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Crossing Empires: Portuguese, Sephardic, and Dutch Business Networks in the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1580-1674

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 February 2015

Filipa Ribeiro da Silva
Filipa Ribeiro da Silva*
Affiliation:
University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
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Extract

In the last two decades, private entrepreneurship has emerged as an important research area in the field of Adantic history. Various studies have clearly shown the role played by private business in the making of the early modern Adantic economy. Initially, private entrepreneurship was studied separately from imperial entities and did not contemplate activities encompassing several European empires. Recently, however, scholars have started to look into private engagement in various branches of the Adantic colonial trade, broadening our understanding of when and how private business operated simultaneously in different colonial settings. The works of Schnurmann, Studnicki-Gizbert, Ebert, Trivellato, and Antunes are some of the most important contributions.

Type
2011 CLAH Luncheon Address
Information
The Americas , Volume 68 , Issue 1 , July 2011 , pp. 7 - 32
Copyright
Copyright © Academy of American Franciscan History 2011

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References

I would like to thank Picter Emmer (Leiden University) for reading and commenting on earlier versions of this article. I am also grateful to Cátia Antunes (Leiden University), who has given great support to my research in the Municipal Archive of Amsterdam. Finally, I would like to acknowledge the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Tech-nology for the financial support which has made this research possible.

1. This article is an extended version of a paper presented at the 123rd annual meeting of the American Historical Association (New York, January 2-5, 2009) in the panel Weaving the Webs of Empire: Connections and Confrontations in the Early Modern World, organized by the Forum on European Expansion and Global Interaction. The materials presented here are also partially integrated into my Ph.D. dissertation, titled “The Dutch and the Portuguese in West Africa: Empire Building and Atlantic System: 1580–1674,” defended at Leiden University in June 2009 (in press with Brill Publishers, Atlantic World Series).

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9. These source materials have been chosen as the main basis of our study because they constitute one of the most representative collections of notarial acts for the study of the European trade in the early modern period.

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11. This conflict resulted from the Dutch revolt (1568) against the taxation and centralization policies implemented by Philip II.

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18. According to the settlement, the Portuguese crown allowed Dutch ships to buy goods at the Portuguese ports on the west coast of Africa. Dutch businessmen also gained permission to export weapons to Portugal and the Portuguese posts and setdements. Nevertheless, the crown limited the commercial freedom of the Dutch and the Portuguese merchants: these groups were not allowed to trade in products that were part of the monopoly of the Company of Brazil. In addition, they had to pay taxes on all products traded and were forced to sail in convoys organized by the aforementioned Company. Costa, , O Transporte, vol. 1, pp. 208–236, 537–558.Google Scholar

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40. Costa, Imperios.

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44. Ibid.

45. Mauro, , Portugal, vol. 1, pp. 215–217;Google Scholar Salvador, Os magnatas.

46. Ibid.

47. Ibid.

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51. AHU, Angola, Papéis Avulsos, 1645. box 3 (1650), box 5 (1660 and 1663); Salvador, , Os magnatas, pp. 52–53.Google Scholar

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55. Torrão, “Rotas,” p. 24.

56. Ibid., pp. 51,92.

57. See, for example, GAA, Not. Arch., 376/114-115: March 6, 1613; Not. Arch., 376/114-115: March 6,1613.

58. Postma, Johannes, The Dutch in the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1600–1815 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), chapter 1;Google Scholar Postma, , “A Reassessment of the Dutch Atlantic Slave Trade,” in Riches from Atlantic Commerce, pp. 139–169;Google Scholar Eltis, Vos and Richardson, , “The Dutch in the Atlantic World,” pp. 228–249.Google Scholar

59. GAA, Not. Arch., 254/188-188v: May 22, 1614; Not. Arch., 164/162: November 11, 1620.

60. Ibid.

61. Costa, Imperios, p. 79.

62. GAA, Not. Arch., 125/27v-28v: April 27, 1611; Not. Arch., 124/131-131v: August 5, 1611.

63. Antunes, Globalisation, pp. 91–140.

64. Costa, O transporte, pp. 537-559.

65. GAA, Not. Arch., 2757A/153: April 9, 1661; Not. Arch., 2757A/149: April 9, 1661.

66. GAA, Not. Arch., 420/536: December 20, 1639; Not. Arch., 1690/599: April 16, 1648.

67. GAA, Not. Arch., 2757A/153: April 9, 1661; Not. Arch., 2757A/149: April 9, 1661.

68. GAA, Not. Arch., 2118: August 1, 1657.

69. GAA, Not. Arch., 1996A/113: April 28, 1663; Not. Arch., 322/675-699: April 27, 1675; Not. Arch., 3221/695: April 27, 1675.

70. GAA, Nor. Arch., 1115/17v: October 5, 1655.

71. Even though it rented the monopoly areas of western Africa to private traders, the crown kept its own commercial agents in several of them. Where the monopolies were rented, the agents of the crown had only an inspection and oversight role in regard to the activities of the private merchants. Torrão, , “Actividade externa de Cabo Verde: organizaçào, funcionamento, evolução” in Historia geral de Cabo Verde, eds. Albuquerque, Luís de and Santos, Maria Emilia Madeira (Lisboa/Praia: Centro de Estudos de História e Cartografia Antiga, Instituto Nacional da Cultura de Cabo Verde, 1991), [vol. 1, pp. 249–255;Google Scholar Torrão, “Rotas,” pp. 17-123; Cohen, “Administração,” pp. 189-224.

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75. Ibid.

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79. GAA, Nor. Arch., 2757A/165: April 9, 1661.

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89. GAA, Not. Arch., 646A/394: March 28, 1623.

90. GAA, Not. Arch., 146/199v–200v: February 23, 1617.

91. GAA, Not. Arch., 1148/205: March 12, 1664.

92. GAA, Not. Arch., 2231/82–89: September 9, 1669.

93. GAA, Not. Arch., 3678B/919: July 1, 1669.

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