Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dzt6s Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T19:38:41.421Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

FIBER TECHNOLOGY AND WEAVING IN FORMATIVE-PERIOD GULF COAST CULTURES

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 April 2008

Billie J. A. Follensbee
Billie J. A. Follensbee*
Affiliation:
Department of Art and Design, Missouri State University, Ellis Hall, Room 203A, 901 South National Avenue, Springfield, MO 65897, USA
*
E-mail correspondence to:[email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

While research has revealed the important role that textiles have played in Mesoamerica from the Classic period through contemporary cultures, few studies have explored the importance of textiles in earlier Mesoamerican cultures. Scant preservation thwarts research on Formative-period cultures such as the Gulf Coast Olmec, for which only a few fragments of cordage and woven mats have yet been recovered. However, considerable additional evidence of textiles is available through other material culture, such as the rich pictorial record of fibers and cloth shown in Olmec sculpture. Further evidence exists in textile-related ceramic artifacts recovered from Gulf Coast sites, and still more evidence can be found through the reevaluation of greenstone artifacts recovered from Gulf Coast sites and “heirloom caches” of Formative-period objects. Careful analysis of the form and iconography of certain types of provenienced greenstone artifacts reveals that these may have served as elite textile-making tools; replication studies confirms their functionality as implements for spinning, weaving, and making cordage. All together, this study suggests that the Gulf Coast Olmec already held not only textiles but textile making in high esteem during the Formative period, foreshadowing the great significance of textiles in later Mesoamerican cultures.

Type
Special Section: Recent Archaeological Research on Mesoamerican Textile Production
Information
Ancient Mesoamerica , Volume 19 , Issue 1 , Spring 2008 , pp. 87 - 110
Copyright
Copyright ©Cambridge University Press 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Adams, Jenny L. 2002 Ground Stone Analysis: A Technological Approach. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Anawalt, Patricia R. 1981 Indian Clothing before Cortés. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Anawalt, Patricia R. 1990 The Emperor's Cloak: Aztec Pomp, Toltec Circumstances. American Antiquity 55:291–307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anawalt, Patricia R. 1996 Aztec Knotted and Netted Capes: Colonial Interpretations versus Indigenous Primary Data. Ancient Mesoamerica 7:187–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andrefsky, William 1998 Lithics: Macroscopic Approaches to Analysis. Cambridge University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Andrews, E.Wyllys, V 1986 Olmec Jades from Chacsinkin, Yucatan, and Maya Ceramics from La Venta, Tabasco. In Research and Reflections in Archaeology and History, edited by Willys, E.Andrews, V, pp. 11–49, Middle American Research Institute, New Orleans.Google Scholar
Andrews, E.Wyllys, V 1987 A Cache of Early Jades from Chacsinkin, Yucatan. Mexicon 9:78–85.Google Scholar
Ardren, Traci (editor) 2002 Ancient Maya Women. Altamira Press, Walnut Creek, CA.Google Scholar
Ardren, Traci (editor) 2006 Mending the Past: Ix Chel and the Invention of a Modern Pop Goddess. Antiquity 80:25–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balser, Carlos 1974 El Jade de Costa Rica.: Un album arqueolo´gico con reproducciones en color. Lehmann, San Jose´.Google Scholar
Beaudry-Corbett, Marilyn, and McCafferty, Sharisse 2002 Spindle Whorls: Household Specialization at Ceren. In Ancient Maya Women, edited by Ardren, Traci, pp. 52–67, Altamira Press, Walnut Creek, CA.Google Scholar
Bell, Ellen E. 2002 Engendering a Dynasty: A Royal Woman in the Margarita Tomb, Copan. In Ancient Maya Women, edited by Ardren, Traci, pp. 89–104. Altamira Press, Walnut Creek, CA.Google Scholar
Benson, Elizabeth P. 1989 In Love and War: Hummingbird Lore. In In Love and War: Hummingbird Lore and other Selected Papers from LAILA/ALILA's 1988 Symposium, edited by Preuss, Mary H. pp. 3–8, Labyrinthos, Culver City, CA.Google Scholar
Benson, Elizabeth P., and de la Fuente, Beatriz (editors) 1996 Olmec Art of Ancient Mexico. National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Berdan, Frances F. 1987 Cotton in Aztec Mexico: Production, Distribution and Uses. Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos 3(2):235–262.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berdan, Frances F., and Anawalt, Patricia R. 1992 The Codex Mendoza, vols. 1–4. University of California Press, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Bernal, Ignacio 1969 The Olmec World. University of California Press, Berkeley.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bishop, Ronald L., Sayre, Edward V., and Mishara, Joan 1993 Compositional and Structural Characterization of Maya and Costa Rican Jadeitites. In Precolumbian Jade: New Geological and Cultural Interpretations, edited by Lange, Frederick W., pp. 30–60, University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Blom, Franz F., and LaFarge, Oliver O. 1926 Tribes and Temples, vol. 1. Middle American Research Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans.Google Scholar
Bradt, Richard C., Newnham, Robert E., and Biggers, J.V. 1973 The Toughness of Jade. American Mineralogist 58:727–732.Google Scholar
Bruhns, Karen Olsen 1988 Yesterday the Queen Wore … An Analysis of Women and Costume in the Public Art of the Late Classic Maya. In The Role of Gender in Precolumbian Art and Archaeology, edited by Miller, Virginia M., pp. 105–134. University Press of America, Lanham, MD.Google Scholar
Bruhns, Karen O. and Kelker, Nancy L. 2007 Did the Olmec Know How to Write? Science 315(5817):1365.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brumfiel, Elizabeth 1991 Weaving and Cooking: Women's Production in Aztec Mexico. In Engendering Archaeology: Women and Prehistory, edited by Gero, Joan M. and Conkey, Margaret W., pp. 224–251. Basil Blackwell, Oxford.Google Scholar
Brumfiel, Elizabeth 1996 The Quality of Tribute Cloth: The Place of Evidence in Archaeological Argument. American Antiquity 61:453–462.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burkhart, Louise M. 1997 Mexica Women on the Home Front: Housework and Religion in Ancient Mexico. In Indian Women of Early Mexico, edited by Susan Schroeder, Stephanie Wood, and Haskett, Robert, pp. 25–54. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Caso, Alfonso 1969 El Tesoro de Monte Albán. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Chase, Diane Z. 1986 Lifeline to the Gods: Ritual Bloodletting at Santa Rita Corozal. In Sixth Palenque Round Table, edited by Fields, Virginia M., pp. 89–96. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Ciaramella, Mary A. 1999 The Weavers in the Codices. Research Reports on Ancient Maya Writing 44. Center for Maya Research, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Coe, Michael D. 1965 The Olmec Style and Its Distribution. In Handbook of Middle American Indians, vol. 3, edited by Willey, Gordon R., pp. 739–775. University of Texas Press, Austin.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coe, Michael D. 1977 Olmec and Maya: A Study in Relationships. In The Origins of Maya Civilization, edited by Adams, Richard E.W., pp. 183–195. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Coe, Michael D. 1988 The Ideology of the Maya Tomb. In Maya Iconography, edited by Benson, Elizabeth P. and Griffin, Gillett G., pp. 222–235. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.Google Scholar
Coe, Michael D., and Diehl, Richard A. 1980 In the Land of the Olmec, Vol. 1: The Archaeology of San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Cordry, Donald, and Cordry, Dorothy 1941 Costumes and Weaving of the Zoque Indians of Chiapas, Mexico. Southwest Museum, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Cordry, Donald, and Cordry, Dorothy 1968 Mexican Indian Costumes. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Covarrubias, Miguel 1946 El Arte Olmeca' o de La Venta. Cuadernos Americanos 27:153–179.Google Scholar
Covarrubias, Miguel 1957 Indian Art of Mexico and Central America. Alfred A. Knopf, New York.Google Scholar
Currey, John 1984 The Mechanical Adaptations of Bone. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cyphers, Ann 1994 Olmec Sculpture and Architecture of the Azuzul Acropolis, Loma del Zapote, Veracruz, Mexico. Research and Exploration 10:294–305.Google Scholar
Cyphers(-Guillen), Ann 1995 Descifrando los misterios de la cultura olmeca: Una exposición museográfica de los resultados del proyecto arqueológico San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán 1990–1994. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Cyphers(-Guillen), Ann 2004 Escultura Olmeca de San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Cyphers(-Guillen), Ann 2007a Sobre el Bloque Labrado de El Cascajal, Jaltipan, Veracruz. Arqueologia Mexicana XIV(84):6–8.Google Scholar
Cyphers(-Guillen), Ann 2007b Más sobre el Bloque Labrado de El Cascajal, Jaltipan, Veracruz. Arqueologia Mexicana XV(85):6–8.Google Scholar
Cyphers, Ann (editor) 1997 Población, subsistencia, y medio ambiente en San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán. Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas, Universidad Autónoma de México, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Dacus, Chelsea 2005 Weaving the Past: An Examination of Bones Buried with an Elite Maya Woman. M.A.thesis, Division of Art History, Meadows School of the Arts, Southern Methodist University, Dallas. Available online at: http://www.famsi.org/research/dacus/bones.pdf (accessed July 28, 2006).Google Scholar
Drucker, Philip 1943 An Introduction to the Ceramics of Tres Zapotes, Veracruz, Mexico. Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 139. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Drucker, Philip 1952 La Venta, Tabasco: A Study of Olmec Ceramics and Art. Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 153. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Drucker, Philip 1955 The Cerro de las Mesas Offering of Jade and Other Materials. Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 157. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Drucker, Philip, Heizer, Robert F., and Squier, Robert 1959 Excavations at La Venta, Tabasco. Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 170. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Easby, Elizabeth Kennedy 1970 Before Cortés: Sculpture of Middle America. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.Google Scholar
Fitzsimmons, James L., Scherer, Andrew, Houston, Stephen D., and Escobedo, Héctor L. 2003 Guardian of the Acropolis: The Sacred Space of a Royal Burial at Piedras Negras, Guatemala. Latin American Antiquity 14(4):449–468.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Follensbee, Billie J.A. 1998 Technical Observations and Consultation with Frederick Lange, William Doonan, and Jeffrey Quilter: B-24.OJ and B-25.OJ, September 24, 1998. Report on file, Curatorial Files, Dumbarton Oaks Pre-Columbian Studies, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Follensbee, Billie J.A. 2000 Sex and Gender in Olmec Art and Archaeology. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Art History and Archaeology, University of Maryland, College Park.Google Scholar
Follensbee, Billie J.A. 2006a The Child and the Child-Like in Olmec Art and Archaeology. In The Social Experience of Childhood in Mesoamerica, edited by Traci, Ardren and Hutson, Scott, pp. 249–280. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Follensbee, Billie J.A. 2006b The Gift That Keeps on Giving: Formative Period Gulf Coast Ceramic Figurines. Paper presented at the 71st Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, San Juan.Google Scholar
Fuente, Beatrizs de la 1977 Los hombres de piedra: Escultura olmeca. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Furst, Peter T. 1968 The Olmec Were-Jaguar Motif in the Light of Ethnographic Reality. In Dumbarton Oaks Conference on the Olmec, edited by Benson, Elizabeth P., pp. 143–178. Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Furst, Peter T. 1995 Shamanism, Transformation, and Olmec Art. In The Olmec World: Ritual and Rulership, pp. 69–81. Art Museum, Princeton, NJ.Google Scholar
Gallegos Ruiz, Roberto 1978 El señor 9 Flor en Zaachila. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Grace, Roger 1989 Interpreting the Function of Stone Tools: The Quantification and Computerisation of Microwear Analysis. BAR International Series 474. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graham, Mark Miller 1993 Reinterpreting Prehistory of Central America. University Press of Colorado, Niwot.Google Scholar
Graham, Mark Miller 1998 Mesoamerican Jade and Costa Rica. In Jade in Ancient Costa Rica, edited by Jones, Julie, pp. 39–57. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.Google Scholar
Grove, David C. 1987a Ceramic and Other Miscellaneous Artifacts. In Ancient Chalcatzingo, edited by Grove, David C., pp. 271–294. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Grove, David C. 1987b Ground Stone Artifacts. In Ancient Chalcatzingo, edited by Grove, David C., pp. 329–342. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Griffin, Gillett G. 1981 Olmec Forms and Materials Found in Central Guerrero. In The Olmec and Their Neighbors: Essays in Honor of Matthew W. Stirling, edited by Benson, Elizabeth P., pp. 209–222. Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Hall, Joanne 1976 Mexican Tapestry Weaving. J. Arvidson Press, Helena, MT.Google Scholar
Hamann, Byron 1997 Weaving and the Iconography of Prestige: The Royal Gender Symbolism of Lord 5 Flower's/Lady 4 Rabbit's Family. In Women in Prehistory, North America and Mesoamerica, edited by Claassen, Cheryl and Joyce, Rosemary A., pp. 153–172. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Hendon, Julia A. 1997 Women's Work, Women's Space, and Women's Status among the Classic-Period Maya Elite of the Copan Valley, Honduras. In Women in Prehistory: North America and Mesoamerica, edited by Claassen, Cheryl and Joyce, Rosemary A., pp. 33–46. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Hendon, Julia A. 1999a Multiple Sources of Prestige and the Social Evaluation of Women in Prehispanic Mesoamerica. In Material Symbols: Culture and Economy in Prehistory, edited by Robb, John E., pp. 257–275. Board of Trustees, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale.Google Scholar
Hendon, Julia A. 1999b The Pre-Classic Maya Compound as the Focus of Social Identity. In Social Patterns in Pre-Classic Mesoamerica, edited by Grove, David C. and Joyce, Rosemary A., pp. 97–125. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Hendon, Julia A. 1999c Spinning and Weaving in Pre-Hispanic Mesoamerica: The Technology and Social Relations of Textile Production. In Mayan Clothing and Weaving through the Ages, edited by de Arathoon, Barbara Knoke, González, Nancie L., and Willemsen Devlin, John M., pp. 7–16. Museo Ixchel del Traje Indígena, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Hendon, Julia A. 2002 Household and State in Pre-Hispanic Maya Society: Gender, Identity, and Practice. In Ancient Maya Gender Identity and Relations, edited by Gustafson, Lowell S. and Trevelyan, Amelia M., pp. 75–92. Bergin and Garvey, Westport, CT.Google Scholar
Hoar, Bryanne 2004 Tlatilco: The Place Where Things Are Hidden. Chacmool 2004 Que(e)rying Archaeology 15th Anniversary Gender Conference, Calgary, Alberta.Google Scholar
Hunt, Eva 1977 The Transformation of the Hummingbird. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY.Google Scholar
Johnson, Irmgard Weitlaner 1959 Hilado y Tejido. In Esplendor del México antiguo, edited by de Leonard, Carmen Cook, pp. 439–478. Centro de Investigaciones Antropológicas de México, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Johnson, L. Lewis 1978 A History of Flint-Knapping Experimentation, 1838–1976. Current Anthropology 19:337–372.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Joralemon, David 1974 Ritual Blood-Sacrifice among the Ancient Maya: Part 1. In Primera Mesa Redonda de Palenque, Part II, edited by Greene Robertson, Merle, pp. 59–79. Robert Louis Stevenson School, Pebble Beach, CA.Google Scholar
Joralemon, David 1996 Spoon in the Shape of a Bird Monster Profile Head. In Olmec Art of Ancient Mexico, edited by Benson, Elizabeth P. and de la Fuente, Beatriz, p. 256. National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Joyce, Rosemary A. 1992 Ideology in Action: Classic Maya Ritual Practice. In Ancient Images, Ancient Thought: The Archaeology of Ideology, edited by Goldsmith, A. Sean, Garvie, Sandra, Selin, David, and Smith, Jeannette, pp. 497–505. University of Calgary Archaeological Association, Calgary.Google Scholar
Joyce, Rosemary A. 1993 Women's Work: Images of Production and Reproduction in Pre-Hispanic Southern Central America. Current Anthropology 34(3):255–274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Joyce, Rosemary A. 1999 Social Dimensions of Pre-Classic Burials. In Social Patterns in Pre-Classic Mesoamerica, edited by Grove, David C. and Joyce, Rosemary A., pp. 15–47. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Joyce, Rosemary A., Edging, Richard, Lorenz, Karl, and Gillespie, Susan D. 1986 Olmec Bloodletting: An Iconographic Study. In Sixth Palenque Round Table, edited by Fields, Virginia M., pp. 143–150. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Kappelman, Julia Guernsey, and Reilly, F. Kent III 2001 Paths to Heaven, Ropes to Earth: Birds, Jaguars, and Cosmic Cords in Formative-Period Mesoamerica. Ancient America (January):33–52.Google Scholar
Kerr, Justin 1994 Where Do You Keep Your Paint Pot? Available online at: http://www.famsi.org/research/kerr/articles/paint_pot/index.html (accessed August 1, 2003).Google Scholar
King, Mary Elizabeth 1979 The Prehistoric Textile Industry of Mesoamerica. Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Klein, Cecilia F. 1982 Woven Heaven, Tangled Earth: A Weaver's Paradigm of the Mesoamerican Cosmos. In Ethnoastronomy and Archaeoastronomy in the American Tropics, edited by Aveni, Anthony F. and Urton, Gary, pp. 1–35. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, New York.Google Scholar
Klein, Cecilia F. 1993 The Shield Women: Resolution of an Aztec Gender Paradox. In Current Topics in Aztec Studies: Essays in Honor of Dr. H.B. Nicholson, edited by Cordy-Collins, Alana and Sharon, Douglas, pp. 39–64. San Diego Museum of Man, San Diego.Google Scholar
Lange, Frederick W. 1993 Formal Classification of Prehistoric Costa Rican Jade, a First Approximation. In Precolumbian Jade: New Geological and Cultural Interpretations, edited by Lange, Frederick W., pp. 269–288. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Lothrop, Samuel K., Foshag, William F., and Mahler, Joy 1957 Pre-Columbian Art: Robert Woods Bliss Collection. Phaidon Press, New York.Google Scholar
MacNeish, Richard S., Nelken-Terner, Antoinette, and Johnson, Irmgard W. 1967 The Prehistory of the Tehuacan Valley, Vol. 2: Nonceramic Artifacts. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
McCafferty, Geoffrey G., and Chalfant, Nicole 2002 Inventing Gender at Formative Tlatilco. Graduate Gender Symposium, University of Calgary, Calgary.Google Scholar
McCafferty, Sharisse D., and McCafferty, Geoffrey G. 1988 Powerful Women and the Myth of Male Dominance in Aztec Society. Archaeological Review from Cambridge 7(1):45–59.Google Scholar
McCafferty, Sharisse D., and McCafferty, Geoffrey G. 1991 Spinning and Weaving as Female Gender Identity in Postclassic Mexico. In Textile Traditions of Mesoamerica and the Andes: An Anthology, edited by Blum Schevill, Margot, Berlo, Janet C., and Dwyer, Edward B., pp. 19–44. Garland, New York.Google Scholar
McCafferty, Sharisse D., and McCafferty, Geoffrey G. 1994 Engendering Tomb 7 at Monte Albán: Respinning an Old Yarn. Current Anthropology 2:143–166.Google Scholar
McCafferty, Sharisse D., and McCafferty, Geoffrey G. 2000 Textile Production in Postclassic Cholula, Mexico. Ancient Mesoamerica 11:39–54.Google Scholar
McCafferty, Sharisse D., and McCafferty, Geoffrey G. 2001 Tricky Traje: Mixtec Costume as Symbolic Communication. Paper presented at the 66th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, New Orleans.Google Scholar
Meighan, Clement W. 1976 The Archaeology of Amapa, Nayarit. Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Miller, Mary, and Martin, Simon 2004 Courtly Art of the Ancient Maya. Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, San Francisco.Google Scholar
Moholy-Nagy, Hattula 1994 Tikal Material Culture: Artifacts and Social Structure at a Classic Lowland Maya City. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Moholy-Nagy, Hattula 2003 The Artifacts of Tikal: Utilitarian Artifacts and Unworked Material. Tikal Report 27B. Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morett Alatorre, Luis, Sánchez Martínez, Fernando, Alvarado, José Luis, and Marín, Ana María Pelz 1999 Proyecto Arqueobotánico Ticumán. Arqueología Mexicana 6(36):66–71.Google Scholar
Niederberger, Christine 1987 Paleopaysages et archeologie pre-urbaine du Bassin de Mexico (Mexique). Centre D'Etudes Mexicaines et Centramericaines, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Niederberger, Christine 1996 The Basin of Mexico: A Multimillennial Development toward Cultural Complexity. In Olmec Art of Ancient Mexico, edited by Benson, Elizabeth P. and de la Fuente, Beatriz, pp. 82–93. National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Niederberger, Christine 2000 Ranked Societies, Iconographic Complexity, and Economic Wealth in the Basin of Mexico toward 1200 b.c.” In Olmec Art and Archaeology in Mesoamerica, edited by Clark, John E. and Pye, Mary E., pp. 168–191. Trustees of the National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Nuttall, Zelia (editor) 1975 The Codex Nuttall: A Picture Manuscript from Ancient Mexico, the Peabody Museum Facsimile. Dover Publications, New York.Google Scholar
O'Neale, Lila M. 1945 Textiles of Highland Guatemala. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Ortíz, Ceballos Ponciano and del Carmen Rodríguez Martínez, María 2007 Respuesta. Arqueologia Mexicana XIV(84):8.Google Scholar
Ceballos, Ponciano, Ortíz, del Carmen Rodríguez Martínez, María, and Delgado Calderón, Alfredo 1997 Las Investigaciones arqueológicas en el Cerro Sagrado Manatí. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz.Google Scholar
Parsons, Mary Hrones 1972 Spindle Whorls from the Teotihuacán Valley, Mexico. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Parsons, Jeffrey R., and Parsons, Mary H. 1990 Maguey Utilization in Highland Central Mexico. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Pendergast, David M. 1979 Excavations at Altun Ha, Belize, 1964–1970, vol. 1. Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto.Google Scholar
Pennington, Campbell W. 1969 The Tepehuan of Chihuahua: Their Material Culture. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Pohl, John M. D. 1994 Weaving and Gift Exchange in the Mixtec Codices. In Cloth and Curing: Continuity and Change in Oaxaca, edited by Johnson, Grace and Sharon, Douglas, pp. 3–13. San Diego Museum of Man, San Diego.Google Scholar
Pohorilenko, Anatole 1981 The Olmec Style and Costa Rican Archaeology. In The Olmec and Their Neighbors: Essays in Honor of Matthew W. Stirling, edited by Benson, Elizabeth P., pp. 309–327. Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Pohorilenko, Anatole 1990 The Structure and Periodization of the Olmec Representational System. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Tulane University, New Orleans.Google Scholar
Pohorilenko, Anatole 2007 The Dual Nature of Olmec Spoons. Codex 14(3):17–31.Google Scholar
Pool, Christopher A. 2000 From Olmec to Epi-Olmec at Tres Zapotes, Veracruz, Mexico. In Olmec Art and Archaeology in Mesoamerica, edited by Clark, John E. and Pye, Mary E., pp. 136–153. Trustees of the National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Prechtel, Martin, and Carlsen, Robert S. 1988 Weaving and Cosmos amongst the Tzutujil Maya of Guatemala. Res 15(Spring):122–132.Google Scholar
Price, Niko 2002 Centuries-Old Mystery of Olmec Jade Solved in Central Guatemala. News-Leader (Springfield, MO), June 5, A2.Google Scholar
Princeton University Art Museum 1995 The Olmec World: Ritual and Rulership. Art Museum, Princeton, NJ.Google Scholar
Proskouriakoff, Tatiana 1974 Jades from the Cenote of Sacrifice, Chichen Itza, Yucatan. Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Vol. 10, No. 1. Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Reents-Budet, Dorie 1994 Painting the Maya Universe: Royal Ceramics of the Classic period. Duke University Press, Durham, NC.Google Scholar
Robicsek, Francis 1975 A Study in Maya Art and History: The Mat Symbol. Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, New York.Google Scholar
Martínez, Rodríguez, del Carmen, María, and Ceballos, Ponciano Ortíz 1994 El Manatí: Un espacio sagrado olmeca. Insituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Xalapa, Veracruz.Google Scholar
Martínez, Rodríguez, del Carmen, María, Ortíz Ceballos, Ponciano, Coe, Michael D., Diehl, Richard A., Houston, Stephen D., Taube, Karl A., and Delgado Calderón, Alfredo 2006 Oldest Writing in the New World. Science 313:1610–1614.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martínez, Rodríguez, del Carmen, María, Ortíz Ceballos, Ponciano, Coe, Michael D., Diehl, Richard A., Houston, Stephen D., Taube, Karl A., and Delgado Calderón, Alfredo 2007 Response. Science 315(5817):1365–66.Google Scholar
Sahagún, Fray Bernardino de 1950–1982 Florentine Codex: General History of the Things of New Spain, edited by Dibble, Charles E. and Anderson, Arthur J.O., Volumes 1–13. School of American Research and University of Utah, Santa Fe, NM.Google Scholar
Sayer, Chloe 1988 Mexican Textile Techniques. Shire Publications, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Bucks, UK.Google Scholar
Schaefer, Stacy B. 1990 Becoming a Weaver: The Woman's Path in Huichol Culture. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Schele, Linda, and Ellen Miller, Mary 1986 The Blood of Kings: Dynasty and Ritual in Maya Art. Kimbell Art Museum, Forth Worth, TX.Google Scholar
Schevill, Margo Blum, Berlo, Janet C., and Dwyer, Edward B. 1991 Textile Traditions of Mesoamerica and the Andes: An Anthology. Garland, New York.Google Scholar
Schmidt, Peter J., de la Garza, Mercedes, and Nalda, Enrique (editors) 1998 Maya. Rizzoli, New York.Google Scholar
Shook, Edwin M., and Heizer, Robert F. 1976 An Olmec Sculpture from the South (Pacific) Coast of Guatemala. Journal of New World Archaeology 1(3):1–8.Google Scholar
Smith, A. Ledyard 1982 Major Architecture and Caches. In Excavations at Seibal, Department of Peten, Guatemala, edited by Willey, Gordon R., pp. 1–263. Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Vol. 15, No. 1.Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Solís, Felipe, and Leyenaar, Ted 2002 Art Treasures of Ancient Mexico: Journey to the Land of the Gods. Waanders Uitgevers, Nieuwe Kerk, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Stark, Barbara L. 2001 Gulf Lowlands: South Central Region. In Archaeology of Ancient Mexico and Central America: An Encyclopedia, edited by Toby Evans, Susan and Webster, David L., pp. 334–340. Garland, New York.Google Scholar
Stark, Barbara L., Heller, Lynette, and Ohnersorgen, Michael A. 1998 People with Cloth: Mesoamerican Economic Change from the Perspective of Cotton in South-Central Veracruz. Latin American Antiquity 9(1):7–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stirling, Matthew W. 1941 Expedition Unearths Buried Masterpieces of Carved Jade. National Geographic 80(3):277–302.Google Scholar
Stirling, Matthew W. 1943 Stone Monuments of Southern Mexico. Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 138. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Stirling, Matthew W., and Stirling, Marion 1942 Finding Jewels of Jade in a Mexican Swamp. National Geographic 82:635–658.Google Scholar
Stout, Carol 1976 Weavers of the Jade Needle: Textiles of Highland Guatemala. Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Stuart, David 1996 Kinds of Stone: A Consideration of Stelae in Maya Ritual and Representation. Res 29–30:149–171.Google Scholar
Sullivan, Thelma D. 1982 Tlazolteotl-Ixcuina: The Great Spinner and Weaver. In The Art and Iconography of Late Postclassic Central Mexico, edited by Boone, Elizabeth Hill. Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Taube, Karl A. 2004 Olmec Art at Dumbarton Oaks. Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Thompson, J.Eric, S. 1939 The Moon Goddess in Middle America. Contributions to American Anthropology and History 5(29):121–173.Google Scholar
Thomson, Charlotte W. 1987 Chalcatzingo Jade and Fine Stone Objects. In Ancient Chalcatzingo, edited by Grove, David C., pp. 295–304. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Vaillant, George C. 1930 Excavations at Zacatenco. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History Vol. 32, No. 1. American Museum of Natural History, New York.Google Scholar
Vaillant, George C. 1939 An Early Occurrence of Cotton in Mexico. American Anthropologist, new series 41(1):170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weiant, Clarence W. 1943 An Introduction to the Ceramics of Tres Zapotes, Veracruz, Mexico. Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 139. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Wicke, Charles R. 1971 Olmec: An Early Art Style of Precolumbian Mexico. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Wilkerson, S.Jeffrey, K. 1981 The Northern Olmec and Pre-Olmec Frontier on the Gulf Coast. In The Olmec and Their Neighbors: Essays in Honor of Matthew W. Stirling, edited by Benson, Elizabeth P., pp. 181–194. Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Wilkerson, S.Jeffrey, K. 2001 Gulf Lowlands: North Central Region. In Archaeology of Ancient Mexico and Central America: An Encyclopedia, edited by Toby Evans, Susan and Webster, David L., pp. 324–329. Garland, New York.Google Scholar
Willey, Gordon R. 1972 The Artifacts of Altar de Sacrificios. Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, vol. 64, no. 1. Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Willey, Gordon R. 1978 Excavations at Seibal: Number 1, Artifacts. Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, vol. 14, no. 1. Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Woodbury, Richard B., and Trik, Aubrey S. 1953 The Ruins of Zaculeu, Guatemala. United Fruit Company, New York.Google Scholar