Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-gb8f7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-27T18:27:04.054Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Formation of the Phrygian state: the Early Iron Age at Gordion*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 December 2013

Mary M. Voigt  and
Robert C. Henrickson
Mary M. Voigt
Affiliation:
The College of William and Mary, Virginia
Robert C. Henrickson
Affiliation:
The Smithsonian Institution
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

A brief history of archaeological research at Gordion Piecing together documentary sources from areas to the east and west of Anatolia, historians agree that in the eighth century BC, central Anatolia was dominated by people who spoke an Indo-European language, Phrygian (Mellink 1991: 621; Muscarella 1995: 92 with refs). From historical sources we also know the location of the Phrygians' capital, Gordion: Quintus Curtius (Hist Alex III.1–2) states that the city lay on the Sangarios River ‘equally distant from the Pontic and Cilician Seas’. Using this description, Gustav and Augustus Körte travelled across Turkey more than a century ago looking for the physical remains of Gordion and Phrygia. They eventually focused on a mound lying adjacent to the Sangarios or modern Sakarya. The mound, now called Yassıhöyük, is large relative to others in the region, and lies in the proper geographical setting for ancient Gordion; a series of artificial mounds or tumuli scattered across nearby slopes provides additional evidence of the settlement's importance.

Type
Research Article
Information
Anatolian Studies , Volume 50 , December 2000 , pp. 37 - 54
Copyright
Copyright © The British Institute at Ankara 2000

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Blegen, C W, Boulter, C G, Caskey, J L, Rawson, M 1958: Troy IV: Settlements VIIa, VIIb and VIII. PrincetonGoogle Scholar
Brixhe, C, Lejeune, M 1984: Corpus des inscriptions paléo-phrygiennes (Editions Recherche sur les Civilisations Memoire 45). ParisGoogle Scholar
Ҫilingiroğlu, A 1991: ‘The Early Iron Age at Dilkaya’ in Ҫilingiroğlu, A, French, D H (eds), Anatolian Iron Ages. Oxford: 29–39Google Scholar
Ҫilingiroğlu, A, Derin, Z 1992: ‘Van-Dilkaya Kazısı, 1990’ Kazi Sonuclçan Toplantisi 13(1): 403–22Google Scholar
Costin, C L 1990: ‘Craft specialization: issues in defining, documenting and explaining the organization of production’ in Schiffer, M B (ed), Archaeological Method and Theory 3. Tucson: 1–56Google Scholar
DeVries, K 1990: ‘The Gordion excavation seasons of 1969–1973 and subsequent research’ American Journal of Archaeology 94: 371–406CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DeVries, K 1997: ‘The Assyrian destruction of Gordion?’ Paper delivered at the Annual Meeting of the Archaeological Institute of America. ChicagoGoogle Scholar
Dupré, S 1983: Porsuk I: la céramique de l'age du bronze et de l'age du fer. ParisGoogle Scholar
Duru, R 1979: Keban Projesi Değirmentepe Kazısı/Keban Project Değirmentepe Excavations 1973. AnkaraGoogle Scholar
Fischer, F 1963: Die Hethitische Keramik von Boğazköy. BerlinGoogle Scholar
Garstang, J 1943: ‘Hittite military roads in Asia Minor: a study in imperial strategy’ American Journal of Archaeology 47: 35–62CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldman, A 1997: ‘A new military inscription from Gordion, Turkey’ Anadolu Medenyetleri Müzesi Yilliği 1996 12: 45–58Google Scholar
Gunter, A C 1991: The Bronze Age. PhiladelphiaGoogle Scholar
Güterbock, H G 1980: ‘Seals and sealings in Hittite lands’ in DeVries, K. (ed), From Athens to Gordion. Philadelphia: 51–63Google Scholar
Hawkins, J D, 1991: ‘The Neo-Hittite states in Syria and Anatolia’ The Cambridge Ancient History: 372–441CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hawkins, J DEaston, D F 1996: ‘A hieroglyphic seal from Troia’ Studia Troica 6: 111–18Google Scholar
Henrickson, R C 1993: ‘Politics, economics and ceramic continuity at Gordion in the late second and first millennia BC’ in Kingery, W D (ed), Social and Cultural Contexts of New Ceramic Technologies. Westerville: 89–176Google Scholar
Henrickson, R C 1994: ‘Continuity and discontinuity in the ceramic tradition at Gordion during the Iron Age’ in Ҫilingiroğlu, A, D H French, (eds), Anatolian Iron Ages 3. Ankara: 95–129Google Scholar
Henrickson, R C 1995: ‘Hittite potters and pottery: the view from Late Bronze Age Gordion’ Biblical Archaeology 58(2): 82–90CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henrickson, R C in press: ‘The Phrygian potter's craft at Gordion’ Türk Arkeoloji DergisiGoogle Scholar
Henrickson, R C, Blackman, M J 1996: ‘Large-scale production of pottery at Gordion: a comparison of the Late Bronze and Early Phrygian industries’ Paléorient 22(1): 67–87CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henrickson, R C, Blackman, M J in prep: ‘The Early Iron Age pottery industries at Gordion: a technological and compositional investigation of interrelationships’Google Scholar
Henrickson, R C, Voigt, M M 1998: ‘The Early Iron Age at Gordion: the evidence from the Yassihöyük Stratigraphic Sequence’ in Tuna, N., Aktüre, Z, Lynch, M (eds), Thracians and Phrygians: Problems of Parallelism. Ankara: 79–107Google Scholar
Heurtley, W A 1939: Prehistoric Macedonia. CambridgeGoogle Scholar
Johnston, R 1970: Pottery practices at Gordion, central Anatolia, during the 8th to 6th centuries BC: an analyzing and synthesizing study (unpublished PhD). Pennsylvania State UniversityGoogle Scholar
Köppenhofer, D 1997: ‘Troia VII - Versuch einer Zusammenschau Einschliesslich der Ergebnisse des Jahres 1995’ Studia Troica 7: 295–353Google Scholar
Korfmann, M 1997: ‘Troia 1995 Kazıları' Kazı Sonuçları’ Toplantisı 18(1): 213–30Google Scholar
Körte, G, Körte, A 1904: Gordion: Ergebnisse der Ausgrabung in Jahre 1900 (Jahrbuch des Kaiserlich Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Erganzungsheft 5). BerlinGoogle Scholar
Lemonnier, P 1992: Elements for an Anthropology of Technology. Ann ArborCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marsh, D 1997: ‘Alluvial burial of Gordion’ (in Voigt et al 1997) Anatolica 23: 23–6Google Scholar
Mellink, M J 1991: ‘The native kingdoms of Anatolia’ The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol III, Pt 2: 619–65Google Scholar
Miller, N F in press: ‘Long-term vegetation changes in the Near East’ in Redman, C L, James, S R, Fish, P R, Rogers, J D (eds), Human Impact on the Environment: An Archaeological Perspective. WashingtonGoogle Scholar
Muscarella, O W 1995: ‘The Iron Age background to the formation of the Phrygian state’ Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 299/300: 91–101CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Orthmann, W 1975: Der Alte Orient. BerlinGoogle Scholar
Özdoğan, M 1987: ‘Taṣlicabayir: a Late Bronze Age burial mound in eastern Thrace’ Anatolica 14: 5–39Google Scholar
Peacock, D P S 1982: Pottery in the Roman World: an Ethnoarchaeological Approach. LondonGoogle Scholar
Pilides, D 1994: Handmade Burnished Wares of the Late Bronze Age in Cyprus (Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology CV). JonseredGoogle Scholar
Popham, M 1991: ‘Pylos: reflections on the date of its destruction and on its Iron Age reoccupation’ Oxford Journal of Archaeology 19: 315–24CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roller, L E 1987: ‘Hellenistic epigraphic texts from Gordion’ Anatolian Studies 37: 103–33CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rye, O S 1981: Pottery Technology: Principles and Reconstruction. WashingtonGoogle Scholar
Sams, G K, 1974: ‘Phrygian painted animals: Anatolian orientalizing art’ Anatolian Studies 24: 169–96CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sams, G K, 1978: ‘Schools of painting in Early Iron Age Anatolia’ in Akurgal, E (ed), Proceedings of the Xth International Congress of Classical Archaeology. Ankara: 227–36Google Scholar
Sams, G K, 1979a: ‘Imports at Gordion’ Expedition 21(4): 6–17Google Scholar
Sams, G K 1979b: ‘Patterns of trade in first millennium BC Gordion’ Archaeological News 8(2/3): 45–53Google Scholar
Sams, G K 1988: ‘The Early Phrygian period at Gordion: toward a cultural identity’ Source: Notes in the History of Art 7(3/4): 9–15Google Scholar
Sams, G K 1989: ‘Sculpted orthostates at Gordion’ in Emre, K et al. (eds), Anatolia and the Ancient Near East: Studies in Honor of Tahsin Özgüç. Ankara: 447–54Google Scholar
Sams, G K 1994a: ‘Aspects of Early Phrygian architecture at Gordion’ in Ҫilingiroğlu, A, French, D H (eds), Anatolian Iron Ages 3. Ankara: 211–20Google Scholar
Sams, G K 1994b: The Early Phrygian Pottery. PhiladelphiaGoogle Scholar
Sams, G K 1995: ‘Midas of Gordion and the Anatolian kingdom of Phrygia’ in Sasson, J (ed), Civilizations of the Ancient Near East Vol 2. New York: 147–59Google Scholar
Sams, G KVoigt, M M 1990: ‘Work at Gordion in 1988’ Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 11(2): 77–105Google Scholar
Sams, G KVoigt, M M 1991: ‘Work at Gordion in 1989’ Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 12(1): 455–70Google Scholar
Sams, G KVoigt, M M 1995: ‘Gordion archaeological activities 1993’ Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 16(1): 369–92Google Scholar
Sevin, V 1991: ‘The Early Iron Age in the Elazig region and the problem of the Mushkians’ Anatolian Studies 41: 87–97CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sevin, V 1994: ‘The Excavations at the Van Castle mound’ in Ҫilingiroğlu, A, French, D H (eds), Anatolian Iron Ages 3. Ankara: 221–8Google Scholar
Sevin, V 1995: İmikuİaği. AnkaraGoogle Scholar
Stein, G J, Blackman, M J 1993: ‘The organizational context of specialized craft production in early Mesopotamian states’ Research in Economic Anthropology 14: 29–59Google Scholar
Van der Leeuw, S E 1977: ‘Towards a study of the economics of pottery making’ in v Beek, B L, Brandt, R W,Wateringe, W G-v (eds), Ex Horreo. Amsterdam: 68–78Google Scholar
Van der Leeuw, S E 1993: ‘Giving the potter a choice: conceptual aspects of pottery techniques’ in Lemonnier, P (ed), Technological Choices: Transformation in Material Cultures since the Neolithic. New York: 238–88Google Scholar
Vandiver, P B 1988: ‘Reconstructing and interpreting the technologies of ancient ceramics’ in Sayre, E V, Vandiver, P B, Druzik, J, Stevenson, C (eds), Materials Issues in Art and Archaeology 1. Pittsburgh: 89–102Google Scholar
Voigt, M M, 1994: ‘Excavations at Gordion 1988–89: the Yassihöyük Stratigraphic Sequence’ in Ҫilingiroğlu, A, French, D H (eds), Anatolian Iron Ages 3. Ankara: 265–93Google Scholar
Voigt, M M 1997: ‘Gordion’ The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East Vol 2. New York: 426–31Google Scholar
Voigt, M MDeVries, K, Henrickson, R C, Lawall, M, Marsh, D, Gürsan-Salzman, A, Young, T C 1997: ‘Fieldwork at Gordion: 1993–1995’ Anatolica 23: 1–59CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Voigt, M M, Henrickson, R C in press: ‘The Early Iron Age at Gordion: the evidence from the Yassihöyük Stratigraphic Sequence’ in Oren, E (ed), The Sea Peoples. PhiladelphiaGoogle Scholar
Winn, M W 1980: ‘The Early Iron Age pottery’ in Van Loon, M. N. (ed), Korucutepe III. Amsterdam: 155–76Google Scholar
Young, R S 1955: ‘Gordion: preliminary report - 1953’ American Journal of Archaeology 59: 1–18CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Young, R S 1962: ‘The 1961 campaign at Gordion’ American Journal of Archaeology 66: 153–68CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Young, R S 1964: ‘The 1963 campaign at Gordion’ American Journal of Archaeology 68: 279–92CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zeder, M A, Arter, S R 1994: ‘Changing patterns of animal utilization at ancient Gordion’ Paléorient 20(2): 105–18CrossRefGoogle Scholar