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Metallurgical and Archaeological Examination of Phrygian Objects1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 December 2013

Ertuǧrul Atasoy  and
Sevim Buluç
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Extract

In 1968–69, three Phrygian tumuli in the vicinity of Ankara were excavated under the auspices of the Middle East Technical University and under the general supervision of Professor Ekrem Akurgal. The evidence from these tombs was initially examined from a purely archaeological standpoint. Recently, however, some of the metal findings were subjected to study through the application of physical and chemical analyses. The results have led to a re-examination of original conclusions drawn from the archaeological evidence.

In this paper, we present some of the results which have been obtained through these metallurgical analyses. But first, we would like to provide some general background information about the artifacts and about the locations at which they were found.

During the eighth and seventh centuries B.C. Ankara appears to have been the second most important Phrygian city after Gordion. Explorations in Ankara have revealed approximately twenty tumuli, dating from the eighth century to the middle of the sixth century B.C.

Type
Research Article
Information
Anatolian Studies , Volume 32 , December 1982 , pp. 157 - 160
Copyright
Copyright © The British Institute at Ankara 1982

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References

2 Buluç, S., Ankara Frig Nekropolünden üç Tümülüs Buluntuları, Ankara (dissertation, 1979)Google Scholar.

3 T. Makridy, Ankara Höyüklerindeki Hafriyata Dair Rapor, Maarif Vek. Mecmuası no. 6 (1926), 38–45; Koşay, H. Z., “Ankara Gazi Orman Fidanlıginda bulunan Eserler”, TTAED. I (1933), 5–20Google Scholar; Özgüç, T., “Anadolu'da Arkeoloji Arastırmaları” Belleten X/40 (1946), 585Google Scholar, Özgüç, T., Akok, M., “Anıt-Kabir Alanında Yapılan Tümülüs Kazıları” Belleten XI/41 (1947), 27–56Google Scholar.

4 S. Buluç., op. cit., 17, pl. 1.

5 S. Buluç, op. cit., 132–5.

6 For Mykonos bowls see Barnett, R. D., “The Nimrud Bowls in the British Museum” Rivista di Studi Fenici, II (1974), 20, pls. V, VIGoogle Scholar. For Olympia Bowls see Furtwangler, A., Olympia IV (1890), 141Google Scholar, no. 883, pl. 52; Kunze, E., “Ausgrabungen in Olympia, 1963/4”, Deltion 19 (1964), 168Google Scholar, pl. 172; Culican, W. “Coupes à decor phénicien provenants d'Iran”, Syria 47 (1970), 70CrossRefGoogle Scholar, fig. 2. For Iranian bowls see W. Culican, op. cit., pl. VIII, 2 and fig. 5; Porada, E. “Facets of Iranian Art”, Archaeology 17 (1964), 203Google Scholar; R. D. Barnett, op. cit., 20, n. 80.

7 R. D. Barnett, op. cit., Pl. III, p. 20 n. 80.

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10 Mallowan, M. E., Nimrud and Its Remains (1966), 428–9, Fig. 357Google Scholar. Taşyürek, O. A., “Adana ve Gaziantep Müzelerindeki Urartu Heykelcik ve Madeni Kapları”, T A D. 23.2 (1976), 113Google Scholar, Fig. 6.

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14 Samples for testing were taken from the body and the intersection of mouldings and the body of fibulae.

15 Young, R., “The Phrygian Contribution”, Xth Int. Cong. Class. Arch. (1978), 20Google Scholar.

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17 Knudsen, A., A study of the Relation between Phrygian Metalwork, University of Pennsylvania (Ph.D. thesis, 1961), 81–4Google Scholar; O. W. Muscarella, op. cit., 50.

18 Young, R., “The Gordion Campaign of 1957”, AJA 62 (1958), p. 151CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Young, R., “Bronzes from Gordion's Royal Tomb”, Archaeology, 11 (1958), 228Google Scholar. A. Knudsen, op. cit., 45, 60.

19 The results of this analysis will be published in a book entitled Gordion Tombs by the Pennsylvania Museum. For this information we are grateful to Dr. Ellen Kohler of Pennsylvania Museum.