Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dlnhk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-30T20:49:47.443Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

MORTUARY RITUALS AND CRANIAL MODIFICATIONS AT CEIBAL: FROM THE EARLY MIDDLE PRECLASSIC TO THE TERMINAL CLASSIC PERIOD

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 May 2017

Juan Manuel Palomo ,
Takeshi Inomata  and
Daniela Triadan
Juan Manuel Palomo*
Affiliation:
School of Anthropology, 1009 East South Campus Drive, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0030
Takeshi Inomata
Affiliation:
School of Anthropology, 1009 East South Campus Drive, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0030
Daniela Triadan
Affiliation:
School of Anthropology, 1009 East South Campus Drive, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0030
*
E-mail correspondence to: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Skeletal remains excavated from the lowland Maya site of Ceibal, representing approximately 117 individuals, provide significant data for the study of changes in bodily treatments and mortuary practices from 1000 b.c. to a.d. 900. The early Middle Preclassic residents of Ceibal apparently did not bury their dead inside residential structures, which represents a burial practice different from those found at contemporaneous Belizean sites. During this time, tabular erect cranial deformations were found among possible local residents. Sacrificial burials were present by the end of this period, but skeletal remains of violent rituals deposited in public spaces increased from the Middle Preclassic to the Late Preclassic. During the Late Preclassic, tabular erect cranial deformations coexisted with tabular oblique shapes. The Classic period witnessed a prevalence of tabular oblique forms, which were probably tied to local residents. The common placement of the dead under house floors and the preference of ceramic vessels as burial goods also indicate Ceibal's strong affinities with other parts of the Maya lowlands during the Late Classic period. During the Terminal Classic period, there was a resurgence in the placement of sacrificial burials in public spaces and tabular erect cranial deformations were found in possible non-local individuals.

Type
Special Section: After 40 Years—Revisiting Ceibal to Investigate the Origins of Lowland Maya Civilization
Information
Ancient Mesoamerica , Volume 28 , Issue 1 , Spring 2017 , pp. 305 - 327
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Austin, Donald M. 1978 The Biological Affinity of the Ancient Populations of Altar de Sacrificios and Seibal. Estudios de Cultura Maya 11:57–73.Google Scholar
Bazy, Damein 2012 Excavaciones en la Plaza Central del Grupo D: Operación CB209. In Informe del Proyecto Arqueológico Ceibal-Petexbatun: La Temporada 2012, edited by Aguilar, Victor Castillo and Inomata, Takeshi, pp. 118–143. Report presented to the Instituto de Antropología e Historia, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Binford, Lewis R. 1971 Mortuary Practices: Their Study and their Potential. In Approaches to the Social Dimensions of Mortuary Practices, edited by Brown, James A., pp. 6–29. Memoirs of the Society for American Archaeology, No. 25. Society for American Archaeology, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Buikstra, Jane E., and Ubelaker, Douglas H. 1994 Standards for Data Collection from Human Skeletal Remains. Arkansas Archeological Survey Research Series, No. 44. Arkansas Archaeological Survey, Fayetteville.Google Scholar
Burham, Melissa 2012 Excavaciones en las unidades residenciales 54 y F4-15: Operaciones CB210 y CB213. In Proyecto Arqueológico Ceibal-Petexbatun: Informe de la Temporada de Campo 2012, edited by Aguilar, Victor Castillo and Inomata, Takeshi, pp. 163–192. Report presented to the Instituto de Antropología e Historia, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Brooks, Sheilagh T., and Suchey, Judy M. 1990 Skeletal Age Determination Based on the Os Pubis: A Comparison of the Acasadi–Nemeskeri and Suchey–Brooks Methods. Human Evolution 5:227–238.Google Scholar
Carr, Christopher 1995 Mortuary Practices: Their Social, Philosophical-Religious, Circumstantial, and Physical Determinants. Journal of Anthropological Method and Theory 2:105–200.Google Scholar
Castillo Aguilar, Víctor, and Cortave, Mónica 2010 Excavaciones en la Plataforma de la Estructura A-24: Operación 200B. In Informe del Proyecto Arqueológico Ceibal-Petexbatun: La Temporada 2010, edited by Inomata, Takeshi and Román, Otto, pp. 57–78. Report presented to the Instituto de Antropología e Historia, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Cortave, Mónica, Sharpe, Ashley, and Kratsova, Anastasiya 2011 Excavaciones en la Estructura A-2: Operación 207A. In Informe del Proyecto Arqueológico Ceibal-Petexbatun: La Temporada 2011, edited by Aguilar, Victor Castillo and Inomata, Takeshi, pp. 135–144. Report presented to the Instituto de Antropología e Historia, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Cucina, Andrea 2013 Variabilidad biológica en el área maya durante el Clásico y Posclásico a partir de la morfología dental. In Afinidades biológicas y dinámicas poblacionales entre los antiguos Mayas. Una visión multidisciplinaria, edited by Cucina, Andrea, pp. 73–90. Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Merida.Google Scholar
Cucina, Andrea, Price, T. Douglas, Paralta, Evelia Magaña, and Sosa, Thelma Sierra 2015 Crossing the Peninsula: The Role of Noh Bec, Yucatán, in Ancient Maya Classic Period Population Dynamics from an Analysis of Dental Morphology and Sr Isotopes. Journal of Human Biology 27:767–778.Google Scholar
Cucina, Andrea, and Tiesler, Vera 2007 Nutrition, Lifestyle, and Social Status of Skeletal Remains from Nonfunerary and “Problematical” Contexts. In New Perspectives on Human Sacrifice and Ritual Body Treatments in Ancient Maya Society, edited by Tiesler, Vera and Cucina, Andrea, pp. 251–262. Springer, New York.Google Scholar
Cyphers, Ann, and Villamar, Enrique 2006 La representación del modelado Cefálico en las figurillas de San Lorenzo. In Presencia Zoque, una aproximación multidisiplinaria, edited by Calderón, Dolores Aramoni, Whiting, Thomas A. Lee, and Guillén, Miguel Lisbona, pp. 257–272. Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Consejo de Ciencia y Tecnología del Estado de Chiapas, Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas, and Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tuxla Gutiérrez.Google Scholar
Davis-Salazar, Karla L. 2007 Ritual Consumption and the Origins of Social Inequality in Early Formative Copán, Honduras. In Mesoamerican Ritual Economy: Archaeological and Ethnological Perspectives, edited by Wells, E. Christian and Davis-Salazar, Karla L., pp. 197–220. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Dembo, Adolfo, and Imbelloni, José 1938 Deformaciones intencionales del cuerpo humano de carácter étnico. Humanior, Buenos Aires.Google Scholar
Drucker, Philip, Heizer, Robert F., and Squier, Robert H. 1959 Excavations at La Venta, Tabasco. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Fash, William 1987 The Altar and Associated Features. In Ancient Chalcatzingo, edited by Grove, David, pp. 82–94. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Fitzsimmons, James 2009 Death and the Classic Maya Kings. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Garber, James F., Brown, M. Kathryn, Awe, Jamie J., and Hartman, Christoper 2004 Middle Formative Prehistory of the Central Belize Valley. In Maya of the Belize Valley: Half a Century of Archaeological Research, edited by Garber, James F., pp. 25–47. University of Florida Press, Gainesville.Google Scholar
Geller, Pamela 2006 Altering Identities: Body Modification and the Pre-Columbian Maya (Studies in Funerary Archaeology). In The Social Archaeology of Funerary Remains, edited by Gowland, Rebecca and Knüsel, Christopher, pp. 168–178. Oxbow Books, Oxford.Google Scholar
Graham, Ian 1996 Corpus of Maya Hieroglyphic Inscriptions. Volume 7. Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Hammond, Norman 1999 The Genesis of Hierarchy: Mortuary and Offertory Ritual in the Pre-Classic at Cuello, Belize. In Social Patterns in Pre-Classic Mesoamerica, edited by Grove, David and Joyce, Rosemary, pp. 49–66. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Houston, Stephen, Stuart, David, and Taube, Karl 2006 The Memory of Bones: Body, Being, and Experience among the Classic Maya. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Hodder, Ian 1982 Symbols In Action: Ethnoarchaeological Studies of Material Culture. University of Cambridge Press, London.Google Scholar
Hodder, Ian 1984 Burials, Houses, Women, and Men in the European Neolithic. In Ideology, Power and Prehistory, edited by Miller, Daniel and Tilley, Christopher Y., pp. 51–68. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Hurtado, Araceli, Cetina, Aleida, Tiesler, Vera, and Folan, William J. 2007 Sacred Spaces and Human Funerary and Nonfunerary Placements in Champotón, Campeche, During the Postclassic Period. In New Perspectives on Human Sacrifice and Ritual Body Treatments in Ancient Maya Society, edited by Tiesler, Vera and Cucina, Andrea, pp. 209–231. Springer, New York.Google Scholar
Inomata, Takeshi 1997 The Last Day of a Fortified Classic Maya Center. Ancient Mesoamerica 8:337–351.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inomata, Takeshi 2012a La fundación y el desarrollo politíco durante el periodo Preclásico en Ceibal. In La cuenca del río de la Pasión: Estudios de arqueología y epigrafía Maya, edited by Vega, Maria Elena and Lowe, Lynneth S., pp. 33–56. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Inomata, Takeshi 2012b La secuencia cerámica de Ceibal. In Informe del Proyecto Arqueológico Ceibal-Petexbatun: La Temporada 2011, edited by Aguilar, Victor Castillo and Inomata, Takeshi, pp. 157–167. Report presented to the Instituto de Antropología e Historia, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Inomata, Takeshi 2014 War, Violence, and Society in the Maya Lowlands. In Embattled Bodies, Embattled Places: War in Pre-Columbian America, edited by Scherer, Andrew and Verano, John, pp. 25–56. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Inomata, Takeshi 2017 The Emergence of Standardized Spatial Plans in Southern Mesoamerica: Chronology and Interregional Interactions Viewed from Ceibal, Guatemala. Ancient Mesoamerica 28:329–355.Google Scholar
Inomata, Takeshi, Triadan, Daniela, Aoyama, Kazuo, Aguilar, Victor Castillo, and Yonenobu, Hitoshi 2013 Early Ceremonial Constructions at Ceibal, Guatemala, and the Origins of Lowland Maya Civilization. Science 340:417.Google Scholar
Inomata, Takeshi, Triadan, Daniela, Román, Otto, and Aoyama, Kazuo 2009 Conclusión sobre la Temporada 2009. In Proyecto Arqueológico Ceibal-Petexbatun: La Temporada 2009, edited by Román, Otto, Inomata, Takeshi, and Triadan, Daniela, pp. 147–148. Report presented to the Instituto de Antropología e Historia, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Inomata, Takeshi, MacLellan, Jessica, Triadan, Daniela, Munson, Jessica, Burham, Melissa, Aoyama, Kazuo, Nasu, Hiroo, Pinzon, Flory, and Yonenobu, Hitoshi 2015a Development of Sedentary Communities in the Maya Lowlands: Coexisting Mobile Groups and Public Ceremonies at Ceibal, Guatemala. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112:4268–4273.Google Scholar
Inomata, Takeshi, MacLellan, Jessica, and Burham, Melissa 2015b The Construction of Public and Domestic Spheres in the Preclassic Maya Lowlands. American Anthropologist 117:519–534.Google Scholar
Kerr, Justin 2000 The Maya Vase Book: A Corpus of Rollout Photographs of Maya Vases. Vol. 6. Kerr Associates, New York.Google Scholar
Knudson, Kelly J., and Stojanowski, Christopher M. 2008 New Directions in Bioarchaeology: Recent Contributions to the Study of Human Social Identities. Journal of Archaeological Research 16:397–432.Google Scholar
Lovejoy, C. Owen, Meindl, Richard S., Pryzbeck, Thomas R., and Mensforth, Robert P. 1985 Chronological Metamorphosis of the Auricular Surface of the Ilium: A New Method for the Determination of Adult Skeletal Age. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 68:15–28.Google Scholar
Lowe, Lynneth S. 2012 Chiapa de Corzo y su arqueología a la luz de las investigaciones actuales. In XXV Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, 2011, edited by Arroyo, Bárbara, Paiz, Lorena, and Mejía, Héctor, pp. 285–292. Ministerio de Cultura y Deportes, Instituto de Antropología e Historia, y Asociación Tikal, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
MacLellan, Jessica 2012 Excavaciones en el grupo residencial de la Plataforma 47-Base: Operación CB211. In Proyecto Arqueológico Ceibal-Petexbatun: Informe de la Temporada de Campo 2012, edited by Aguilar, Victor Castillo and Inomata, Takeshi, pp. 193–215. Report presented to the Instituto de Antropología e Historia de Guatemala, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Martin, Simon, and Grube, Nikolai 2008 Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens: Deciphering the Dynasties of the Ancient Maya. Thames and Hudson, London.Google Scholar
McAnany, Patricia A. 1995 Living with Ancestors: Kingship and Kingship in Ancient Maya Society. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
McAnany, Patricia A. (editor) 2004 K'axob: Ritual, Work and Family in an Ancient Maya Village. Monumenta Archaeologica, Vol. 22. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Meindl, Richard S., and Lovejoy, C. Owen 1985 Ectocranial Suture Closure: A Revised Method for the Determination of Skeletal Age at Death Based on the Lateral-Anterior Sutures. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 68:57–66.Google Scholar
Metcalf, Peter, and Huntington, Richard 1991 Celebrations of Death: The Anthropology of Mortuary Ritual. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Munson, Jessica 2010 Introduccion a las excavaciones de Anonal. In Informe del Proyecto Arqueológico Ceibal-Petexbatun: La Temporada de 2009 edited by Inomata, Takeshi, Triadan, Daniela, Aoyama, Kazuo, and Román, Otto, pp. 98–101. Report presented to the Instituto de Antropología e Historia, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Munson, Jessica 2012 Temple Histories and Communities of Practice in Early Maya Society: Archaeological Investigation at Caobal, Petén, Guatemala . Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson.Google Scholar
Najera, Marta I. 1987 El don de la Sangre en el Equilibrio Cósmico: El Sacrificio y el Autosacrificio Sangriento entre los Antiguos Mayas. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Ortíz, José Raúl, and Ávila, Oswaldo 2011 Excavaciones al lado de la escalinata de la Estructura A-10: Operación 203D. In Informe del Proyecto Arqueológico Ceibal-Petexbatun: La Temporada 2011, edited by Aguilar, Victor Castillo and Inomata, Takeshi, pp. 88–37. Report presented to the Instituto de Antropología e Historia, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Ortíz, Ponciano, and del Carmen Rodríguez, María 1999 Olmec Ritual Behavior at El Manatí: A Sacred Space. In Social Patterns in Pre-Classic Mesoamerica, edited by Grove, David and Rosemary, A. Joyce. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Palomo, Juan Manuel 2010 Los restos óseos humanos de Ceibal. In Informe del Proyecto Arqueológico Ceibal-Petexbatun: La Temporada 2010, edited by Róman, Otto and Inomata, Takeshi, pp. 113–122. Report presented to the Instituto de Antropología e Historia, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Palomo, Juan Manuel 2012 Poder y muerte: Los esqueletos humanos Prehispánicos en las grietas de Aguateca. In La cuenca del río de la Pasión: Estudios de arqueología y epigrafía Maya, edited by Vega, Maria Elena and Lowe, Lynneth S., pp. 99–136. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Palomo, Juan Manuel 2013 Mortuary Treatments at the Ancient Maya Center of Ceibal, Guatemala. Unpublished Master's thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson.Google Scholar
Parker Pearson, Mike 2008 The Archaeology of Death and Burial. Texas A&M University Press, College Station.Google Scholar
Pendergast, David M., Loten, Stanley H., and Kislak, Jay I. 1979 Excavations at Altun Ha, Belize, 1964–1970. Vol. 2. Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto.Google Scholar
Pinzón, Flory 2012 Excavaciones en la parte este de la Plaza Central: Operación CB203B. In Proyecto Arqueológico Ceibal-Petexbatun: Informe de la Temporada de Campo 2012, edited by Aguilar, Victor Castillo and Inomata, Takeshi, pp. 7–31. Report presented to the Instituto de Antropología e Historia de Guatemala, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Ponciano, Erick 2012 Excavaciones en la Corte B: Operación CB212. In Proyecto Arqueológico Ceibal-Petexbatun: Informe de la Temporada de Campo 2012, edited by Aguilar, Victor Castillo and Inomata, Takeshi, pp. 144–158. Report presented to the Instituto de Antropología e Historia, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Ponciano, Erick, Inomata, Takeshi, and Triadan, Daniela 2006 Introducción. In Informe del Proyecto Arqueológico Ceibal Petexbatun: La Temporada de Campo 2006, edited by Ponciano, Erick, Inomata, Takeshi, and Triadan, Daniela, pp. 1–3. Report presented to the Instituto de Antropología e Historia de Guatemala, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Robin, Cynthia, and Hammond, Norman 1991 Ritual and Ideology. In Cuello: An Early Maya Community in Belize, edited by Hammond, Norman, pp. 204–234. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Román, Otto, Inomata, Takeshi, Guirola, Ana, Muños, Lorena, and Flores, Estela 2008 Excavaciones en la Estructura A-15: Operación CB201B. In Informe del Proyecto Arqueológico Ceibal-Petexbatun: La Temporada de 2008, edited by Inomata, Takeshi, Román, Otto, Triadan, Daniela, and Aoyama, Kazuo, pp. 12–17. Report presented to the Instituto de Antropología e Historia de Guatemala, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Romano, Arturo 1965 Estudio morfológico de la deformación craneana en Tamuín, S.L.P., y en la Isla del Idolo, Veracruz, Serie de Investigaciones 10. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Romano, Arturo 1974 Deformación céfalica intencional. In Antropología física, época Prehispánica, edited by Comas, Juan, pp. 197–227. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Romano, Arturo 1980 Appendix 3: The Skull from El Pajón, Chiapas. In Pampa El Pajón, An Early Estaurine Site, Chiapas, México, edited by Paillés, Maricruz, pp. 95–114. Papers of the New World Archaeological Foundation, Brigham Young University, Provo.Google Scholar
Romero, Javier 1958 Mutilaciones dentarias prehispánicas de México y América en general. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Rosny, Leon de 1883 Codex Cortesianus. Manuscrit hiératique des anciens indiens de l'Amérique Centrale, conservé au Musée Archéologique de Madrid, Libraires de la Société d'Ethnographie, Paris.Google Scholar
Saul, Frank P. 1972 The Human Skeletal Remains of Altar de Sacrificios. An Osteobiographic Analysis. Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Vol. 63, No. 2. Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Saul, Frank P., and Saul, Julie Mather 1997 The Preclassic Skeletons from Cuello. In Bones of the Maya: Studies of Ancient Skeletons, edited by Whittington, Stephen L. and Reed, David M., pp. 15–50. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Saul, Frank P., and Saul, Julie Mather 1999 The Preclassic Population of Cuello. In Cuello: An Early Maya Community in Belize, edited by Hammond, Norman, pp. 134–158. Cambrige University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Saxe, Arthur A. 1971 Social Dimensions of Mortuary Practices in a Mesolithic Population from Wadi Halfa, Sudan. Society for American Archaeology 25:39–57.Google Scholar
Schaefer, Maureen, Black, Sue, and Scheuer, Louise 2009 Juvenile Osteology: A Laboratory and Field Manual. Elsevier, London.Google Scholar
Schele, Linda 1984 Human Sacrifice among the Classic Maya. In Ritual Human Sacrifice in Mesoamerica, edited by Boone, Elizabeth H., pp. 7–48. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Scherer, Andrew 2007 Population Structure of the Classic Period Maya. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 132:367–380.Google Scholar
Stone, Andrea, and Zender, Marc 2011 Reading Maya Art: A Hieroglyphic Guide to Ancient Maya Painting and Sculpture. Thames and Hudson, New York.Google Scholar
Taube, Karl A. 1988 A Study of Classic Maya Scaffold Sacrifice. In Maya Iconography, edited by Benson, Elizabeth P. and Griffin, Gillett G., pp. 330–351. Princeton University Press, Princeton.Google Scholar
Taube, Karl A. 1992 The Mayor Gods of Ancient Yucatan. Studies in Pre-Columbian Art and Archaeology, No. 32. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Taube, Karl A. 2000 Lightning Celts and Corn Fetishes: The Formative Olmec and the Development of Maize Symbolism in Mesoamerica and the American Southwest. In Olmec Art and Archaeology in Mesoamerica, edited by Clark, John and Pye, Mary E., pp. 297–331. National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Tiesler, Vera 2007 Funerary or Nonfunerary? New References in Identifying Ancient Maya Sacrificial and Postsacrificial Behaviors from Human Assamblages. In New Perspectives on Human Sacrifice and Ritual Body Treatment in Ancient Maya Society, edited by Tiesler, Vera and Cucina, Andrea, pp. 14–44. Springer, New York.Google Scholar
Tiesler, Vera 2010 “Olmec” Head Shapes Among the Preclassic Period Maya and Cultural Meanings. Latin American Antiquity 21:290–311.Google Scholar
Tiesler, Vera 2014 The Bioarchaeology of Artificial Cranial Modifications. New Approaches to Head Shaping and its Meanings in Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica and Beyond. Springer Press, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tiesler, Vera 2015 Shifts in Artificial Head Forms, Population Movements, and Ethnicity Among the Postclassic Maya. In Archaeology and Bioarchaeology of Population Movement among the Prehispanic Maya, edited by Cucina, Andrea, pp. 143–154. Springer, New York.Google Scholar
Tilley, Christopher Y. 1984 Ideology and the Legitimation of Power in the Middle Neolithic of Southern Sweden. In Ideology, Power, and Prehistory, edited by Miller, Daniel and Tilley, Christopher Y., pp. 111–146. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Tourtellot, Gair 1990 Burials: A Cultural Analysis. In Excavation at Seibal, edited by Willey, Gordon, pp. 85–142. Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, No. 17. Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Triadan, Daniela 2010 Excavaciones en la Estructura A-15: Operación CB201B. In Informe del Proyecto Arqueológico Ceibal-Petexbatun: La Temporada 2009, edited by Román, Otto, Inomata, Takeshi, and Triadan, Daniela, pp. 17–30. Report presented to the Instituto de Antropología e Historia, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Triadan, Daniela 2012 El surgimiento político de Ceibal en el Clasico Terminal. In La cuenca del río de la Pasión: Estudios de la arqueología y epigrafía Maya, edited by Vega, Maria Elena and Lowe, Lynneth S., pp. 155–170. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Triadan, Daniela, and Kravtsova, Anastasiya 2011 Excavaciones en el Patio Superior de la Corte Este: 201 F. In Informe del Proyecto Arqueológico Ceibal-Petexbatun: La Temporada de Campo 2011, edited by Inomata, Takeshi and Aguilar, Victor Castillo, pp. 41–53. Report presented to the Instituto de Antropología e Historia, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Triadan, Daniela, Castillo, Victor, Inomata, Takeshi, Palomo, Juan Manuel, Méndez, María Belén, Cortave, Mónica, MacLellan, Jessica, Burham, Melissa, and Ponciano, Erick 2017 Social Transformations in a Middle Preclassic Community: Elite Residential Complexs at Ceibal. Ancient Mesoamerica 28:233–264.Google Scholar
Ubelaker, Douglas H. 1989 Human Skeletal Remains: Excavations, Analysis, Interpretation. Taraxacum, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
van Gennep, Arnold 1960[1909] The Rites of Passage. Translated by Vizedom, Monika B. and Caffee, Gabrielle L.. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Weiss-Krejci, Estella 2005 Victims of Human Sacrifice in Multiple Tombs of the Acncient Maya: A Critical Review. In Antropología de la eternidad, edited by Ruiz, Andés Ciudad, Ruz, Mario Humberto, and Ponce de León, María Josefa Iglesias, pp. 355–382. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Weiss-Krejci, Estella 2011 The Formation of Mortuaty Deposits: Implications for Understanding Mortuary Behavior of Past Population. In Social Bioarchaeology, edited by Agarwal, Sabrina C. and Glencross, Bonnie A., pp. 68–106. Blackwell Publications, Oxford.Google Scholar
Weiss-Krejci, Estella, and Culbert, Patrick T. 1995 Preclassic and Classic Burials and Caches in the Maya Lowlands. In The Emergence of Lowland Maya Civilization: The Transition from the Preclassic to the Early Classic: A Conference at Hildesheim, November 1992, edited by Grube, Nicolai, pp. 103–116. A. Saurwein, Möckmühl.Google Scholar
Welsh, W. Bruce. M. 1988 An Analysis of Classic Lowland Maya Burials. BAR International Series, Vol. 409. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.Google Scholar
White, Tim D. 1992 Prehistoric Cannibalism at Mancos 5MTUMR-2346. Princeton University Press, Princeton.Google Scholar
Wright, Lori E. 1994 The Sacrifice of the Earth? Diet, Health, and Inequality in the Pasión Maya Lowlands . Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Chicago, Chicago.Google Scholar
Wright, Lori E. 2006 Diet, Health and Status among the Pasión Maya: A Reappraisal of the Collapse. Vanderbilt Institute of Meso-american Archaeology, Vanderbilt University Press, Nashville.Google Scholar
Wrobel, Gabriel D. 2003 Metric and Nonmetric Dental Variation Among the Ancient Maya of Northern Belize . Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Indiana University.Google Scholar
Wrobel, Gabriel D., Danforth, Marie E., and Armstrong, Carl 2002 Estimating Sex of Maya Skeletons by Discriminant Function Analysis of Lone-Bone Measurements from the Protohistoric Maya Site of Tipu, Belize. Ancient Mesoamerica 13:225–263.Google Scholar