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Paraguayan Independence and Doctor Francia
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 11 December 2015
Extract
One of the consequences of the Buenos Aires revolution in May of 1810 was the eventual independence of Paraguay and the rise to power of Doctor José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia. But before analysing the events of the Independence Movement in the isolated province of Paraguay it is necessary to consider both the conditions in that region in the last decade of colonial rule and the activities of Doctor Francia in the same period.
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- Copyright © Academy of American Franciscan History 1972
References
1 de Pinedo, Agustín Fernando, “Informe del Gobernador del Paraguay Agustín Fernando de Pinedo á S. M. el Rey de España acerca de la pobreza de la provincia y dela opresión de los indios,” Revista del Instituto Paraguayo, LI & LII (1905), 337–352, 3–31, respectively.Google Scholar
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6 Governor of Paraguay Bernardo de Velasco to Viceroy the marqués de Sobremonte, Asunción, October 19, 1806, in Archivo General de la Nación, Buenos Aires, IX–5–5–#l. Hereafter cited as AGN. Bando of Governor Velasco, Asunción, January 15, 1807, in Archivo Nacional de Asunción, Sección Histórica, volume 204. Hereafter cited as ANA-SH.
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27 Bando of the officers of the Cuartel General concerning the deposition of Velasco, Asunción, June 9, 1811, ANA-SH 213. Carlos Genovés to Governor Velasco, aboard the falucho San Martín, April 27, 1811, ANA-SH 213.
28 Somellera, 330–333.
29 Francia to the Paraguayan Congress, Asunción, June 18, 1811, ANA-SH 213.
30 Act of Congress, Asunción, June 20, 1811, ANA-SH 214.
31 Paraguayan Junta to the Junta of Buenos Aires, Asunción, July 20, 1811, ANA-SH 214.
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34 Junta of Buenos Aires to the Junta of Paraguay, Buenos Aires, August 28, 1811, ANA-SH 214.
35 Junta of Paraguay to Doctor Francia, Asunción, August 6, 1811 ANA-SH 214. Doctor Francia to the Junta of Paraguay, Ibiray, August 7, 1811, ANA-SH 214.
36 Acuerdo of the Cabildo of Asunción, Asunción, September 2, 1811, ANA-SH 214.
37 Doctor Francia to the Cabildo of Asunción, Ibiray, September 3, 1811, ANA-SH 214.
38 “Auto de Francia, Asunción, Noviembre 4, 1817,” Revista del Paraguay, I (1913), 453–458.
39 Charisma is still an elusive concept but for a discussion of this phenomenon as applied to a leader in a “ conservative ” sense—as would be the case of Doctor Francia— see: Edward Shils, “Charisma, Order, and Status,” American Sociological Review, XXX (1965), 200–205.
40 Chaves, , El Supremo Dictador, pp. 128–130.Google Scholar
41 Secret Manifesto of the Junta (not the Junta of Paraguay), Asunción, August 29, 1811, ANA-SH 214. There is little doubt that the royalist plotters were enticed into action by the government. Their attempted coup d'etat was a complete failure and discredited their party. Somellera, 337–339.
42 Treaty between Paraguay and Buenos Aires, Asunción, October 12, 1811, ANA-SH 214.
43 Triumvirate of Buenos Aires to Belgrano and Echevarría, Buenos Aires, October 31, 1811, AGN X–1–9Λ3.
44 Doctor Francia to the Junta of Paraguay, Ibiray, December 15, 1811, ANA-SH 214. Junta of Paraguay to Doctor Francia, Asunción, December 16, 1811, ANA-SH 214.
45 “Auto de Francia, Asunción, Noviembre 4, 1817, ” 453–458.
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47 Junta of Paraguay to the population, Asunción, June 19, 1812, ANA-SH 218. In this proclamation the remaining Junta warned against grumbling, subversion, etc., and gave those discontent with the regime fifteen days to remove themselves and their goods from the province.
48 Carlos R. Centurión, Historia de la cultura paraguaya (Asunción, 1961), I, 184–191.
49 Junta of Paraguay to Triumvirate of Buenos Aires, Asunción, May 26, 1812, AGN X–l–9#13. R. Antonio Ramos, La política del Brasil en el Paraguay bajo la dictadura del Dr. Franck (2nd edition; Buenos Aires, 1959), pp. 21–30.
50 Junta of Paraguay to Triumvirate of Buenos Aires, Asunción, January 19, 1812, ANA-SH 217.
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54 Acuerdo of the Junta of Paraguay, Asunción, November 16, 1812, ANA-SH 218.
55 Junta of Paraguay to Fernando de la Mora, Asunción, December 22, 1812, CRB I-30, 2, 80. Auto of Junta of Paraguay, Asunción, September 18, 1813, CRB I–30, 2, 80.
56 Instructions to Nicolás de Herrera from the Buenos Aires government, Buenos Aires, March 4, 1813, AGN X–l–9#12.
57 Junta of Paraguay to Juez Comisionado of Ybicuy, Asunción, August 26, 1813, ANA-SH 221.
58 Act of Government, Asunción, October 12, 1813, ANA-SH 222. Herrera to Government of Buenos Aires, Asunción, October 13, 1813, AGN X–l–9#12.
59 Act of Government, Asunción, October 12, 1813, ANA-SH 222.
60 There is an apocryphal story that at the celebrations inaugurating the Consular system there were two chairs, one marked Caesar and the other Pompey. Doctor Francia was supposed to have seized the one marked Caesar. Chaves, El Supremo Dictador, p. 166.
61 Wisner, pp. 70–72.
62 Chaves, , El Supremo Dictador, pp. 168–169.Google Scholar
63 J. P., and W. P., Robertson, Letters on Paraguay, 2, 34–36.Google Scholar Consuls of Paraguay to the Cura Vicario of Capiatá including the Consular Resolution of March 1, 1814, Asunción, July 1, 1814, in Archivo de la Curia Metropolitana de Asunción, Casilla # 107, Volume II.
64 Artigas to Comandante Vicente Matiauda of Itapúa, Batoví, January 26, 1814, ANA-SH 223.
65 Consuls of Paraguay to the Lieutenant Governor of Corrientes, Asunción, March 13, 1814, ANA-SH 223.
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