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The Overland Route across Anatolia in the Eighth and Seventh Centuries B.C.

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 December 2013

J. M. Birmingham
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Extract

An overland route by which oriental merchandise and ideas were transmitted to the Ionian Greeks via the Anatolian plateau and the river valley routes of the west was long ago posited by Hogarth, and supported by Karo, Barnett and others, although there was little evidence from central Anatolia to confirm it. More recently this route was virtually discounted in favour of a sea route from N. Syria, especially Carchemish, through the port of Al Mina, to Greece and Etruria, via Cyprus, Rhodes and Crete, discussed by Sidney Smith, Humphrey Payne, Mrs. Maxwell-Hyslop and others, which is assumed to have been at its height in the earlier eighth century; and Barnett has also shown the importance of a third route, from Azerbaijan to Trebizond and west via the Black Sea, for which the main evidence, a tomb group from the Caucasus, is probably later seventh century.

It is clear that the second of these three routes carried the bulk of Oriental trade to Greece and the west. Undoubtedly the most important Orientalizing influences on Greece, as shown by Payne, were those from the Cypro-Levantine cultural province, and there is ample evidence of the exchange of pottery, terracottas and ornamental bronzes of Cypriot and Phoenician production between the Syrian coast, Cyprus, Rhodes, Samos, Miletus, Chios, Delos and the west.

Type
Research Article
Information
Anatolian Studies , Volume 11 , December 1961 , pp. 185 - 195
Copyright
Copyright © The British Institute at Ankara 1961

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References

page 185 note 1 Hogarth, D. G., Ionia and the East (Oxford, 1909)Google Scholar. Karo, G., Mitteilungen des deutschen archäologischen Instituts, XLV (1920), 144–5Google Scholar. Barnett, R. D., JHS. LXVIII (1948), 1–25CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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page 185 note 3 Barnett, R. D. in The Aegaean and the Near East (New York, 1956), 226 fGoogle Scholar.

page 185 note 4 cf. my forthcoming article, “Cyprus and the Levant in the eighth-seventh centuries B.C.”

page 186 note 1 Akurgal, E., Phrygische Kunst (Ankara, 1955), Pl. CGoogle Scholar; AJA. LXII (1958), 152Google Scholar; G. and Körte, A., Gordion (JdI, Erg. V, Berlin, 1904)Google Scholar, Figs. 61, 75–8. Haspels, E., Phrygie, III (Paris, 1951)Google Scholar, Pl. 41 a, 8. Blinkenberg, C., Fibules Grecques et Orientates (Copenhagen, 1926), XII, 8–9Google Scholar.

page 186 note 2 OIP. XXX, Fig. 205, e585. For knee fibulae, cf. op. cit., Fig. 201, d25, e776, and Stronach, D., Iraq, XXI (1959), 193 f.Google Scholar, Type III.

page 186 note 3 For the Manisa examples, information kindly supplied by the Director of the Manisa museum. Vathy Museum—one whole and unnumbered, another smaller, broken, B838. Blinkenberg, C., Lindos, I (Berlin, 1931)Google Scholar, Pl. 8, 119 a, b; Pl. 9, 120. Waldstein, , The Argive Heraeum (New York, 1902), II, 246, 901–4Google Scholar, Pl. 87. Payne, H., Perachora (Oxford, 1940)Google Scholar, Pl. 73, 30. Hogarth, D. G., Excavations at Ephesus (London, 1908)Google Scholar, Pl. 17, 4. Blinkenberg, , Lindos, IGoogle Scholar, Pl. 9, 121. Furtwängler, A., Olympia, IV, Die Bronzen, Berlin, 1890, Pl. 22, 373–6Google Scholar.

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page 188 note 2 Blinkenberg, , Fibules, XII, 12 and 13Google Scholar. Körte, Gordion, Fig. 68 (Tum. III), Figs. 81–2 (Tum. IV). Fidanliği, Gazi Orman, TT. I, 1933, 14Google Scholar, no. 9. Haspels, , Phrygie, IIIGoogle Scholar, Pl. 41 a, 6.

page 188 note 3 Bittel, K., Güterbock, H. G., Naumann, R., Boğazköy, IGoogle Scholar, Pl. 11, 11–12. Koşay, H., Pazarlı (Ankara, 1941)Google Scholar, Pl. 8. TT. I, 1933, 14Google Scholar, no. 9. Phrygie, III, Pl. 41 a, 2, 4 and 7. Blinkenberg, , Fibules, XII, 14Google Scholar. Alishar, , OIP. XXXGoogle Scholar, Fig. 201, c98, d1574, d1473, c127.

page 189 note 1 Fibula and mould from Bayraklı, Izmir museum. Hogarth, Ephesus, Pl. 5, 11, 19, etc. Vathy museum, 621, 608, 982, 247 and others. Blinkenberg, , Lindos, IGoogle Scholar, Pl. 8, 111–12, 116. Delos museum, 1013e Payne, Perachora, Pl. 73, 22–32. Waldstein, , Argive Heraeum, IIGoogle Scholar, Pl. 87. Furtwängler, , Olympia, IVGoogle Scholar, Pl. 22, 371.

page 190 note 1 Körte, Gordion, Fig. 53 AJA. LXI, 1957, 328–9Google Scholar, Pl. 95, Fig. 33; Pl. 93, Fig. 30 AJA. LXII (1958)Google Scholar, Pl. 25, Fig. 21. Ankara museum examples to be published by Raci Temizer shortly. Cf. also Belleten, XI (1947)Google Scholar, Pl. 21, Fig. 43. Alishar, , OIP. XXXGoogle Scholar, Fig. 100, d1192.

page 190 note 2 Akurgal, Phrygische Kunst, Pl. 60a. Hogarth, Ephesus, Pl. 22, 1c. Blinkenberg, , Lindos, IGoogle Scholar, Pl. 30, 718–9, 722, and handles 724, 726–7. Waldstein, , Argive Heraeum, IIGoogle Scholar, Pl. 121–2. Perdrizet, P., Fouilles de Delphes (Paris, 1908), V, 78Google Scholar, Fig. 270. Payne, Perachora, Pl. 65. Furtwängler, , Olympia, IVGoogle Scholar, Pls. 50 and 134, 842–4.

page 190 note 3 AJA. LXI (1957), 328Google Scholar, Pl. 93, Fig. 31; LXII, 150. TT. I, 1933, 12Google Scholar, no. 5. Akurgal, Phrygische Kunst, Pl. 58a (right).

page 190 note 4 Hogarth, Ephesus, Pl. 15, 13. Blinkenberg, , Lindos, IGoogle Scholar Pl. 31, 749. Payne, Perachora, Pl. 55, 4–7. Furtwängler, , Olympia, IVGoogle Scholar, Pl. 52, 879.

page 190 note 5 Amandry, P., “Chaudrons à protomes de taureau en Orient et en Grèce,” in The Aegaean and the Near East, 239 fGoogle Scholar. Hanfmann, G., “Four Urartian bulls' heads,” AS. VI (1956), 205 fGoogle Scholar. Barnett, R. D. and Gökçe, N., “Urartian bronzes from Erzincan,” AS. III (1953), 121 fGoogle Scholar. Kunze, E., Kretische Bronzereliefs (Stuttgart, 1931)Google Scholar, and in Reinecke Festschrift (Mainz, 1950), 96 ffGoogle Scholar. P. Amandry, op. cit., 244, n. 14–15. Jantzen, U., Griechische Greifenkessel, Berlin, 1955Google Scholar. Goldman, B., “The development of the lion-griffin,” AJA. LXIV (1960), 319 fCrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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page 191 note 1 Amandry, op. cit., 249 (list). Vathy museum nos. B184, 303, 161, 348, 51. Lindos, Istanbul museum, 3544. Idalion, , The Swedish Cyprus Expedition (Stockholm, 1934), IIGoogle Scholar, Pl. 179, 290.

page 191 note 2 cf. Birmingham, J. M., “The archaeology of Cyprus from 1200–600 B.C. with special reference to foreign connections,” 362 f. (University of London, M.A. thesis)Google Scholar. Catling, H., Myrtou-Pigadhes (Oxford, 1957), 86 fGoogle Scholar.

page 191 note 3 AJA. LXII (1958)Google Scholar, facing p. 139, 152. P. Botta, Monument de Ninive, Pls. 16 and 76.

page 192 note 1 For the spouted jug, cf. Iraq, XVIII (1956)Google Scholar, Pl. 34, 4. Hopkins, Clark, “Oriental evidence for earlier Etruscan chronology,” Berytus, XI (1955), 75 fGoogle Scholar.

page 192 note 2 Bayraklı, , BSA. LIII–LIV (1958–1959), 1 fGoogle Scholar. Emporio Preliminary Report, JHS. LXXVI (1956), 35 fGoogle Scholar.

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page 193 note 1 Iraq, XII (1950), 39Google Scholar; XIV (1952), 134.

page 193 note 2 Information kindly supplied by Mellaart, J. and French, D., cf. AS. X (1960), 90Google Scholar. Aetos in the Hermus valley and Dinar on the Maeander are both sites with Iron Age occupation, cf. Mellaart's 1951 survey of Anatolia, S.W., Belleten, XIX (1955), 115 fGoogle Scholar., and French recently found a site in the Sardis plain with seventh century pottery. In general mounds of all periods are rare in the river valleys.

page 193 note 3 Burney, C. A., AS. VIII (1958), 157 fGoogle Scholar.

page 193 note 4 König, F. W., Handbuch der Chaldische Insckriften (Graz, 1955–1957), I, 25, p. 64Google Scholar, III–IV. Palu inscr., I, 25, p. 63, Pağin, II, 73. Argistis I, König, op. cit., II, 80, pp. 88–9, para. 3, II, VI, VII. Sarduris III, König, op. cit., II, 102, p. 116, I, V–VIII. Rusas I, König, op. cit., II, 103, pp. 123–4, Para. 9, I, III–V. Izolı inscr., II, 104, p. 130.

page 194 note 1 Yazılıtaş inscr., König, op. cit., I, 23, p. 61 f. Hasankale inscr., König, op. cit., I, 44, p. 72. Argistis Annals, König, op. cit., II, 80, p. 87 f.

page 194 note 2 Saggs, H. W., Iraq, XX (1958), 182CrossRefGoogle Scholar, XXXIX, and 202 f. Tadmor, H., JCS. XII (1958), 94 fGoogle Scholar. Luckenbill, D. D., Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia (Chicago, 1927), II, 7, 27, 42–3Google Scholar.

page 194 note 3 For eighth century Greek settlements, cf. Cook, J., BSA. LIII–LIV (1958–1959), 1 f.Google Scholar; d'A. Desborough, V. R., Protogeometric Pottery (Oxford, 1952)Google Scholar; and N. Coldstream's forthcoming volume on Greek Geometric pottery.

page 195 note 1 I am much indebted to Mrs. K. R. Maxwell-Hyslop and Dr. Barnett for information and discussion on many of the points raised in this paper. I should like to thank Mr. Charles Burney for assistance on Urartian problems, and above all Mr. James Mellaart for innumerable discussions, and information on all aspects of Anatolian archaeology most generously given. I should also like to acknowledge the services of Mr. Bernard Conway of the Geological Survey and Museum and Mr. Richard Lewis of the I.C.T. in drawing respectively the map and the metal objects.