of the Anglo-Saxon Settlements (London, 1973)Google Scholar and A Corpus of Pagan Anglo-Saxon Spar-Types, Brit. Archaeol. Reports 7 (Oxford, 1974).Google Scholar
page 321 note 5 Hills, Catherine, ‘A Chamber Grave from Spong Hill, North Elmham, Norfolk’, MA 21 (1977), 167–76Google Scholar, esp. 173–6; also Kennett, D., ‘Some Decorative Aspects of the Anglo-Saxon Shield’, Bedfordshire Archaeol. Jnl (1974), 55–70.Google Scholar
page 321 note 6 Evison, V. I., ‘Sugar-Loaf Shield Bosses’, Ant J 43 (1963), 38–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
page 321 note 7 Anstee, J. W. and Biek, L., ‘A Study in Pattern-Welding’, MA 5 (1961), 71–93.Google Scholar
page 321 note 8 Literary references to patterned swords have been discussed by Cramp in relation to archaeological evidence (Cramp, Rosemary J., ‘Beowulf and Archaeology’, MA 1 (1957), 57–77Google Scholar, esp. 63–7).
page 322 note 1 E.g. Hawkes, S. C. and Page, R. I., ‘Swords and Runes in South-East England’, Ant J 47 (1967), 1–26CrossRefGoogle Scholar and Evison, V. I., ‘The Dover Ring-Sword and other Sword-Rings and Beads’, Archaeologia 101 (1967), 63–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
page 322 note 2 MA 1 (1957), pl, xa.
page 322 note 3 Recently reconstructed; see Bruce-Mitford, Rupert et al. , The Sutton Hoo Ship-Burial 1 (London, 1975)Google Scholar, col. pl. K.
page 322 note 4 Salin, B., Die Altgermanischen Tbierornamentik (Stockholm, 1904).Google Scholar
page 322 note 5 Kendrick, T. W., ‘Style in Early Anglo-Saxon Ornament’, Ipek 1934 (Berlin and Leipzig, 1935), 66–76.Google Scholar
page 322 note 6 Chadwick, Sonia E., ‘The Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Finglesham, Kent: a Reconsideration’, MA 2 (1958), 1–71Google Scholar, esp. 50.
page 322 note 7 Erä-Esko, A., Germanic Animal Art of Salin's Style I in Finland (Helsinki, 1965).Google Scholar
page 322 note 8 Lamm, Kristina and Lundström, Agneta, ‘East Scandinavian Style I: an Answer to Birgit Arrhenius’, MA 20 (1976), 16–25.Google Scholar
page 322 note 9 Arrhenius, Birgit, ‘East Scandinavian Style I: a Review’, MA 17 (1973), 26–42.Google Scholar
page 322 note 10 Excavations at Helgö, ed. Holmqvist, Wilhelm iv (Stockholm, 1972).Google Scholar
page 322 note 11 Haseloff, Gunther, ‘Salin's Style I’, MA 18 (1974), 1–15Google Scholar, esp. 1, n. 5.
page 322 note 12 ibid.
page 323 note 1 AÅbetg (The Anglo-Saxons England, p. 172) expresses this view succinctly.
page 323 note 2 Schetelig, H., Oseberg Fundet III (Kristiana, 1920), 247–50,Google Scholar and Arwidsson, Greta, Vendelstile (Uppsala, 1942).Google Scholar
page 323 note 3 Werner, J., Die Langobarden in Pannonien (Munich, 1962).Google Scholar
page 323 note 4 Werner, J., ‘Frankish Royal Tombs in the Cathedrals of Cologne and St Denis’, Antiquity 38 (1964), 201–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
page 323 note 5 ibid. fig.12.
page 323 note 6 Wilson, David, ‘A Ring of Queen Arnegunde’, Germania 42 (1964), 265–8.Google Scholar
page 323 note 7 Haseloff, G., Praebistorisches Zeitschrift (forthcoming), and one by G. Speake (Oxford, forthcoming).Google Scholar
page 324 note 1 An elaborately decorated bucket, now in the British Museum, was found at Mucking.
page 324 note 2 Distribution of this type of vessel is shown, Vierck, Hayo, ‘Redwald's Asche’, Offa 29 (1972), 20–49Google Scholar, figs. 5–7.
page 324 note 3 One of these is illustrated, Leeds, Art and Archaeology pl. XVIC, and they are discussed, Werner, J., Italisches und Koptisches Bronzegeschirr des 6. und 7. Jahrhunderts nordwärts der Alpen’, Mnemosynon Theodor Wiegand, ed. Crome, J. F. et al. (Munich, 1938), pp. 74–86.Google Scholar
page 324 note 4 Harden, D. B., ‘Glass Vessels in Britain, A.D. 400–1000’, Dark Age Britain, ed. Harden, , pp. 132–67.Google Scholar
page 324 note 5 Evison, V. I., ‘Anglo-Saxon Finds near Rainham, Essex, with a Study of Glass Drinking-Horns’, Archaeologia 96 (1955), 159–95CrossRefGoogle Scholar, ‘Germanic Glass Drinking Horns’, Jnl of Glass Stud. 17 (1975), 74–87.Google Scholar
page 324 note 6 Evison, V. I., ‘Glass Cone-Beakers of the “Kempston” Type’, Jnl of Glass Stud. 14 (1972), 48–66.Google Scholar
page 324 note 7 Hills, Spong Hill, fig. 128.
page 325 note 1 Myres, J. N. L., ‘Some Anglo-Saxon Potters’, Antiquity 11 (1937), 389–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
page 325 note 2 Myres, ‘Three Styles’, pp. 424–37.
page 325 note 3 Listed, Myres, J. N. L., A Corpus of Anglo-Saxon Pottery of the Pagan Period (Cambridge, 1978)Google Scholar, bibliography, p. xxxii.
page 325 note 4 Mytes, Anglo-Saxon Pottery.
page 325 note 5 Myres, Corpus.
page 325 note 6 Myres, , Anglo-Saxon Pottery, p. 115.Google Scholar
page 325 note 7 Myres and Green, Anglo-Saxon Cemeteries.
page 325 note 8 Albtectsen, E.. Fynske Jernalderen III–V (Copenhagen, 1968–1973).Google Scholar
page 325 note 9 Myres and Southern, Sancton.
page 325 note 10 Schmidt, B., Die Späte Völkerwanderungszeit in Mitteldeutschland (Halle, 1961 and 1970).Google Scholar
page 325 note 11 Hübener, W., Absatszgebiete frübgeschichtliche Töpfereien in der Zone nordlich der Alpen (Bonn, 1969).Google Scholar
page 326 note 1 Hills, , Spong Hill, p. 8.Google Scholar
page 326 note 2 Myres, and Southern, , Sancton, pp. 6–7.Google Scholar
page 327 note 1 Arrhenius, Birgit, ‘Die technischen Voraussetzungen für die Entwicklung der germanischen Tierornamentik’, FS 9 (1975), 93–109.Google Scholar
page 327 note 2 See Laing, Lloyd, Late Celtic Britain and Ireland (London, 1975)Google Scholar, ch. 10, ‘Technology and Trade’, for western sites.
page 327 note 3 Jones, M. U., ‘A Clay Piece Mould of the Migration Period from Mucking, Essex’, Ant J 40 (1975). 407–8.Google Scholar
page 327 note 4 Leeds, E. T., ‘A Saxon Village at Sutton Courtenay, Berks.’, Archaeologia 92 (1947)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, figs. 2–3 and pl. xxia.
page 327 note 5 Arthur, Brian V. and Jope, E. M., ‘Early Saxon Pottery Kilns at Purwell Farm, Cassington, Oxfordshire’, MA 6 (1962), 1–14.Google Scholar
page 327 note 6 Hills, , Spong Hill, p. 13.Google Scholar
page 328 note 1 The study of Anglo-Saxon textiles has been pioneered by Grace and Elizabeth Crowfoot. For the range of textiles likely to be found, see ‘Textiles in the Burial Deposit’, Bruce-Mitford et al., Sutton Hoo 1, 458–80 (illustrated, 445–51).Google Scholar
page 328 note 2 E.g. Wells, C., ‘Probable Trephination of Five Early Saxon Skulls’, Antiquity 48 (1974), 298–302CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed, and Hawkes, S. C. and Wells, C., ‘Crime and Punishment in an Anglo-Saxon Cemetery?’, Antiquity 49 (1975), 118–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 12
- Cited by