Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gvvz8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T09:02:39.908Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Northern Anatolia before Classical Times

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 June 2015

C. A. Burney
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

That part of northern Anatolia known in Greek and Roman times as Bithynia and Paphlagonia comprises a number of high ridges running from west to east, through which the rivers break their way in their tortuous courses down to the Black Sea. The region discussed in this article in fact comprises Paphlagonia, the eastern half of Bithynia and part of Phrygia, from the lower Sakarya to the mouth of the Halys; but, since these names do not apply to the Bronze Age, the whole will be termed northern Anatolia. As far south as the crest of the main ridge bounding the Anatolian plateau along its north side the land has a maritime climate quite different from that of either the plateau or the Mediterranean coast: rainfall is abundant, even at times in the summer; deciduous forests cover these north-facing slopes, right to the top. Sinop provides the best natural harbour on this coast. The change to the steppe country of the plateau is abrupt.

Type
Research Article
Information
Anatolian Studies , Volume 6 , December 1956 , pp. 179 - 203
Copyright
Copyright © The British Institute at Ankara 1956

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Özgüç, , Türk Tarih Kongresi (1943), pp. 393–419Google Scholar; and in Belleten IX (1945), pp. 361–400Google Scholar.

2 Lamb, W., Iraq XI, Part 2 (1949), p. 197Google Scholar.

3 T.T.K. (1943), pls. V, 10 and 12Google Scholar; VI, 1 and 3; VII, 4 and 6; IX, 1, 2, 4, 6; X, 10. Belleten IX, pl. LXIII, 8; LXV, 2; LXIX, 5.

4 Belleten IX, pl. LXVII, 4; LXVIII, 1.

5 Koşay, H. and Akok, M., Belleten XII (1948), pp. 479–84Google Scholar, pls. LXXXIX–XCV, C–CI, CIII–CVII.

6 Belleten III (1939)Google Scholar, pls. VI–VIII.

7 Koşay, H. and Akok, M., A.J.A. LI (1947), pp. 152–3Google Scholar, pls. XXXIII–XXXIV.

8 Von der Osten, H., Alışar Hüyük (Seasons of 1930–2), Part I (1937), figs. 83, 84, etc.Google Scholar

9 Iraq XI, Part 2, p. 190Google Scholar.

10 Belleten XII, figs. 19, 20, 29, 40, 43, 47 (pl. XCI et seqq.).

11 e.g. figs. 3 and 34.

12 Mersin levels XIV–XIII: Garstang, J., Prehistoric Mersin (1953), pp. 166 and 199Google Scholar (no. 15, etc.), where comparison is made with grey burnished Uruk ware.

13 Iraq XI, Part 2, pp. 192–5Google Scholar.

14 A.H. II, pp. 89 and 164Google Scholar (ref. in Iraq XI, Part 2, p. 191Google Scholar).

15 Blegen, , Troy, Vol. IGoogle Scholar, pls. 372–374, Vol. II, pls. 62–63, etc. (Type A2).

16 Excavated by Prof. E. Akurgal and Prof. Budde: the former kindly allowed me to look at the Demirci pottery in the University of Ankara.

17 Troy, Vol. I (Plates), Types C25 and C27. Perhaps ibid. (Text), pp. 378, 403.

18 Ibid. (Plates), pl. 414 (10).

19 H. Koşay, in a brief guide, Alaca Hüyük (frontispiece).

20 Belleten XII, pl. C, fig. 37.

21 Bittel, K. and Otto, H., Demirci Hüyük (Berlin, 1939), pp. 28–30Google Scholar.

22 Troy, Vol. I, pls. 233, 235 (29), 242 (19–23), etc.

23 Ibid., Vol. I, pls. 245 (28–29), 389, 390. Vol. II, pls. 170 (11), 244 (23), 247 (36 and 48).

24 Troy, Vol. I, pl. 223b (Type C17).

25 Perhaps of western origin: here it takes the form of a knob. T.T.K. (1943), pl. IX, 1. But cf. E.B. forms, Alışar Hüyük (1930–1932), Part I, fig. 178Google Scholar.

26 Belleten XIV (1950), pl. XLVIII, 22Google Scholar.

27 See Mellart's, J. forthcoming article “Some Prehistoric Sites in N.W. Anatolia” (Istanbuler Forschungen, 1955)Google Scholar.

28 Alışar Hüyük (1930–2), fig. 83 (1 and 2).

29 I am indebted to J. Mellart for this information. Cf. one from Hüyücek, (Belleten XIV, pl. XLVIII, 23Google Scholar).

30 Demirci Hüyük, pl. 10 (2 and 5).

31 Information kindly supplied by Prof. Bittel.

32 Belleten X (1946), pl. LXXVII, 4Google Scholar. But pottery recently collected from this very rich site shows that this fruitstand is almost certainly of Late Bronze Age date, with close parallels at Beycesultan III–I.

33 A.S. IV, p. 189Google Scholar. Mellart also comments on the fact that the Kumtepe pottery, still unpublished, includes fruitstands of Alışsar type.

34 Demirci Hüyük, pp. 28–30.

35 Ibid.

36 See Mellart's, J. forthcoming article (Istanbuler Forschungen, 1955Google Scholar).

37 Troy, Vol. II, pls. 177 (15), 182 (6), 251 (7) (Types A11 and A21).

38 Demirci Hüyük, especially pl. 8 (6, 10, 22) and pl. II (5 and 6).

39 Ibid., pl. 13 (9); pls. 7 (12) and 8 (5); pl. 13 (8); pl. 13 (19) and fig. 3 (p. 15), nos. 5, 6, 12.

40 Lamb, W., Archaeologia Vol. 86, p. 20Google Scholar; Vol. 87, pp. 238 (no. 4), 241 (7A and 8), 243, also pl. LXXXIII, 15.

41 Lloyd, Seton, A.S. I, p. 41Google Scholar (b), no. 10; p. 43, 18; p. 47 (Groups 30–34), nos. 1, 2, II. See pottery chart (fig. 5, p. 33).

42 T.T. (1934), p. 25Google Scholar.

43 Archaeologia Vol. 86, p. 20Google Scholar.

44 A.S.I, Group 29 (pp. 33 and 47, nos. 6–17).

45 T.T.K. (1943), illustrations to article by R. O. Arık, fig. 10. But especially pottery in Ankara Museum.

46 Kansu, S. A., Eti Yokuşu Hafriyatı (1937), p. 67Google Scholar.

47 T.T. (1934), pp. 47 and 54Google Scholar.

48 A.S.I, p. 38 (Group 5), p. 40 (Group 7), p. 47 (Groups 30–34, no. 11).

49 Demirci Hüyük, pls. 13 and 19; fig. 3 (p. 15), nos. 5, 6, 12.

50 Archaeologia Vol. 87, p. 238Google Scholar, no. 4; pl. LXXXIII, 5, 6, 7.

51 Demirci Hüyük, pls. 8 and 13.

52 Archaeologia Vol. 87, p. 239, no. 4Google Scholar.

53 A.S. I, pp. 42–3Google Scholar (Group 22). Demirci Hüyük, pl. II (14) and fig. 3 (4).

54 Its absence from Level IV may be misleading, since little of this stratum could be excavated.

55 T.T. (1934), pp. 47 and 54Google Scholar.

56 Archaeologia Vol. 86, p. 15 (no. 1)Google Scholar.

57 Troy, Vol. I, pl. 414 (41 and 42); Vol. II, pl. 180 (2 and 3).

58 A.S. I, p. 47Google Scholar: Groups 28–9 (2, 4, 5, 16); Groups 30–4 (II).

59 Koşay, H., Ausgrabungen von Alaca Hüyük (1936), pl. LXXI (p. 95Google Scholar).

60 See footnote 23.

61 Archaeologia Vol. 87, pp. 236, 241Google Scholar, etc. Grooved decoration is particularly common.

62 Koşay, H., Les Fouilles d'Alaca Hüyük (1935), pl. CXXI (754, 758)Google Scholar.

63 From a site near Alpu: cf. Troy, Vol. II, pls. 173 (1) and 245 (6); perhaps cf. Archaeologia Vol. 87, p. 242 (7)Google Scholar.

64 Troy, Vol. II, pl. 251 (Type A21).

65 Demirci Hüyük, pp. 28–30.

66 See also Kökten, K., D.T.C.F.D. (1951), pl. XIIGoogle Scholar.

67 Ibid., pls. X and XIIa.

68 Troy, Vol. II, pls. 182 (6), 177 (15), 251 (7) (Types A11 and A21).

69 Demirci Hüyük, passim: also sherds from other sites in this province. Side-spouts are another feature in common (cf. Demirci Hüyük, pls. 6(12) and 7).

70 Ibid., pl. II (7).

71 Ausgrabungen, pl. XCIV.

72 Troy, Vol. II, pl. 180 (27, 28, 30, 32) (Type A33); also pl. 259.

73 Demirci Hüyük, pl. 7 (2).

74 Fouilles, pl. LXXV (205).

75 A.S. I, p. 43Google Scholar, fig. 10 (nos. 3 and 10).

76 Özgüç, T., Belleten XI (1947), pl. CXXVIII, fig. 70Google Scholar.

77 Belleten VIII, pl. XLIX, 4.

78 i.e. across the plains of Adapazarı and Düzçe. Nor do there seem to be any mounds near the Sakarya between Geyve and Osmaneli.

79 Troy, Vol. II, pl. 181 (2) (Type A11).

80 Williams, M. V. Seton, Iraq X, Part 1 (1948), p. 46Google Scholar.

81 Also called the bowl with moulded rim (A.S. I, pp. 36–7Google Scholar, Group 2).

82 Especially at Kara Hüyük and Çerkes Çukurhısar, both near Alpu.

83 Ausgrabungen, pl. XXXVIII; Belleten III, pl. XII; Özgüç, T., Kültepe Kazısı Raporu (1948)Google Scholar: pl. XLVI (209–12) and pls. LXIX and LXX (471, 476, 479, 481–2). Bittel-Naumann, Boğazköy-Hattusa (1952), fig. 31A (39).

84 Troy, Vol. II, pl. 257 (17 and 18); Vol. III (Text), p. 47; Vol. III (Plates), pls. 312 (1), 423 (1), 439 (9). cf. Types A23 and A56.

85 Archaeologia Vol. 86, p. 25Google Scholar (no. 3); Vol. 87, p. 247 (no. 3).

86 e.g. from Çivril (material in the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara). But more especially from Beycesultan, (A.S. V, p. 63, fig. 10)Google Scholar.

87 Prehistoric Mersin, p. 227, fig. 146 (nos. 2, 10, 11).

88 A.S. I, pp. 36–7Google Scholar (Group 2).

89 T. Burton-Brown, Excavations in Azerbaijan 1948, fig. 27.

90 T.T.K. (1943), pl. VIII (1, 7, 11).

91 A sherd from Yassı Hüyük (Çivril) illustrates this well. Also bowls from Beycesultan, (A.S. V, p. 63Google Scholar, fig. 10).

92 Troy, Vol. III, pl. 444 (8): Types A93 and A96. It seems probable that the shapes termed Minyan developed first in western Anatolia.

93 A.S. I, pp. 50–1Google Scholar (Group 39), and p. 59. See also: Troy, Vol. III, pl. 439 (II); D.T.C.F.D. VIII (1950)Google Scholar, pl. VIIIa; Beycesultan level IV (unpublished).

94 Prehistoric Mersin, p. 247, fig. 156 (nos. 10, 13); p. 249, fig. 157 (1, 2, 5, 6, 7).

95 Bittel-Naumann, , Boğazköy-Hattusa, p. 109Google Scholar (nos. 6, 7, 34, etc.). H. Koşay, Ausgrabungen, pl. XLIII, figs. 3 and 4.

96 A conclusion in no wise conflicting with our present knowledge of Second Millennium historical geography.

97 A.S. I, p. 50Google Scholar, fig. 12, no. 12: note comparison with Alışar.

98 Bittel, K., Boğazköy: Die Kleinfunde der Grabungen 1906–12 (Leipzig, 1937)Google Scholar, pl. 31, no. 21.

99 Fouilles, pl. XXIX (75).

100 e.g. at Polatlı, : A.S. I, p. 40Google Scholar (Group 8).