Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gvvz8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T07:55:45.918Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Further considerations on the cult of Kybele

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 December 2013

Maya Vassileva
Maya Vassileva
Affiliation:
Institute of Thracology, Sofia
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Modern scholarship has produced a large volume of literature on the Phrygian goddess Kybele. The image of the Great Mother-Goddess, both on European and on Anatolian soil, has long attracted scholarly attention. Besides works that have become classics (Graillot 1912; Vermaseren 1977), I will list just a few more recent studies (Naumann 1983; Borgeaud 1996; Işık 1999; Roller 1999). The representations of Kybele are gathered in the eight volume Corpus by M J Vermaseren (most valuable for the present study being volumes 1 and 2: Vermaseren 1982; 1987). Numerous articles are devoted to different aspects of Kybele's figure and cult. All contributions to the subject must take into consideration the recent exhaustive study on the Mother cult in Phrygia, Greece and Rome by L E Roller (1999). The present paper aims at offering another point of view on some disputable questions and at introducing new comparative material.

Type
Research Article
Information
Anatolian Studies , Volume 51 , December 2001 , pp. 51 - 64
Copyright
Copyright © The British Institute at Ankara 2001

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Akkaya, M 1992: ‘Objets phrygiens en bronze du tumulus de Kaynarca’ in Le Guen-Pollet, BPelon, O (eds), La Cappadoce méridionale jusqu’ à la fin de l'époque romaine: état des recherches. Actes du Collogue d'Istanbul 1987. Paris: 25–7Google Scholar
Bader, F 1990: ‘Autobiographic et héritage dans la langue des dieux: d'Homère a Hésiode et Pindar’ Revue des études grecques 103: 383–408CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bammer, A, Muss, U 1996: Das Artemision von Ephesos. Das Welwunder Ioniens in archaischer und klassischer Zeit Mainz am RheinGoogle Scholar
Bergk, M 1880: Poetae elegiaci et iambographi. LipsiaeGoogle Scholar
Berndt-Ersöz, S 1998: ‘Phrygian rock-cut facades: a study of the function of the so-called shaft monuments’ Anatolian Studies 48: 87–112Google Scholar
Boardman, J 1959: ‘Chian and early Ionic architecture’ Antiquaries Journal 39: 170–218CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boardman, J 1961/1962: ‘Ionian bronze belts’ Anatolia 6: 179–89Google Scholar
Boardman, J 1967: Excavations in Chios 1952–1955. Greek Emporio. LondonGoogle Scholar
Borgeaud, P 1979: Recherches sur le dieu Pan. GenevaGoogle Scholar
Borgeaud, P 1996: La Mère des dieux. De Cybèle a la Vierge Marie. SeuilGoogle Scholar
Brixhe, C 1979: ‘Le nom de Cybèle. L'antiquité avaitelle raison?’ Die Sprache 25.1: 40–5Google Scholar
Brixhe, C, Lejeune, M 1984: Corpus des inscriptions paléo-phrygiennes. T.I-II. ParisGoogle Scholar
Brouwer, H H J 1989: Bona Dea. The Sources and a Description of a Cult. Leiden, New York, Copenhagen, CologneCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buluç, S 1988: ‘The architectural use of the animal and Kybele reliefs found in Ankara and its vicinity’ Source 7.3/4: 16–23Google Scholar
Carpenter, T H 1997: Dionysian Imagery in Fifth-Century Athens. OxfordCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cole, S G 1984: Theoi Megaloi. The Cult of the Great Gods at Samothrace. LeidenCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collart, P, Ducrey, P 1975: ‘Philippes I. Les reliefs rupestres’ Bulletin de correspondance hellénique, Supplement 2: 1–267Google Scholar
Cooper, J M (ed) 1997: Plato. Complete Works. IlinoisGoogle Scholar
Corsten, T 1987: Die Inschriften von Apameia (Bithynien) und Pylai (Inschriften griechischer Städte aus Kleinasien 32). BonnGoogle Scholar
Cox, C W M, Cameron, A 1937: Monumentae Asiae Minoris Antiquae V. Monuments from Dorylaeum and Nacolea. ManchesterGoogle Scholar
Delev, P 1984: ‘Megalithic Thracian tombs in south-eastern Bulgaria’ Anatolica 11: 17–45Google Scholar
DeVries, K 1988: ‘Gordion and Phrygia in the sixth century BC’ Source 7.3/4: 51–9Google Scholar
Diels, H 1951: Fragmente der Vorsokratiker. BerlinGoogle Scholar
Drachmann, A B 1997: Scholia vetera in Pindari Carmina (vol 2). LipsiaeGoogle Scholar
Drews, R 1993: ‘Myths of Midas and the Phrygian migration from Europe’ Klio 75: 9–26Google Scholar
Fleischer, R 1973: Artemis von Ephesos und verwandte Kultstatuen aus Anatolien und Syrien. LeidenGoogle Scholar
Fol, A (ed) 1976: Trakiiski pametnitsi I. Megalitite v Trakia. 1. SofiaGoogle Scholar
Fol, A (ed) 1982: Trakiiski pametnitsi 3. Megalitite v Trakia. 2. SofiaGoogle Scholar
Fol, A 1988: ‘Thracian Orphism’ Bulgarian Historical Review 3: 57–71Google Scholar
Fol, A 1994: Trakiiskiat Dionis. Kniga vtora: Sabazii SofiaGoogle Scholar
Fol, V 1993: Skalata konyat i ogunyat: ranna traküska obrednost. SofiaGoogle Scholar
Fol, V 1998: ‘Megaliths in Thrace and Phrygia’ in Tuna, N, Akture, Z, Lynch, M (eds), Thracians and Phrygians: Problems of Parallelism. Proceedings of an International Symposium on the Archaeology, History and Ancient Languages of Thrace and Phrygia. Ankara, 3–4 June 1995. Ankara: 19–27Google Scholar
Fol, V 2000: Megalitni i skalno-izsecheni pametnitsi v drevna Trakia. SofiaGoogle Scholar
Francovich, G de 1990: Santuari e tombe rupestri dell'antica Frigia. E un'indagine sulle tombe della Licia. RomeGoogle Scholar
Gasparro, G S 1978: ‘Connotazioni metroache di Demetra nel coro dell'“Elena” (vv. 1301–1365)’ in de Boer, M B, Edridge, T A (eds), Hommages a Maarten J Vermaseren (vol 3). Leiden: 1148–87Google Scholar
Gasparro, G S 1985: Soteriology and Mystic Aspects in the Cult of Cybele and Attis. LeidenGoogle Scholar
Graf, F 1985: Nordionische Kulte. Religionsgeschichtliche und epigraphische Untersuchungen zu den Kulten von Chios, Erythrai, Klazomenai und Phokaia (Bibliotheca Helvetica Romana 21). VeveyGoogle Scholar
Graillot, H 1912: Culte de Cybele Mère des Dieux a Rome et dans l'Empire Romain. ParisGoogle Scholar
Guarducci, M di 1970: ‘Cibele in un'epigrafe arcaica di Locri Epizefiri’ Klio 52: 133–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haldane, J A 1968: ‘Pindar and Pan: frs 95–100 Snell’ Phoenix 22: 18–31CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haspels, C E H 1971: The Highlands of Phrygia. Sites and Monuments (vol 1–2). PrincetonGoogle Scholar
Henrichs, A 1976: ‘Despoina Kybele: ein Beitrag zur religiosen Namenkunde’ Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 80: 253–86CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henrickson, R C 1994: ‘Continuity and discontinuity in the ceramic tradition of Gordion during the Iron Age’ in Çilingiroğlu, A, French, D H (eds) Anatolian Iron Ages 3. Ankara: 95–129Google Scholar
Huxley, G L 1959: ‘Titles of Midas’ Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies 2.2: 85–99Google Scholar
Işik, F 1995: Die offenen Felsheiligtümer Urartus und ihre Beziehungen zu denen der Hethiter und Phryger (Documenta Asiana 2). RomeGoogle Scholar
Işik, F 1999: Doğa Ana Kubaba. Tanriçalarm Ege'de buluşmasi. IstanbulGoogle Scholar
Jacoby, F 1929: Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker (2B1). BerlinGoogle Scholar
Jacoby, F 1954: Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker (3A). Leiden.Google Scholar
Jacoby, F 1957: Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker (1A). Leiden.Google Scholar
Jacoby, F 1958: Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker (3C). LeidenGoogle Scholar
Kohler, E 1981: ‘Belts’ in Young, R S, Three Great Early Tumuli. The Gordion Excavations Final Reports (vol 1). Pennsylvania: 236–9Google Scholar
Kohler, E 1995: The Lesser Phrygian Tumuli. Part 1. The Inhumations. The Gordion Excavations, 1950–1973 Final Reports (vol 2). PennsylvaniaGoogle Scholar
Körte, G, Körte, A 1904: Gordion. Ergebnisse der Ausgrabung im Jahre 1900. BerlinGoogle Scholar
Lehnus, L 1973: ‘Nota al fr 80 di Pindaro’ Zeitschrift fur Papyrologie und Epigraphik 10.3: 275–7Google Scholar
Lehnus, L 1979: L'inno a Pan di Pindaro. MilanGoogle Scholar
Liddle, H G, Scott, R 1996: A Greek-English Lexicon. OxfordGoogle Scholar
Masson, O 1962: Les fragments du poete Hipponax. Édition critique et commenteé. ParisGoogle Scholar
Mellink, M J 1981: ‘Conclusions’ in Young, R S, Three Great Early Tumuli. The Gordion Excavations Final Reports (vol 1). Pennsylvania: 263–72Google Scholar
Mellink, M J 1981a: ‘Temples and high places in Phrygia’ in Biran, A (ed), Temples and High Places in Biblical Times. Jerusalem: 96–104Google Scholar
Moreux, B 1970: ‘Dèmèter et Dionysos dans la Septième Isthmique de Pindare’ Revue des études grecques 83: 1–14CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muscarella, O W 1989: ‘King Midas of Phrygia and the Greeks’ in Emre, K, Mellink, MHrouda, BÖzgüç, N (eds), Anatolia and the Ancient Near East. Studies in Honor ofTahsin Özgiic. Ankara: 333–44Google Scholar
Muscarella, O W 1999: ‘Parasols in the ancient Near East’ Source 18.2: 1–7Google Scholar
Mylonas, G E 1974: Eleusis and the Eleusinian Mysteries. PrincetonGoogle Scholar
Naydenova, V 1990: ‘The rock shrines in Thrace’ Acta Associationis Internationalis Terra Antiqua Balcanica 5: 85–100Google Scholar
Naumann, F 1983: Die Ikonographie der Kybele in der phrygischen und der griechischen Kunst. TübingenGoogle Scholar
Özgen, I 1988: Antalya Museum. AnkaraGoogle Scholar
Özgen, I, Öztürk, J 1996: The Lydian Treasure. Heritage Recovered. AnkaraGoogle Scholar
Özgüc, T, Akok, M 1947: ‘Die Ausgrabungen an zwei Tumuli auf dem Mausoleumshügel bei Ankara’ Belleten 41: 57–85Google Scholar
Özkaya, V 1997: ‘The shaft monuments and the taurobolium among the Phrygians’ Anatolian Studies 47: 89–103Google Scholar
Page, D L 1962: Poetae Melici Graeci. OxfordGoogle Scholar
Parzinger, H, Sanz, R 1986: ‘Zum östmediterranen Ursprung einer Gürtelhakenform der Iberishen Halbinsel’ Madrider Mitteilungen 27: 169–94Google Scholar
Pehlivaner, M 1996: Antalya Museum Guide. AnkaraGoogle Scholar
Ramsay, W M 1882: ‘Studies in Asia Minor 1–3. Part 1. The rock necropoleis of Phrygia’ Journal of Hellenic Studies 3: 1–32Google Scholar
Robertson, N 1996: ‘The ancient Mother of the Gods. A Missing Chapter in the History of Greek Religion’ in Lane, E N (ed), Kybele, Attis and Related Cults: Essays in Memory of Vermaseren. Leiden: 239–304Google Scholar
Roller, L E 1988: ‘Phrygian myth and cult’ Source 7.3/4: 43–50Google Scholar
Roller, L E 1999: In Search of God the Mother. The Cult of Anatolian Cybele. Berkeley, Los Angeles, LondonGoogle Scholar
Rose, V 1886: Aristotelis qui ferebantur librorum fragmenta. LipsiaeGoogle Scholar
Rzach, A 1902: Hesiodi Carmina. LipsiaeGoogle Scholar
Sams, G K 1994: The Early Phrygian Pottery. The Gordion Excavations, 1950–1973: Final Reports (vol 4). PennsylvaniaGoogle Scholar
Sams, G K 1995: ‘Midas of Gordion and the Anatolian kingdom of Phrygia’ in Sasson, J M (ed), Ancient Civilizations of the Near East. 2. London: 1147–59Google Scholar
Schachter, A 1986: Cults of Boiotia. 2. Herakles to Poseidon. LondonGoogle Scholar
Seaford, R 1981: ‘Dionysiac drama and the Dionysiac Mysteries’ Classical Quarterly 31.2: 252–75Google Scholar
Seaford, R 1982: Cyclops of Euripides. BristolGoogle Scholar
Seaford, R 1996: Euripides Bacchae. WarminsterGoogle Scholar
Simpson, E 1988: ‘The Phrygian artistic intellect’ Source 7.3/4: 24–42Google Scholar
Simpson, E 1990: ‘“Midas' bed” and a royal Phrygian funeral‘ Journal of Field Archaeology 17.1: 69–87Google Scholar
Simpson, E 1998: ‘Symbols on the Gordion screens’ in Erkanal, H, Donbaz, V, Uğuroğlu, A (eds), 34 International Assyriology Congress, 6–10.7.1987 Istanbul. Ankara: 629–39Google Scholar
Simpson, E, Spirydowicz, K 1999: Gordion Wooden Furniture. AnkaraGoogle Scholar
Triandaphillos, D 1983: ‘Les monuments mégalithiques en Thrace Occidentale’ Pulpudeva 4: 145–63Google Scholar
Triandaphillos, D 1992: ‘La civilisation mégalithique de la Thrace du Sud’ in Dragàn, C, Fol, A, Mastrelli, C A (eds), 6 Symposium Internazionale di Tracologia. Firenze 11–13 maggio 1989. Rome, Milan: 141–55Google Scholar
Turcan, R 1992: ‘L'élaboration des mystères dionysiaques a l'époque hellenistique et romaine: de l'orgiasme a l'initiation’ in Moreau, A M (ed), L'initiation. Actes du colloque international de Montpellier 11–14 avril 1991. T. 1. Les rites d'adolescence et les mysteres. Montpellier: 215–33Google Scholar
van der Weiden, M J H 1991: The Dithyrambs of Pindar. Introduction, Text and Commentary. AmsterdamGoogle Scholar
Vassileva, M 1995: ‘PAREDROI or once again on the Phrygian rock thrones’ in Jordanov, K, Popov, D, Porozhanov, K (eds), Thracia 11. Studia in Honorem Alexandri Fol. Serdicae: 265–76Google Scholar
Vassileva, M 1997: ‘King Midas: between the Balkans and Asia Minor’ Dialogues d'histoire ancienne 23/2: 9–20CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vassileva, M 1997a: ‘Thrace and Phrygia. Some problems of the megalithic culture’ in, Actes 2e Symposium International des etudes thraciennes. Thrace ancienne. Vol 1 Epoque archaique, classique, hellenistique, romaine. Komotini 20–27 septembre 1992 (Association Culturelle de Komotini). Komotini: 193–8Google Scholar
Velkov, V 1984: ‘Die Thrakische Stadt Kabyle’ in Peschew, A, Popov, D, Jordanov, K, von Bredow, I (eds), Drifter internationaler Thrakologischer Kongress zu Ehren W. Tomascheks 2–6 Juni 1980 Wien (Bd. 2). Sofia: 213–17Google Scholar
Vermaseren, M J 1977: Cybele and Attis. LondonGoogle Scholar
Vermaseren, M J 1982: Corpus Cultus Cybelae Attidisque. 2. Graecia atque insulae. LeidenGoogle Scholar
Vermaseren, M J 1987: Corpus Cultus Cybelae Attidisque. 1. Asia Minor. LeidenGoogle Scholar
Versnel, H S 1990: Inconsistencies in Greek and Roman Religion 1. Ter Unus. Isis, Dionysos, Hermes. Three Studies in Henotheism. Leiden, New York, Copenhagen, CologneGoogle Scholar
Völlig, T 1998: ‘Ein Phrygische Gürtel aus Olympia’ Achaologische Anzeiger 2: 243–52Google Scholar
West, M L 1990: Studies in Aeschylus. StuttgartCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Young, R S 1966: ‘The Gordion campaign of 1965’ American Journal of Archaeology 70: 267–78Google Scholar
Young, R S 1981: Three Great Early Tumuli. The Gordion Excavations Final Reports (vol 1). PennsylvaniaGoogle Scholar
Zgusta, L 1982: ‘Weiteres zum Namen der Kybele’ Die Sprache 28: 171–2Google Scholar