Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dk4vv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T08:24:03.417Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Anatolian Trade with Europe and Anatolian Geography and Culture Provinces in the Late Bronze Age

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 December 2013

James Mellaart
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

In another article in this volume, James Macqueen has re-examined the political geography of Western Anatolia during the Late Bronze Age on the basis of the Hittite texts. As long ago as 1957 we discussed these problems together at Beycesultan and the results that he has reached independently agree in all major points with mine, which are shown in Fig. 1. For the last fifteen years travel and exploration has carried me through most of the territory here discussed, and with this advantage the archaeologist is able to make a contribution towards the problems raised by the inadequacy of the texts which are not concerned with geographical details, but with politics. In a study of this kind an initial knowledge of the terrain and its archaeological remains is essential. In my opinion a thorough knowledge of classical, i.e. mainly Roman and Byzantine conditions in Anatolia is a definite disadvantage, for the conditions imposed by this essentially foreign occupation bear no relation to earlier patterns of settlement and the possibility of chance survivals of place names tends to distract the student of Second Millennium geography. Many of our troubles stem from rash identifications of place names of which one may single out those of Millawanda-Miletus, Lukka-Lycia and Ahhiyawa-Mycenaean Greece (or Rhodes) as key points in any geographical reconstruction.

Type
Research Article
Information
Anatolian Studies , Volume 18 , December 1968 , pp. 187 - 202
Copyright
Copyright © The British Institute at Ankara 1968

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Müsgebi, : TAD, XIII/2 (1964), 81–5Google Scholar.

2 Miletus, : TAD, XIII/1 (1964), 57–61Google Scholar; AJA. 68 (1964), 162–3Google Scholar.

3 Ephesus, : TAD. XIII/2 (1964), 125–33Google Scholar.

3a For Hittite references to iron see Goetze, A.Kleinasien, p. 120Google Scholar.

4 Özgüç, T. in Anatolia, VIII, 1964, p. 11 and table 1Google Scholar.

5 Landsberger, B. in JNES, XXIV, 1965, p. 285 ffGoogle Scholar. and postcript.

5a Powdery tin oxide has been identified among the metal cargo of a Phoenician merchantman wrecked off the southeast point of Lycia c. 1200 B.C. see Bass, George F. et al. , Cape Gelidonya. A Bronze Age shipwreck. Am. Phil. Soc. 1967Google Scholar.

6 Otten, H. in MDOG 94, p. 14Google Scholar, and footnote 48, 15.

7 ibid., p. 21.

8 Schaeffer, C., Ugaritica, II, p. 156, fig. 60Google Scholar: 11. Tufnell, O., Lachish, II, pl. LXIII, 8Google Scholar.

9 See Sommer, F., Die Ahhijava-Urkunden, pp. 320 ffGoogle Scholar.

10 Bass, G. F. in AJA 67 (1963), 353–61CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Mellink, M. J. in AJA, 68 (1964) 157Google Scholar, and 69 (1965), 140 (Müsgebi-Bodrum), 68 (1964), 158 f. pl. 50, figs. 10–13 (Ephesus) and ibid., p. 161–2 (Miletus).

11 At Beycesultan, the largest West Anatolian site of the 2nd millennium, there was one single Mycenaean sherd among ten thousands of local sherds!

12 W. Lamb, Excavations at Thermi, pl. XXV.

13 Piggott, Stuart, Ancient Europe (1965), p. 130 ff.Google Scholar, figs. 69, 70, 72, pls. XVI A, XVII Sulimirski, B. T., “Barrow grave 6 at Komarow.” In Bull. Inst. Arch. London, 4, 1964, p. 177 ffGoogle Scholar. with full bibliography.

14 Ancient Europe, fig. 73.

15 Sulimirski, op. cit., 180, fig. 3.

16 ibid., 179, 181.

17 AS. V, 1955, p. 68, fig. 12Google Scholar: 1–5.

18 Hüyük, Kara: AJA, 68, (1964) pl. 50, fig. 9Google Scholar. Emre, K., “The pottery of the Assyrian Colony Period”, in Anatolia VII, 1963, p. 94, pl. XXVIIGoogle Scholar, 1 and fig. 12 kt9/k 72.

19 Ebert, , RLV, vol. XIV, p. 227 f.Google Scholar, pl. 54, a, b.

20 AS. V, 1955, p. 88–9Google Scholar. 21:6–8.

21 ILN. 29 Nov. 1959.

22 AS. V, 1955, p. 88, fig. 21:9Google Scholar.

23 Unpublished.

24 Unpublished.

25 Ancient Europe, fig. 69.

26 Ebert, op. cit., pl. 53 a–c.

27 Ancient Europe, fig. 72.

28 ibid., fig. 70.

29 Sulimirski, op. cit., p. 181.

30 Ancient Europe, p. 136 ff., figs. 73–75.

31 ibid., fig. 65.

32 Alp, Sedat, in Belleten, 113, 1965, p. 19–33, Pls. I–IIGoogle Scholar.

33 Özgüç, T. in Anatolia, VIII, 1964, pp. 11–13, figs. 10–19Google Scholar.

34 Özgüç, T., Horoztepe, 1958, p. 31, pl. XVIGoogle Scholar.

page 200 note 1 Mkrtiachan, Boris “The Mystery of Metsamor” in New Orient, 3, 1967, pp. 76–78Google Scholar.

page 201 note 2 Sardarian, S. H.. Primitive Society in Armenia, Yerevan 1967, pp. 337–8Google Scholar.

page 201 note 3 Dyson, R. H. Jr, “The Archaeological evidence of the Second Millennium B.C. on the Persian Plateau.” CAH, rev. ed. fasc. 66, 1968, p. 17Google Scholar.

page 201 note 4 ibid., p. 16.

page 201 note 5 Sardarian, op. cit., p. 347.

page 201 note 6 Dyson, op. cit., pp. 16, 17.

page 201 note 7 ibid., p. 17.

page 202 note 8 Mnatsakian, A. O.. “Excavations in the Kurgans on the shore of Lake Sevan, 1956” in Sov. Arkh., 1957, no. 2, pp. 146–153Google Scholar. and “Chariots from Bronze Age tumuli on the shores of Lake Sevan” in Sov. Arkh., 1960, no. 2, pp. 139–152Google Scholar.

page 202 note 9 Young, T. Cuyler Jr, “The Iranian Migration into the Zagros”. Iran V, 1967, pp. 11–34CrossRefGoogle Scholar.