Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-g4j75 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-02-03T14:38:45.716Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Hemoglobin Variants in India

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 January 2025

Manju Ajmani ,
Archana Sharma  and
Geeta Talukder
Manju Ajmani
Affiliation:
Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, and Department of Pathology, Institute for Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Calcutta, India
Archana Sharma*
Affiliation:
Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, and Department of Pathology, Institute for Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Calcutta, India
Geeta Talukder
Affiliation:
Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, and Department of Pathology, Institute for Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Calcutta, India
*
Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Calcutta 700019, India

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

The occurrence of different types of hemoglobin variants in India has been well-documented in urban populations and in certain tribal areas. Beta-thalassaemia and hemoglobins D, E, H, S, and rare variants like Hb Lepore, have been found in varying percentages. There is a higher incidence of Hb E in the Eastern region and of Hb D in certain Northern populations. The association of Hb E with beta thalassaemia G6PD deficiency has been established. The relationship with other environmental factors, like malaria, is not yet clear.

Type
Research Article
Information
Acta geneticae medicae et gemellologiae: twin research , Volume 27 , January 1978 , pp. 11 - 29
Copyright
Copyright © The International Society for Twin Studies 1978

References

REFERENCES

Ajmani, M., Sharma, A., Talukder, G., Bhattacharyya, D.K. 1976. Beta-thalassaemia trait in West Bengal. A methodological study. Curr. Sci. 45: 461–462.Google Scholar
Ajmani, M., Sharma, A., Talkuder, G., Bhattacharyya, D.K. 1977. Genetic interaction of β-thalassaemia (HbβT) and haemoglobin E (HbβE) in populations of Eastern India. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 15: 455–457.Google Scholar
Aksoy, M., Bird, G.W.G., Lehmann, H., Mourant, A.E., Thein, H., Wickremasinghe, R.L. 1955. Haemoglobin E in Asia. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 130: 56–57.Google ScholarPubMed
Allison, A.C. 1954. Protection afforded by sickle cell trait against subtertian malaria infection. Brit. Med. J. 1: 290.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allison, A.C., Askonas, B.A., Barnicot, N.A., Blumberg, B.S., Krimbas, C. 1963. Deficiency of erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in Greek populations. Ann. Hum. Genet. 26: 237.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Azevedo, E., Kirkman, H. N., Morrow, A.C., Motulsky, A.G. 1968. Variants of red cell G6PD among asiatic Indians. Ann. Hum. Genet. 31: 373.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bapat, J.P., Baxi, A.J. 1973. Quantitative levels of G6PD, PK and glutathione in normal and G6PD-deficient individuals. Indian J. Med. Res. 61: 1031–1035.Google Scholar
Barkhan, P., Adinolfi, M. 1962. Observations on the high foetal haemoglobin gene and its interaction with thalassaemia gene. J. Clin. Pathol. 15: 350–356.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Batabyal, J.N., Wilson, J.M.G. 1958. Sickle cell anaemia in Assam. J. Indian Med. Assoc. 30: 8–11.Google ScholarPubMed
Baxi, A.J., Balakrishnan, V., Sanghvi, L.D. 1961. Deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase — Observations on a sample from Bombay. Curr. Sci. 30: 16–20.Google Scholar
Bhatia, H.M., Thin, J., Debray, H., Cabanes, J. 1955. Étude anthropologique et génétique de la population du Nord de l'Inde. Bull. Soc. Anthropol. (Paris) 6: 199–213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhattacharjee, P.N. 1956. A genetic survey in the Rarhi Brahmins and Muslims of West Bengal: A1-A2-B-0, M-N, Rh blood groups, ABH secretion sickle cell, PTC taste, middle phalangeal hairs and colour blindness. Bull. Dept. Anthropol., (Govt, of India) 5: 18–26.Google Scholar
Bird, G.W.G., Lehmann, H. 1956. Haemoglobin D in India. Br. Med. J. 1: 514.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bird, G.W.G., Ikin, E.W., Lehmann, H., Mourant, A.E. 1956. The blood groups and haemoglobins of the Sikhs. Heredity (Lond.) 10: 425–429.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bird, G.W.G., Ikin, E.W., Hasan, M.I., Malhotra, P.O., Lehmann, H. 1964. Interaction of β-tha-lassaemia and hereditary persistence of foetal haemoglobin. J. Med. Genet. 1: 24–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bird, G.W.G., Ikin, E.W., Mourant, A.E., Lehmann, H. 1966. The blood groups and haemoglobins of the Malayalis. In Madan, T.N. and Sarna, G. (Eds.): Essays in Memory of D.N. Majumdar. Asia Publishing House, Bombay, pp. 221–226.Google Scholar
Bolton, J.P., Harrison, B.D.W., Lehmann, H. 1964. Abnormal haemoglobins in a small group of tribesmen from N.W. Pakistan. Man 64: 113–114.Google Scholar
Büchi, E.C. 1955. Blood, secretion and taste among the Pallar, a South Indian community. The Anthropologist 2: 1–8.Google Scholar
Chakravartti, M.R., Chakravartti, A. 1977. Consanguineous marriage and genetic load. Hum. Genet. 36: 47–54.Google Scholar
Chandrashekhar, S., Rajagopal, G., Sugautha, V. 1974. Haemoglobin E trait with methaemoglobinaemia. Indian J. Med. Sci. 28: 216–218.Google Scholar
Chatterjea, J.B. 1959. Haemoglobinopathy in India. In Jonxis, J.H.P. and Delafresnaye, J.F. (Eds.): Abnormal Haemoglobins. Blackwell Scientific Publication, Oxford, pp. 322–339.Google Scholar
Chatterjea, J.B. 1964. Malaria and haemoglobin E. Lancet 1: 1185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chatterjea, J.B. 1966. Haemoglobinopathies, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and allied problems in Indian subcontinent. Bull. WHO, 35: 837–856.Google ScholarPubMed
Chatterjea, J.B. 1970. Thalassaemia in India. Alimentary and Haematological aspects of tropical diseases. In Woodruff, A.W., pp. 377.Google Scholar
Chatterjea, J.B., Swarup, S., Ghosh, S.K., Ray, R.N. 1957. Incidence of haemoglobin E and thalassaemia trait in Bengalee population. Bull. Calcutta Sch. Trop. Med. 5: 159–160.Google Scholar
Chaudhuri, S., Sen, S.N., Mukherjee, B., Ghosh, J. 1963. Haematological field survey in Anglo Indian Communities of Kharagpore, West Bengal. J. Assoc. Physicians India, 11: 955–960.Google Scholar
Chaudhuri, S., Chakravartti, M.R., Mukherjee, B., Sen, S.N., Ghosh, J., Maitra, A. 1964 a. Study of haematological factors, blood groups, anthropometric measurements and genetics of some of the tribal and caste groups of: 1. South India — Kerala, Nilgiris and Andhra Pradesh; 2. North Eastern India — Totopara. Proc. 9th Congr. Int. Soc. Blood Transf. (Mexico), S. Karger, New York, pp. 196–205.Google Scholar
Chaudhuri, S., Ghosh, J., Mukherjee, B. 1964 b. Study of haemoglobin variants and blood groups in Santal tribe of Midnapore district of West Bengal, India. Abs. 10th Congr. Int. Soc. Haematol. (Stockholm) 1:11.Google Scholar
Chaudhuri, S., Ghosh, J., Mukherjee, B., Roychowdhury, A.K. 1967 a. Study of blood groups and haemoglobin variants among Santal tribe in Midnapore district of West Bengal, India. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 26: 307–311.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chaudhuri, S., Mukherjee, B., Roychowdhury, A.K., Ghosh, J. 1967 b. Study of blood groups and haemoglobin variants of the Sikhs of Calcutta. J. Hered. 58: 213–214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chouhan, D.M., Sharma, R.R., Parekh, J.G. 1970. α-thalassaemia in India. J. Indian Med. Assoc. 54: 364–367.Google ScholarPubMed
Chouhan, D.M., Sharma, R.R., Vakil, B.J., Parekh, J.G. 1971. Haemoglobin lepore in an Indian family. J. Indian Med. Assoc. 56: 287–290.Google Scholar
Das, B.M., Chakravartti, M.R., Delbrück, H., Flatz, G. 1971. High prevalence of haemoglobin E in two populations in Assam. Humangenetik 12: 264–266.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Das, B.M., Flatz, G. 1975. Predominance of the haemoglobin E gene in a mongoloid population in Assam (India). Humangenetik 30: 187–191.Google Scholar
Das, K.C., Bidwai, P.S., Mahapatra, S.S., Sukumaran, P.K. 1975. Haemoglobin M disease in a Punjabi family. Ind. J. Path. Bact. 18: 54.Google Scholar
Das, S.R., Mukherjee, D.P., Sastry, D.B. 1967. Sickle cell trait in Koraput district and other parts of India. Acta Genet. (Basel) 17: 62–73.Google Scholar
Deshmukh, V.V. 1968. Deficiency of erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and sickle cell trait: a survey at Aurangabad, Maharashtra. Indian J. Med. Res. 56: 821–825.Google ScholarPubMed
De Traverse, P.M., Coquelet, M.L., Henrotte, J.G. 1963. Anomalie de l'hemoglobine dans la population de Madras. C.R. Soc. Biol. (Paris). 157: 38–41.Google Scholar
Dube, B., Kumar, S., Mangalik, V.S. 1959. Absence of abnormal haemoglobins in 235 subjects of Uttar Pradesh. Indian J. Med. Res. 47: 148–149.Google ScholarPubMed
Dube, R.K., Dube, B., Gupta, Y.N. 1976. Erythrocyte G6PD deficiency at Varanasi. Indian J. Path. Bact. 19: 245–260.Google ScholarPubMed
Dunlop, K.J., Mozumder, U.K. 1952. The occurrence of sickle cell anaemia among a group of tea garden labourers in Upper Assam. Indian Med. G. 387.Google Scholar
Dutta, R.N., Grover, J., Lal, Madan. 1972. Haemoglobin D disease. J. Indian Med. Assn. 58: 42–47.Google ScholarPubMed
Edington, G.M., Lehmann, H. 1956. Sickle cell trait and malaria in Africa. Bull. WHO 15: 937.Google ScholarPubMed
Flatz, G. 1967. Haemoglobin E: distribution and dynamics. Humangenetik. 3: 187.Google Scholar
Flatz, G. 1978. Population dynamics of hemoglobinopathies in S.E. Asia. In Verma 1978.Google Scholar
Flatz, G., Pik, C., Sringam, S. 1965. Haemoglobin E and β-thalassaemia: their distribution in Thailand. Ann. Hum. Genet., 29: 151.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Flatz, G., Chakravartti, M.R., Das, B.M., Delbrück, H. 1972. Genetic survey in the population of Assam. I. ABO blood groups, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and haemoglobin type. Hum. Hered., 22: 323–330.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glasgow, B.G., Goodwin, M.J., Jackson, F., Kopec, A.C., Lehmann, H., Mourant, A.E., Tills, D., Turner, R.W.D., Ward, M.P. 1968. The blood groups, serum groups and haemoglobins of the inhabitants of Luana and Thimpu, Bhutan. Vox Sang. 14: 31–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graff, J.A.E., Lehmann, H., Mourant, A.E., Perkins, D.M., Wickremasinghe, R.L. 1954. Haemoglobin E and blood groups in the Veddahs. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 127: 41.Google Scholar
Gupta, S.C., Mehrotra, T.N., Mehrotra, V.G. 1970. Haemoglobin E-thalassaemia in Uttar Pradesh. Indian J. Med. Res. 58: 857–862.Google ScholarPubMed
Gupta, S.C., Mehrotra, T.N., Sinha, R. 1972. Haemoglobin D in Uttar Pradesh. Indian J. Med. Res. 60: 1405–1410.Google ScholarPubMed
Gupta, S.C., Mehrotra, T.N., Sharma, N.P., Agarwal, A.K., Kapoor, K.K., Mehrotra, H.K. 1977. Abnormal haemoglobin S in Nepali Gorkhas. Indian J. Med. Res. 66: 809–814.Google Scholar
Hakim, S.M.A., Baxi, A.J., Balakrishnan, V., Kulkarni, K.V., Rao, S.S., Jhala, S.J. 1972. Haptoglobin, transferrin and abnormal haemoglobins in Indian Muslims. Indian J. Med. Res. 60: 699–703.Google Scholar
Jacob, G.F., Lehmann, H., Raper, A.B. 1956. Haemoglobin D in Indians of Gujarati origin in Uganda. East Afr. Med. J. 33: 135–138.Google Scholar
Jain, R.C. 1971. Haemoglobin D disease. Amer. J. Clin. Pathol. 56: 40–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
John, T.J., Jayabal, P. 1971. Fetal and child loss in relation to consanguinity in South India. Indian J. Med. Res. 59: 1050–1057.Google Scholar
Joshua, G.E. 1974. The genetic component in mentally retarded South Indian children. Indian J. Med. Res. 62: 1251–1260.Google ScholarPubMed
Kirk, R.L., Lai, L.Y.C., Vos, G.M., Vidyarthi, L.P. 1962a. A genetic survey of the Oraons of the Chota Nagpur Plateau (Bihar, India). Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 20: 375–385.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirk, R.L., Lai, L.Y.C., Vos, G.M., Wickremasinghe, R.L., Perara, D.J. 1962 b. The blood and serum groups of selected populations in South India and Ceylon. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 20: 485–497.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kruatrachue, M., Charoenlap, P., Chongjuppajaisiddhi, J., Harinasuta, C. 1962. Erythrocyte glucose-6phosphate-dehydrogenase deficiency and malaria in Thailand. Lancet ii: 1183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kruatrachue, M., Bhaibulaya, M., Klongkamnaun-karn, K., Harinasuta, C. 1969. Haemoglobinopathies and malaria in Thailand. Bull. WHO. 40: 459.Google ScholarPubMed
Kumar, N. 1966. ABO blood groups and sickle cell trait investigations in Madhya Pradesh, Indore district, India. Acta Genet. Med. Gemellol. (Roma) 15: 404–408.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kumar, N., Ghosh, A.K. 1967. ABO blood groups and sickle cell trait investigations in Madhya Pradesh, Ujjain and Dewas districts. Acta Genet. (Basel) 17: 55–61.Google Scholar
Labie, D., Rosa, J., Paviot, J.J. 1961. Sur l'existence de différentes anomalies de l'hémoglobine dans une population du Sud de l'Inde. Nouv. Rev. Fr. Hematol. 1: 562–568.Google Scholar
Lehmann, H. 1954. Distribution of the sickle cell gene. Eugen. Rev. 46: 101–102.Google ScholarPubMed
Lehmann, H., Cutbush, M. 1952. Sickle cell trait in Southern India. Br. Med. J. 1: 404–405.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lehmann, H., Sukumaran, P.K. 1956. Examination of 146 South Indian aborigines for haemoglobin variants. Man 56: 95–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lehmann, H., Sharih, A., Robinson, G.L. 1961. Sickle cell haemoglobin in a Pathan. Man 61: 108–109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lele, R.D., Solanki, B.R., Bhagwat, R.B., Ingle, V.N., Shah, P.M. 1962. Haemoglobinopathies in Aurangabad region. J. Assoc. Physicians India, 10: 263–271.Google ScholarPubMed
Lie-Injo, L.E., Ti, T.S. 1961. The fast moving haemoglobin component in healthy newborn babies in Malaya. Med. J. Malaya 16: 107–114.Google ScholarPubMed
Lopez, C.G., Lie-Injo, L.E. 1971. α-thalassaemia in West Malayasia. Hum. Hered. 21: 185–191.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Majumdar, N.K. 1972. A preliminary study on consanguinity and deafness. J. Indian Med. Assoc. 58: 78–82.Google Scholar
Mathur, K.S., Mehrotra, T.N., Dayal, R.S., Yadav, S.N.S. 1962. Incidence of haemoglobin E and thalassaemia in Uttar Pradesh. J. Indian Med. Assoc. 39: 172–177.Google Scholar
Mehrotra, V.G., Gupta, S.C., Pande, S.R., Mehrotra, T.N. 1968. Abnormal haemoglobins in Uttar Pradesh. Indian J. Med. Res. 56: 1365–1370.Google ScholarPubMed
Mehrotra, T.N.. Gupta, S.C., Sinha, R., Lehmann, H., Wiltshire, B.G. 1975. Haemoglobin Norfolk in Nepali Gorkhas. Humangenetik 27: 347–349.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mehta, B.C., Mankhodi, R.P., Acharya, V.M., Khanna, R.M., Shah, M.D., Krishna, U.R., Patel, J.C., Baxi, A.J. 1971. G6PD deficiency. Indian J. Med. Sci. 25: 308–310.Google Scholar
Mehta, B.C., Dave, V.B., Josphi, S.R., Baxi, A.J., Bhatia, H.M., Patel, J.C. 1972. Studies of haematological and genetical characteristics of Cutchi Bhanusali community. Indian J. Med. Res. 60: 305–311.Google Scholar
Mehta, B.C., Iyer, P.D., Gandhi, S.O. 1973. β-thalassaemia haemoglobin-E disease in a Tamil Christian subject. Indian J. Med. Sci. 27: 324–326.Google Scholar
Misra, R.C., Basu, A.K., Mitra, S.S. 1976. Erythrocyte G6PD deficiency thalassaemia syndrome — A cytochemical study. J. Ind. Med. Sci. 65: 40–42.Google Scholar
Mital, M.S., Parekh, J.G., Sukumaran, P.K., Sharma, R.S., Dave, P.J. 1962. A focus of sickle cell gene near Bombay. Acta Haematol. (Basel) 27: 257–267.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nagaratnam, J., Sukumaran, P.K. 1967. Thalassaemia in Ceylon. Acta Haematol. (Basel). 38: 209–218.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nagaratnam, N., Siripala, K.A., Attapatu, A.M.P., Undevia, J.V., Sukumaran, P.K. 1971. Hereditary elliptocytosis associated with β-thalassaemia and a variant of Rh(D) — A study of a Sinhalese family. Acta Haematol. 46: 232–241.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Negi, R.S. 1962. The incidence of sickle-cell trait in two Bastar tribes. I. Man 62: 84–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Negi, R.S. 1963. The incidence of sickle-cell trait in Bastar. II. Man 63: 19–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Negi, R.S. 1964. The incidence of sickle-cell trait in Bastar. III. Man 64: 171–174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pande, S.R., Bhattacharya, S.R., Gupta, S.C., Mehrotra, T.N. 1970. Abnormal haemoglobins in Indian Armed Forces personnel. Indian J. Med. Res. 58: 1017–1024.Google ScholarPubMed
Pande, S.R., Mehrotra, V.G., Mehrotra, T.N. 1972. Study of abnormal haemoglobins in professional blood donors. J. Indian Med. Assoc. 58: 283–284.Google ScholarPubMed
Parekh, J.G., Sharma, R.S., Saha, K.M. 1963. Hereditary persistence of foetal haemoglobin in combination with thalassaemia in the Indian families. J. Assoc. Physicians India 11: 975–981.Google ScholarPubMed
Parekh, J.G., Chouhan, D.M., Sharma, R.S., Sukumaran, P.K., Weatherall, D.J. 1967. Thalassaemia haemoglobin H disease in Western India. Abstr. IV Congr. Asian and Pacific Soc. Haematol. New Delhi, p. 23.Google Scholar
Parikh, N.P., Baxi, A.J., Jhala, H.T. 1969. Blood groups and other genetical characters in Mahars — a socially low caste from Maharashtra. Indian J. Med. Res., 57: 1467–1474.Google ScholarPubMed
Phadke, M.A. 1977. Hb-D in Sindhis. Abstr. Hum. Genet. Bull. III: 3.Google Scholar
Raper, A.B. 1955. Malaria and the sickling trait. Brit. Med. J. 1: 1186.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raper, A.B. 1957. Unusual haemoglobin variant in a Gujarati Indian. Brit. Med. J. 1: 1285–1286.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ray, R.N., Chatterjea, J.B., Chaudhuri, R.N. 1964. Bull. WHO 30: 51.Google Scholar
Reddy, D.G., Baruah, I.K. 1964. Sickle cell anaemia: a study of three cases autopsy material and one clinical case. J. Indian Med. Assoc. 46: 163–165.Google Scholar
Reid, R.M. 1976. Effects of consanguineous marriage and inbreeding on couple fertility and offspring mortality in rural Sri Lanka. Hum. Biol. 48: 138–146.Google ScholarPubMed
Roy, D.N., Roy Chaudhuri, S.K. 1967. Sickle cell trait in the tribal population of Madhya Pradesh and Orissa. J. Indian Med. Assoc. 49: 107–112.Google Scholar
Saha, N. 1970. Prevalence of abnormal haemoglobins in pulmonary tuberculosis in three different ethnic groups. J. Med. Genet. 7: 44–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saha, N., Banerjee, B. 1965. Incidence of abnormal haemoglobins in Punjab. Calcutta Med. J. 62: 82–86.Google Scholar
Saha, N., Banerjee, B. 1971. Incidence of abnormal haemoglobins in different ethnic groups of Indians. Humangenetik 11: 300–303.Google ScholarPubMed
Saha, N., Banerjee, B. 1973. Haemoglobinopathies in the Indian subcontinent. Acta Genet. Med. Gemellol. 22: 117–138.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sanghvi, L.D. 1962. Haemoglobin survey in Maharashtra. Lecture, Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Sanghvi, L.D., Sukumaran, P.K., Lehmann, H. 1958 Haemoglobin J trait in two Indian women associated with thalassaemia in one. Brit. Med. J. 2: 828–830.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sarup, B.M., White, J.M. 1974. The synthesis of globin peptide chains in sickle cell disease. Brit. J. Haematol. 27: 153–162.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sayed, B.A., Amin, S.P. 1966. A survey of sickle-cell trait in Bhil tribe in Baroda district with blood group data. J.J. Hosp. Grant Med. Coll. 11: 169–171.Google Scholar
Sen, D.K. 1960. Blood groups and haemoglobin variants in upper castes of Bengal. J. R. Anthropol. Inst. (Gr. Br.) 90: 161–174.Google Scholar
Sharma, A., Talukder, G., Mukherjee, S.K. 1976. Laboratory Procedures in Human Genetics, 2: Biochemical Methodology, pp. 1–305. Nucleus, Calcutta.Google Scholar
Sharma, J.C. 1968. Convergent evolution in the tribes of Bastar. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 28: 113–118.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sharma, N.P., Gupta, S.C., Atal, P.R., Mehrotra, T.N., Agarwal, A.K., Kapoor, K.K. 1976. Abnormal haemoglobins in the Pakistani armed forces personnel. Indian J. Med. Res. 64: 883–890.Google ScholarPubMed
Sharma, R.S. Parekh, J.G., Shah, K.M. 1963. Haemoglobinopathies in Western India. J. Assoc. Phys. India 11: 969–973.Google ScholarPubMed
Shukla, R.N., Parande, A.S. 1956. Occurrence of sickle cell trait in Nagpur. Indian J. Med. Sci. 10: 892–895.Google Scholar
Shukla, R.N., Solanki, B.R. 1958. Sickle cell trait in Central India. Lancet. 1: 297–298.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Siddoo, J.K., Siddoo, S.K., Chase, W.H., Morgan-Dean, L., Perry, W.H. 1956. Thalassaemia in Sikh. Blood 11: 197–210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sinha, R., Mehrotra, T.N., Gupta, S.C., Kapoor, K.K. 1973. Abnormal haemoglobins in the Indian armed forces personnel. Indian J. Med. Res. 61: 1299–1307.Google ScholarPubMed
Siniscalco, M., Bernini, L., Latte, B., Motulsky, A.G. 1961. Favism and thalassaemia in Sardinia and their relationship to malaria. Nature (Lond.). 190: 1179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stern, M.A., Kynoch, P.A.M., Lehmann, N. 1968. β-thalassaemia, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and haemoglobin D Punjab in Pathans. Lancet 1: 1284–1285.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Subhedar, B.J., Bhargava, H.S., Choubey, B.S., Solanki, B.R. 1961. Haemoglobin-J in a Harijan family. J. Assoc. Physicians India. 9: 501–505.Google Scholar
Sukumaran, P.K. 1975. In Sen, S.N. and Basu, S.K. (eds.): Trends in Haematology, J.B. Chatterjea Mem. Vol., pp. 225–261.Google Scholar
Sukumaran, P.K. 1978. Hemoglobinopathies among Indian tribes. In Verma 1978.Google Scholar
Sukumaran, P.K., Sanghvi, L.D., Vyas, G.N. 1956. Sickle cell trait in some tribes of Western India. Curr. Sci. 25: 290–291.Google Scholar
Sukumaran, P.K., Sanghvi, L.D., Ager, J.A.M., Lehmann, H. 1959. Haemoglobin L in Bombay: findings of three Gujarati-speaking Lohana families. Acta Genet. 9: 202–206.Google ScholarPubMed
Sukumaran, P.K., Sanghvi, L.D., Nazreth, F.A. 1960. Haemoglobin-D-thalassaemia. A report of two families. Acta Haematol. 23: 309–319.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sukumaran, P.K., Randelia, H.P., Sanghvi, L.D., Merchant, S.M. 1961. Thalassaemia syndrome in Bombay. J. Assoc. Physicians India 9: 477–488.Google Scholar
Sukumaran, P.K., Bhatia, H.M., Sanghvi, L.D. 1969. Haemoglobin variants and blood groups in Gujarati-speaking Lohanas in Bombay. Paper presented at Annu. Conf. Indian Soc. Haematol, and Blood Transf. Hyderabad.Google Scholar
Sukumaran, P.K., Master, H.R. 1974. The distribution of abnormal haemoglobins in the Indian population. Proc. 1st. Conf. Indian Soc. Hum. Genet. 1: 91–111.Google Scholar
Sunder Rao, P.S.S., Inbaraj, S.G., Kaliaperumal, V.G. 1971. An epidemiological study of consanguinity in a large South Indian town. Indian J. Med. Res. 59: 294:301.Google Scholar
Swarup, S., Chatterjea, J.B. 1958. Abnormal haemoglobins. J. Indian Med. Assoc. 30: 25.Google Scholar
Swarup, S., Ghosh, S.K., Kundu, A.B., Chatterjea, J.B. 1959. Abnormal haemoglobins in Mysore. J. Indian Med. Assoc. 33: 209–210.Google ScholarPubMed
Swarup, S., Ghosh, S.K., Chatterjea, J.B. 1960. Haemoglobin E disease in Bengalis. J. Indian Med. Assoc. 35: 13–15.Google Scholar
Swarup, S., Ghosh, S.K., Chatterjea, J.B. 1963. A report of fast moving haemoglobin in Bengalis. Bull. Calcutta Sch. Trop. Med. 11: 137–138.Google Scholar
Swarup, S., Banerji, P.G., Ghosh, S.K., Chatterjea, J.B. 1965. Haemoglobin Bart's in Bengalee blood. Bull. Calcutta Sch. Trop. Med. 13: 47–48.Google ScholarPubMed
Swarup, S., Ghosh, S.K., Ghosh, S., Basu, A.K., Chatterjea, J.B. 1966a. Haemoglobin D in Bengalis. Proc. Ann. Meeting Indian Soc. Haematol, and Blood Transf. Gwalior, pp. 7–11.Google Scholar
Swarup, S., Ghosh, S.K., Chatterjea, J.B. 1966 b. Haemoglobin J in a Bengali family with evidence of interaction between haemoglobin J and thalassaemia. J. Indian Med. Assoc. 46: 590–594.Google Scholar
Swarup-Mitra, 1978. In Verma 1978.Google Scholar
Talukder, G., Sharma, A. 1978. Genetic diseases in India. Nucleus 21, 3.Google Scholar
Thakur, U.T. 1959. Sindhi Culture. Bombay University Publication.Google Scholar
Trincao, C., Almeida, F.L.T., Martins De, M.J., Surleav, L. 1963. Abnormal haemoglobins in Portuguese India (Goa and Diu territories). Proc. 9th Congr. Europ. Soc. Haematol. (Lisbon). S. Karger, New York, pp. 474–476.Google Scholar
Udani, P.M., Parekh, J.G., Sharma, R.S. 1961. Thalassaemia syndromes in children. Proc. Ann. Conference of the Indian Soc. Haematol. (Madras).Google Scholar
Undevia, J.V. 1969. Population genetics of the Parsis: Comparison of genetical characteristics of the present Parsi population with its ancestral and affiliated groups. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Bombay.Google Scholar
Vella, F. 1957. Haemoglobin E in a Nepalese soldier. Lancet 1: 1251.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vella, F. 1962. Abnormal haemoglobins and erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in Singapore and Malaya. Oceania 32: 219–225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vella, F., Field, T.E. 1958. Abnormal haemoglobins in Malay and Nepalese Gurkha soldiers. Med. E. Malaya 13: 153–158.Google Scholar
Verma, I.C. (ed.) 1978. Medical Genetics in India. Pondicherry: Aurema Publ. Google Scholar
Vora, S., Iyer, P.D., Bhagat, M.P., Patel, J.C., Mehta, B.C. 1975. Incidence of Hb Barts in cord blood samples. Indian J. Med. Sci. 29: 205–209.Google Scholar
Vyas, G.N., Bhatia, H.M., Sukumaran, P.K., Balakrishnan, V., Sanghvi, L.D. 1962. Study of blood groups and abnormal haemoglobins and other genetical characters in some tribes of Gujarat. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 20: 255–265.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wasi, P., Na-Jakorn, S., Suingolumrong, A. 1967. Studies on the distribution of haemoglobin E, thalassaemias and glucose-6-phosphate deficiency in northestern Thailand. Nature 214: 501.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wickremasinghe, R.L., Ikin, E.W., Mourant, A.E., Lehmann, H. 1963. Blood groups and haemoglobin types of Ceylonese. Spolia Zeylania Bull. Nat. Mus., Ceylon, 30: 149–154.Google Scholar