Hostname: page-component-cc8bf7c57-hbs24 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-11T16:01:11.017Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

THE ALTICA PROJECT: REFRAMING THE FORMATIVE BASIN OF MEXICO

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 August 2019

Wesley D. Stoner  and
Deborah L. Nichols
Wesley D. Stoner*
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, Old Main 330, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72703
Deborah L. Nichols
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, Dartmouth College, 403 Silsby Hall, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
*
E-mail correspondence to: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The Altica Project that began in 2014 is an important step in addressing over two decades of limited problem-oriented research at Formative sites in the Basin of Mexico. Through this research, we demonstrate that Altica is the earliest known settled village in the Teotihuacan Valley and one of the only first-farming village sites in the Basin of Mexico that has not been engulfed by the urban sprawl of Mexico City. It represents the northward spread of settled village life in a time that people of the region were transitioning from a mobile foraging lifestyle to one more reliant on food production. Despite its small size and remote location, Altica was an important part of Early and Middle Formative exchange networks, as it imported multiple types of goods from distant places in Mesoamerica and may have played a role in the early trade of Otumba obsidian. This paper leads the Special Section by framing the research project and outlining its major goals. Survey and excavation results are introduced. Finally, we preface each of the presentations to situate them within the framework. Altica spans a transitional period in Mesoamerica that began around 1000 cal b.c. We establish Altica as a proxy to understand broader Mesoamerican processes at that time.

Type
Special Section: Before Teotihuacan—Altica, Exchange, Interactions, and the Origins of Complex Society in the Northeast Basin of Mexico
Information
Ancient Mesoamerica , Volume 30 , Issue 2 , Summer 2019 , pp. 247 - 265
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2019 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Alex, Bridget Annelia, Nichols, Deborah L., and Glascock, Michael D. 2012 Compositional Analysis of Formative Period Ceramics in the Teotihuacan Valley, Mexico. Archaeometry 54:821–834.Google Scholar
Arnold, Philip J. III 2009 Settlement and Subsistence among the Early Formative Gulf Olmec. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 28:397–411.Google Scholar
Benson, Elizabeth P., and de la Fuente, Beatríz (editors) 1996 Olmec Art of Ancient Mexico. National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Blake, Michael, Chisholm, Brian, Clark, John E., and Mudar, Karen 1992 Nonagricultural Staples and Agricultural Supplements: Early Formative Subsistence in the Soconusco Region, Mexico. In Transitions to Agriculture in Prehistory, edited by Gebauer, Anne B. and Price, Douglas T., pp. 133–151. Prehistory Press, Madison.Google Scholar
Blanton, Richard E., and Fargher, Lane 2009 Collective Action in the Evolution of Pre-Modern States. Social Evolution and History 8:133–166.Google Scholar
Blomster, Jeffrey P., Neff, Hector, and Glascock, Michael D. 2005 Olmec Pottery Production and Export in Ancient Mexico Determined through Elemental Analysis. Science 307:1068–1072.Google Scholar
Boksenbaum, Martin William, Tolstoy, Paul, Harbottle, Garman, Kimberlin, Jerome, and Neivens, Mary D. 1987 Obsidian Industries and Cultural Evolution in the Basin of Mexico before 500 B.C. Journal of Field Archaeology 14:66–75.Google Scholar
Burton, James H., and Krinsley, David H. 1987 Obsidian Provenance Determination by Back-Scattered Electron Imaging. Nature 326:585–587.Google Scholar
Carballo, David M., and Feinman, Gary M. 2016 Cooperation, Collective Action, and the Archaeology of Large-Scale Societies. Evolutionary Anthropology 26:288–296.Google Scholar
Charlton, Thomas H. 1984 Production and Exchange: Variables in the Evolution of a Civilization. In Trade and Exchange in Early Mesoamerica. Albuquerque, pp. 17–42. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Cheetham, David 2010 Americas' First Colony: Olmec Materiality and Ethnicity at Canton Corralito, Chiapas, Mexico. Ph.D. dissertation, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe.Google Scholar
Clark, John E. 1987 Politics, Prismatic Blades, and Mesoamerica Civilization. In The Organization of Core Technology, edited by Johnson, Jay K. and Morrow, Carol A., pp. 259–284. Westview Press, Boulder.Google Scholar
Clark, John E. 1997 The Arts of Government in Early Mesoamerica. Annual Review of Anthropology 26:211–234.Google Scholar
Clark, John E., and Cheetham, David 2005 Cerámica del formativo de chiapas. In La producción alfarera en el México antiguo I, edited by Leonor, Beatriz de Carrión, Merrino and Cook, Ángel García, pp. 285–433. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Clark, John E., Pye, Mary E., and Gosser, Dennis C. 2007 Thermolithics and Corn Dependency in Mesoamerica. In Archaeology, Art, and Ethnogenesis in Mesoamerican Prehistory: Papers in Honor of Gareth W. Lowe, edited by Lowe, Lynneth. S. and Pye, Mary E., pp. 23–42. Papers of the New World Archaeological Foundation, No. 68. Brigham Young University, Provo.Google Scholar
Clark, John E., and Blake, Michael 1994 Power of Prestige: Competitive Generosity and the Emergence of Rank in Lowland Mesoamerica. In Factional Competition and Political Development in the New World, edited by Brumfiel, Elizabeth M. and Fox, John W., pp. 17–30. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Coe, Michael D., and Diehl, Richard A. 1980 In the Land of the Olmec, Vol. 1: The Archaeology of San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Cyphers, Ann 1987 Ceramics. In Ancient Chalcatzingo, edited by Grove, David, pp. 200–251. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Cyphers, Ann 1997 Población, subsistencia y medio ambiente en San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Cyphers, Ann 2004 Escultura olmeca de San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Ebert, Claire E. 2013 Assessing Formative Period Obsidian Exchange from La Zanja, Guerrero, Mexico using pXRF. Master's thesis, Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, State College.Google Scholar
Eerkens, Jelmer W., and Lipo, Carl P. 2005 Cultural Transmission, Copying Errors, and the Generation of Variation in Material Culture and the Archaeological Record. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 24:316–334.Google Scholar
Flannery, Kent V., Balkansky, Andrew K., Feinman, Gary M., Grove, David C., Marcus, Joyce, Redmond, Elsa M., Reynolds, Robert G., Sharer, Robert J., Spencer, Charles S., and Yaeger, Jason 2005 Implications of New Petrographic Analysis for the Olmec “Mother Culture” Model. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102:11219–11223.Google Scholar
Flannery, Kent V., and Marcus, Joyce 1994 Early Formative Pottery of the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Flannery, Kent V., and Marcus, Joyce 2000 Formative Mexican Chiefdoms and the Myth of the “Mother Culture.” Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 19:1–37.Google Scholar
González Lauck, Rebecca 1988 Proyecto arqueológico La Venta. Arqueología, Dirección de Monumentos Prehispánicos, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia X:121–165.Google Scholar
González Lauck, Rebecca 1996 La Venta: An Olmec Capital. In Olmec Art of Ancient Mexico, edited by Benson, Elizabeth P. and de la Fuente, Beatríz, pp. 73–81. National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Grove, David C. 2007 Rethinking Early Formative Period Interactions in Morelos and the Basin of Mexico. Paper presented at the 72nd Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Austin, Texas.Google Scholar
Grove, David C. (editor) 1987 Ancient Chalcatzingo. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Grove, David C. (editor) 1993 “Olmec” Horizons in Formative Period Mesoamerica: Diffusion or Social Evolution?. In Latin American Horizons, edited by Rice, Don S., pp. 83–111. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Hayden, Brian 1995 Pathways to Power: Principles for Creating Socioeconomic Inequalities. In Foundations of Social Inequality, edited by Price, Douglas T. and Feinman, Gary M., pp. 15–86. Plenum Press, New York.Google Scholar
Healan, Dan M. 2019 Altica's Obsidian Industries and Their Place in Early–Middle Formative Obsidian Exploitation in Central Mexico. Ancient Mesoamerica 30:279–294.Google Scholar
Heizer, Robert F., and Drucker, Phillip 1968 The La Venta Fluted Pyramid. Antiquity 42:52–56.Google Scholar
Helms, Mary W. 1993 Craft and the Kingly Ideal. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Henderson, Johnathan S. 1979 Atopula, Guerrero, and Olmec Horizons in Mesoamerica. Vol. 77. Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven.Google Scholar
Herrera, R. Sergio, Neff, Hector, and Glascock, Michael D. 1999 Ceramic Patterns, Social Interaction, and the Olmec: Neutron Activation Analysis of Early Formative Pottery in the Oaxaca Highlands of Mexico. Journal of Archaeological Science 26:967–987.Google Scholar
Hirth, Kenneth, Cyphers, Ann, Cobean, Robert, De León, Jason, and Glascock, Michael D. 2013 Early Olmec Obsidian Trade and Economic Organization at San Lorenzo. Journal of Archaeological Science 40:2784–2798.Google Scholar
Hirth, Kenneth G. 1978 Interregional Trade and the Formation of Prehistoric Gateway Communities. American Antiquity 43:35–45.Google Scholar
Hopkins, Mary R. 1995 Teotihuacan Cooking Pots: Scale of Production and Product. Ph.D. thesis, Department of Anthropology, Brandeis University, Boston.Google Scholar
Johnson, Nadia E., and Hirth, Kenneth G. 2019 Altica, Coapexco, and the Role of Middlemen in Formative Obsidian Exchange. Ancient Mesoamerica 30:295–310.Google Scholar
Joyce, Rosemary A. 2004 Unintended Consequences?: Monumentality as a Novel Experience in Formative Mesoamerica. Recent Advances in the Archaeology of Place: Part I 11:5–29.Google Scholar
Killion, Thomas W. 2013 Nonagricultural Cultivation and social Complexity. Current Anthropology 54:569–606.Google Scholar
Love, Michael W. 2002 Early Complex Society in Pacific Guatemala: Settlements and Chronology of the Rio Naranjo, Guatemala. Papers of the New World Archaeological Foundation, No. 66. Brigham Young University, Provo.Google Scholar
MacNeish, Richard S., Peterson, Frederick A., and Flannery, Kent V. 1970 The Prehistory of the Tehuacán Valley, Volume 3: Ceramics. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Marcus, Joyce 1998 The Peaks and Valleys of Ancient States: An Extension of the Dynamic Model. In Archaic States, edited by Feinman, Gary M. and Marcus, Joyce, pp. 59–94. School of American Research, Santa Fe.Google Scholar
McClung de Tapia, Emily, Acosta-Ochoa, Guillermo, Martínez-Yrizar, Diana, Adriano-Morán, Carrmen Cristina, Cruz-Palma, Jorge, and Chaparro-Rueda, Berenice 2019 Early–Middle Formative Period Subsistence in the Teotihuacan Valley, Mexico: Pre-Hispanic Plant Remains from Altica. Ancient Mesoamerica 30:339–354.Google Scholar
McClung de Tapia, Emily, Serra Puche, Mari Carmen, and Limn de Dyer, Amie Ellen 1986 Formative Lacustrine Adaptation: Botanical Remains from Terremote-Tlaltenco, D.F., México. Journal of Field Archaeology 13:99–113.Google Scholar
Mejía Ramón, Andrés G., Barba, Luis, Ortiz, Agustín, and Blancas, Jorge 2019 Geophysical Prospection at the Formative Site of Altica in the Teotihuacan Valley Piedmont. Ancient Mesoamerica 30:267–278.Google Scholar
Neff, Hector 2014 Pots as Signals: Explaining the Enigma of Long-Distance Ceramic Exchange. In Craft and Science: International Perspectives on Archaeological Ceramics, edited by Martinón-Torres, M., pp. 1–11. Bloomsbury Qatar Foundation, Doha.Google Scholar
Neff, Hector, Blomster, Jeffrey, Glascock, Michael D., Bishop, Ronald L., and Blackman, M. James 2006a Methodological Issues in the Provenance Investigation of Early Formative Mesoamerican Ceramics. Latin American Antiquity 17:54–76.Google Scholar
Neff, Hector, Blomster, Jeffrey, Glascock, Michael D., Bishop, Ronald L., and Blackman, M. James 2006b Smokescreens in the Provenance Investigation of Early Formative Mesoamerican Ceramics. Latin American Antiquity 17:90–103.Google Scholar
Nichols, Deborah L. 1987 Risk and Agricultural Intensification during the Formative Period in the Northern Basin of Mexico. American Anthropologist 89:596–616.Google Scholar
Nichols, Deborah L. 2015 Intensive Agriculture and Early Complex Societies of the Basin of Mexico: The Formative Period. Ancient Mesoamerica 26:407–421.Google Scholar
Nichols, Deborah L., and Stoner, Wesley D. 2019 Before Teotihuacan: Altica, Exchange, Interactions, and the Origins of Complex Society in the Northeast Basin of Mexico. Ancient Mesoamerica 30:369–382.Google Scholar
Niederberger, Christine 1976 Zohapilco: Cinco milenios de ocupación humana en un sito lacustre de la cuenca de Mexico. Colección Científica. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Niederberger, Christine 2000 Ranked Societies, Iconographic Complexity, and Economic Wealth in the Basin of Mexico toward 1200 B.C. In Olmec Art and Archaeology in Mesoamerica, edited by Clark, John E. and Pye, Mary E., pp. 169–189. National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Ochoa Castillo, Patricia 2005 La cerámica del formativo en la cuenca de México. In La producción alfarera en el México antiguo I, edited by Carrión, Beatriz Leonor Merino and Cook, Ángel García, pp. 523–574. Colección Científica. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Paradis, Louise 2017 Early Horizon Materials in the Greater Basin of Mexico and Guerrero. In The Early Olmec and Mesoamerica: The Material Record, edited by Blomster, Jeffrey P. and Cheetham, David, pp. 119–147. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Parry, William J. 2001 Production and Exchange of Obsidian Tools in Late Aztec City-States. Ancient Mesoamerica 12:101–111.Google Scholar
Piperno, Dolores R. 2011 The Origins of Plant Cultivation and Domestication in the New World Tropics. Current Anthropology 52:S453–S470.Google Scholar
Pires-Ferreira, Jane W. 1975 Formative Mesoamerican Exchange Networks with Special Reference to the Valley of Oaxaca. In Prehistory and Human Ecology of the Valley of Oaxaca, Vol. 3, edited by Flannery, Kent, pp. 1–111. Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Vol. 7. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Plunket, Patricia, and Uruñuela, Gabriela 2012 Where East Meets West: The Formative in Mexico's Central Highlands. Journal of Archaeological Research 20:1–51.Google Scholar
Pool, Christopher A. 2007 Olmec Archaeology and Early Mesoamerica. Cambridge World Archaeology. Cambridge University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Pool, Christopher A. 2008 Architectural Plans, Factionalism, and the Proto-Classic-Classic Transition at Tres Zapotes. In Classic Period Cultural Currents in Southern and Central Veracruz, edited by Arnold, Philip J. III and Pool, Christopher A., pp. 121–158. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Ramírez Sánchez, Felipe, Gámez, Lorena and González, Fernán 2000 Cerámica de Temamatla. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Reimer, Paula J., Bard, Edouard, Bayliss, Alex, Beck, Warren J., Blackwell, Paul G., Bronk Ramsey, Christopher, Buck, Caitlin E., Cheng, Hai, Edwards, R. Lawrence, Friedrich, Michael, Grootes, Pieter M., Guilderson, Thomas P., Haflidason, Haflidi, Hajadas, Irka, Hatte, Christine, Heaton, Timothy J., Hoffmann, Dirk L., Hogg, Alan G., Hughen, Konrad A., Kaiser, Felix K., Kromer, Bernd, Manning, Sturt W., Niu, Mu, Reimer, Ron W., Richards, David A., Scott, E. Marian, Southon, John R., Staff, Richard A., Turney, Christian S. M., and van der Plicht, Johannes 2013 IntCal13 and Marine13 Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curves 0–50,000 Years cal BP. Radiocarbon 55:1869–1887.Google Scholar
Rosenswig, Robert M. 2010 The Beginnings of Mesoamerican Civilization: Inter-Regional Interaction and the Olmec. Cambridge University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Rosenswig, Robert M. 2016 Olmec Globalization: A Mesoamerican Archipelago of Complexity. In Handbook of Globalization and Archaeology, edited by Hodos, T., pp. 177–193. Routledge, New York.Google Scholar
Rosenswig, Robert M., VanDerwarker, Amber, Culleton, Brendan J., and Kennett, Douglas J. 2015 Is it Agriculture Yet? Intensified Maize-Use at 1000 cal BC in the Soconusco and Mesoamerica. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 40:89–108.Google Scholar
Sanders, William T. 1976 The Agricultural History of the Basin of Mexico. In Valley of Mexico: Studies in Pre-Hispanic Ecology and Society, edited by Wolf, Eric R., pp. 101–159. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Sanders, William T. 1981 Supplement to the Handbook of Middle American Indians, Vol. 1. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Sanders, William T. 1994 The Teotihuacan Valley Project: Final Report, Volume 3. Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, State College.Google Scholar
Sanders, William T., and Gorenflo, Larry J. 2007 Archaeological Settlement Pattern Date from the Cuautitlan, Temascalapa, and Teotihuacan Regions of Mexico. Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, State College.Google Scholar
Sanders, William T., Parsons, Jeffrey, and Santley, Robert S. 1979 The Basin of Mexico: Ecological Processes in the Evolution of Civilization. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Sanders, William T., West, Michael, Fletcher, Charles, and Marino, Joseph 1975 The Teotihuacan Valley Project, Volume 2. The Formative Period Occupation of the Valley (2 Parts). Pennsylvania State University, State College.Google Scholar
Serra Puche, María del Carmen, and Ramírez Sánchez, Felipe 2001 Temamatla: Un sitio del horizonte formativo en el sureste de la Cuenca de México. Expresión Antropológica 12:29–45.Google Scholar
Sharer, Robert J., Balkansky, Andrew K., Burton, James, Feinman, Gary M., Flannery, Kent V., Grove, David C., Marcus, Joyce, Moyle, Robert G., Price, T. Douglas, Redmond, Elsa M., Reynolds, Robert G., Rice, Prudence M., Spencer, Charles S., Stoltman, James B., and Yaeger, Jason 2006 On the Logic of Archaeological Inference: Early Formative Pottery and the Evolution of Mesoamerican Societies. Latin American Antiquity 17:90–103.Google Scholar
Shennan, Stephen 1994 Cultural Transmission and Culture Change. In Contemporary Archaeology in Theory: A Reader, edited by Preucel, Robert W. and Hodder, Ian, pp. 282–296. Blackwell Publishers, Oxford.Google Scholar
Slayton, Paul 1985 A Compositional Analysis of Clays and Ceramics from the Basin of Mexico. University of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Stark, Barbara L. 2007 Out of Olmec. In The Political Economy of Ancient Mesoamerica: Transformations during the Formative and Classic Periods, edited by Scarborough, Vernon L. and Clark, John E., pp. 47–64. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Stark, Barbara L. 2017 Figuring Out the Early Olmec Era. In The Early Olmec and Mesoamerica: The Material Record, edited by Blomster, Jeffrey P. and Cheetham, David, pp. 288–312. Cambridge University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Stark, Barbara L., Boxt, Matthew A., Gasco, Janine, Lauck, Rebecca B. González, Balkin, Jessica D. Hedgepeth, Joyce, Arthur A., King, Stacie M., Knight, Charles L. F., Kruger, Robert, Levine, Marc N., Lesure, Richard G., Mendelsohn, Rebecca, Navarro-Castillo, Marx, Neff, Hector, Ohnersorgen, Michael, Pool, Christopher A., Raab, L. Mark, Rosenswig, Robert M., Venter, Marcie, Voorhies, Barbara, Williams, David T., and Workinger, Andrew 2016 Economic Growth in Mesoamerica: Obsidian Consumption in the Coastal Lowlands. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 41:263–282.Google Scholar
Stirling, Matthew W. 1943 Stone Monuments of Southern Mexico. Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 138. United States Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Stoner, Wesley D. 2016 The Analytical Nexus of Ceramic Paste Composition Studies: A Comparison of NAA, LA-ICP-MS, and Petrography in the Prehispanic Basin of Mexico. Journal of Archaeological Science 76:31–47.Google Scholar
Stoner, Wesley D., and Nichols, Deborah L. 2019 Pottery Trade and the Formation of Early and Middle Formative Style Horizons As Seen from Central Mexico. Ancient Mesoamerica 30:311–337.Google Scholar
Stoner, Wesley D., Nichols, Deborah L., Alex, Bridgett A., and Crider, Destiny L. 2015 The Emergence of Early–Middle Formative Exchange Patterns in Mesoamerica: A View from Altica in the Teotihuacan Valley. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 39:19–35.Google Scholar
Storey, Rebecca, Buckley, Gina M., and Kennett, Douglas J. 2019 A Glimpse of the People of Altica: Osteological and Isotopic/Radiocarbon Analysis. Ancient Mesoamerica 30:355–368.Google Scholar
Tolstoy, Paul 1978 Western Mesoamerica before a.d. 900. In Chronologies in New World Archaeology, edited by Taylor, Royal E., pp. 241–284. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Tolstoy, Paul 1984 Recherches en archéologie et anthropologie américanes. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Université de Paris-Sorbonne, Paris.Google Scholar
Tolstoy, Paul 1989 Coapexco and Tlatilco: Sites with Olmec Materials in the Basin of Mexico. In Regional Perspectives on the Olmec, edited by Diehl, Richard A., pp. 85–121. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Tolstoy, Paul, Fish, Suzanne, Boksenbaum, Martin, Vaughn, Kathryn Blair, and Smith, Carol 1977 Early Sedentary Communities of the Basin of Mexico. Journal of Field Archaeology 4:91–106.Google Scholar
VanDerwarker, Amber 2006 Farming, Hunting, and Fishing in the Olmec World. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Willey, Gordon R. 1991 Horizontal Integration and Regional Diversity: An Alternating Process in the Rise of Civilizations. American Antiquity 56:197–215.Google Scholar