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The Architecture of Spanish St. Augustine*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 December 2015

Charles W. Arnade
Charles W. Arnade*
Affiliation:
University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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Extract

Although Florida was in the hands of the Spaniards for over three centuries there are hardly any remains of Spanish buildings. Original Spanish architecture has vanished from Florida; a basic link to Florida's fascinating history has been destroyed. Florida was in the hands of the Spanish from its discovery in 1513 until 1763, when Spain gave the province to England at the end of the Seven Years' War, known in America as the French and Indian War. Spain regained Florida in 1783 at the time of the Treaty of Paris which terminated the American War of Independence. The period from 1783 to 1821 is called in Florida history the second Spanish period and gave way to the American territorial period when Florida became part of the American union. The second Spanish period is quite distinct from the first Spanish period of Florida history (1513-1763). While the first period represents true Spanish Florida, the second era is more of an afterthought. Many foreigners, mostly English and United States citizens, were residing in Florida. It hardly can be called a Spanish Florida per se. Architectural remains from this pseudo-Spanish period are extremely scarce. The best preserved piece is the Catholic cathedral at St. Augustine, parts of which date back to the second Spanish period. But this church fares poorly if put next to the magnificent old cathedrals in Spanish America.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Americas , Volume 18 , Issue 2 , October 1961 , pp. 149 - 186
Copyright
Copyright © Academy of American Franciscan History 1961

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Footnotes

*

As a consultant for the St. Augustine Historical Restoration and Preservation Commission, I did the research for this study during the summer of 1960. C. W. A.

References

1 Cf.Patrick, Rembert W., Florida Fiasco (Athens, 1954).Google Scholar

2 Manucy, Albert C., “The Cathedral of St. Augustine” (National Park Service, 1946,Google Scholar [mimeographed], available at the libraries of the Fort of San Marcos [St. Augustine], the St. Augustine Historical Society, P. K. Yonge Library of Florida History [University of Florida, Gainesville]). A thoroughly defective study is by Parker, Dorothy Mills, “The Old Spanish Cathedral of St. Augustine,” The Cathedral Age, 34, no. 4 (1959), 14–16, 32–34.Google Scholar

3 Manucy, Albert C., The Building of Castillo de San Marcos (National Park Service, Interpretive Series, History, no. 1) (Washington, 1951).Google Scholar

4 National Park Service, Fort Matanzas National Monument (Washington: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1957). Additional material is available in the library of the Fort of San Marcos (St. Augustine) in two folders entitled, National Park Service, “Matanzas Museum File,” no. 105–02.2, typewritten notes and charts.

5 See especially Escribano, XXXVI (July, 1960), 3. Also consult all thirty-five previous issues of Escribano. Professor Hale Smith of Florida State University has prepared a lengthy archaeological study of the St. Augustine Historical Society’s “Oldest House.” This study together with Gjessing, Frederick, “Observations on the Oldest House, St. Augustine” will be published by Florida State University Google Scholar (cf. infra, n. 12). Cf.Lawson, Edward W., The Saint Augustine Historical Society and Its Oldest House (St. Augustine, 1957).Google Scholar The latter study is highly critical of the Society.

6 Wright, C. E., “St. Augustine Busy with Restoration Program,” New York Times, March 20, 1960, p. 20, 7.Google Scholar

7 Boyd, Mark F., “The Fortifications at San Marcos de Apalache,” Florida Historical Quarterly (hereafter cited as FHQ), 15, no. 1 (1936), 3–4.Google Scholar

8 Boyd, Mark F., “Mission Sites in Florida,” FHQ, 17, no. 4 (1939), 255–303 Google Scholar; Boyd, Mark F., “Enumeration of Spanish Missions in 1675,” FHQ, 27, no. 2 (1948), 181–188.Google Scholar

9 Cf.Smith, Hale G. and Griffin, John W. in Boyd, Mark F. and others, Here They Once Stood (Gainesville, 1951),Google Scholar sections II, III, and Appendix. Cf. Capt. Coe, Charles H., Debunking the So-Called Spanish Mission near New Smyrna Beach, Volusia County, Florida (Daytona Beach, 1941).Google Scholar See Arnade, Charles W., “The Failure of Spanish Florida,” The Americas, 16, no. 3 (1960), 271–281.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

10 Cf. Boyd, Here, plates I, II.

11 “Old Spanish Fort Plans Discovered,” The Florida Times-Union (Jacksonville), July 31, 1958, p. 19; Arnade, Charles W., “Piribiriba on the Salamototo,” Papers (The Jacksonville Historical Society), 4 (1960), 67–84 Google Scholar; Griffin, John W., “Preliminary Report on the Site of the Mission of San Juan del Puerto,” Papers, 4 (1960), 63–66 Google Scholar; “Road Shift to Rejoin Historic Ruins Slated,” The Florida Times-Union, June 1, 1960, p. 24.

12 John W. Griffin and Albert C. Manucy, “The Development of Housing in St. Augustine, 1556–1763,” the proposed first chapter of a monograph dealing with the history and archaeology of the “Oldest House,” belonging to the St. Augustine Historical Society. The monograph is to be published by Florida State University (cf. supra, n. 5). A very good but extremely technical mimeographed study available at the St. Augustine Historical Society is Albert Manucy “Elements of St. Augustine Architecture.”

13 Diego de Quiroga y Lozada to the Crown, St. Augustine, August 16, 1689, 6 folios, AGI: 54-5-15-72, Stetson Collection, P. K. Yonge Library of Florida History, University of Florida, Gainesville (hereafter cited as SC).

14 Demanda Puesta por los Señores Juezes Officiales de la Real Hazienda Contra el Exmo … Joseph de Zúñiga y La Zerda … sobre Diferentes Capítulos y Cargos. Juez de Residencia, Francisco Córeoles y Martínez … , St. Augustine, 1707, AGI: 52-2-8, folios 13040-13030 in SC.

15 Arnade, Charles W., The Siege of St. Augustine in 1702 (Gainesville, 1959).Google Scholar

16 Governor Francisco de Córeles y Martínez to the Crown, St. Augustine, November 12, 1707, 4 folios, AGI: 58-27-121, SC.

17 Lucas de Palazio y Valenzuela to Julian de Arriaga, St. Augustine, January 20, 1761, 3 folios, AGI: 86-6-6, Santo Domingo: 2660, SC. Cf.Manucy, Albert C., “Tapia or Tabby,” Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, 11, no. 4 (1952), 32–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

18 See infra, notes 67 and 68.

19 Kubler, George and Soria, Martín, Art and Architecture in Spain and Portugal and Their American Dominions (Baltimore, 1959)Google Scholar; Kubler, George, Arquitectura de los sighs XVII y XVIII in Ars Hispaniae (Madrid, 1957).Google Scholar

20 Spinola, María Lourdes Díaz-Trechuelo, Arquitectura española en Filipinas (1565–1800) (Seville, 1959).Google Scholar

21 Connally, Ernest Allen, “Ecclesiastical and Military Architecture of the Spanish Province of Texas” (Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University, 1955).Google Scholar

22 See Arnade, Charles W., “Florida History in Spanish Archives: Reproductions at the University of Florida,” FHQ, 34, no. 1 (1955), 36–50 Google Scholar; Arnade, Charles W., “A Guide to Spanish Florida Source Material,” FHQ, 35, no. 4 (1957), 320–325 Google Scholar; Robertson, James A., “The Spanish Manuscripts of the Florida State Historical Society,” Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society, N.S., 39 (1929), 16–37.Google Scholar

23 Cf.Robertson, James A., “Notes on Early Church Government in Spanish Florida,” Catholic Historical Review, 17, no. 2 (1931), 151–174.Google Scholar

24 I have collected a modest bibliographic file of original documents which contain Leturiondo material. Most of the information comes from the rich Stetson Collection and the parochial records of St. Augustine available at the St. Augustine Historical Society. A modest grant from this society has made possible a translation of the Leturiondo memorial under my supervision (infra, n. 26). It is quite possible that the memorial together with an annotated introduction will be published by the society once our Leturiondo research is finished.

25 The exact date of the memorial is in doubt. The printed version was located in the SC (infra, n. 26) and was dated by Irene A. Wright and James A. Robertson, who collected the SC, at “ca. 1700.” Robertson, , “Notes,” p. 159,Google Scholar cites a Leturiondo memorial of 1697 (Alonso de Leturiondo to the Crown, St. Augustine, Feb. 11, 1697, 8 folios, AGI: 54-5-13-102, SC). This is not the same memorial as the printed version. But Mark F. Boyd has in his private collection at Tallahassee an also undated, handwritten version of the printed memorial which he received from the Biblioteca Nacional in Madrid. There is no reason to doubt that Father Alonso Leturiondo wrote his lengthy memorial between 1697 and 1701. There is a short five-line note at the end of the printed version by the Council of Indies, dated January 11, 1702, stating that it was duly recorded.

26 de Leturiondo, Alonso, Memorial a el Rey … en que se da noticia de el estado en que se halla el Presidio de San Augustin … , no date, no place, 30 pp., AGI: 58-2-3-14, SC.Google Scholar

27 [Declaration concerning the hospital by] Gonzalo Méndez de Canzo, St. Augustine, January 1, 1600, included in AGI: 54-5-15-17, April 30, 1685, folios 5142-5135 (part of next item). Governor Juan Marqués de Cabrera to the Crown, St. Augustine, April 30, 1685, 59 folios, AGI: 54-5-15-17, SC. Arnade, Charles W., Florida on Trial, 1M-1602 (Coral Gables, 1959).Google Scholar

28 Leturiondo, , Memorial, p. 23.Google Scholar

29 The genealogy of the Solanas is available at the St. Augustine Historical Society from sketches and charts by Eleanor Barnes. Mrs. Barnes has a most thorough knowledge of the genealogy of the Spanish inhabitants of St. Augustine. These studies are based on the baptismal, marriage, and death records of the St. Augustine parish which have been organized and classified by the St. Augustine Historical Society, which has photostatic records of the archive known as the Cathedral Parish Records. The originals are located at the library of the University of Notre Dame.

30 Crane, Verner W., The Southern Frontier, 1670–1732, 2d ed. (Ann Arbor, 1956), p. 76.Google Scholar Arnade, , Siege, pp. 57–61.Google Scholar

31 Loc. cit. Lawson, , Oldest House, pp. 64–65,Google Scholar attempts to identify the location of the Hermitage.

32 “Con un colgadiso de la misma materia que mira a la Plaza de Armas, la que sirve tambien a las paredes destinadas para Yglesia, con mas extencion acia a estas que también da lugar al Palacio de los Govres., y a la parte del Norte de dho Cuerpo de Guardia” (folio 34).

33 Juan Joseph Solana [Report to the Crown?], St. Augustine, April 22, 1759, 24 folios available in Juan Joseph Solana to Julian de Arriaga, St. Augustine, April 9, 1760, with enclosures, 52 folios, AGI: 86-7-21-41, SC. The Solana report of April 22, 1759, has no title page but was an enclosure to Arriaga who was a member of the Council of Indies to whom most official correspondence of Florida to the Crown was addressed during this period. (Exmo. S°. Bb Fr. Dn. Julian de Arriaga, Secretario de Estado y del Despacho Universal de estas Yndias, was the address used by Governor Lucas de Palazio y Valenzuela in a report of April 26, 1759 [filed under “Informe del Tribunal …,” Mexico, May 14, 1764, enclosure no. 5 of 7 folios, AGI: 87-1-14-4,109 folios, SC].) The description of Solana, especially the main square area, should be compared with the Puente (infra, n. 62 )and the Castelló (infra, n. 64, map no. 13) maps. Castelló identified the skeleton church as a “paredón of six varas high, a useless construction [obra inutil] which was built in — [he left space but forgot to put in the date] to be the main Church [Iglesia Maxor]” (map no. 13, key M). Both Puente and Castelló gave the location of the hospital south of the plaza but southeast from the old location of the hospital of Father Leturiondo’s days. This older hospital was then part of the Hermitage of Our Lady of Solitude, used as the temporary main church since 1702 (i. e., during the tenure of Father Solana).

34 See ACC. 664, series: Escrituras, serial no. 366–369, 371–373, 375–376, 378–380, dates: 1784–1860, 12 parchments in the East Florida Papers, Library of Congress (fragmen-tarily available at the St. Augustine Historical Society). See also ibid., series: Testa¬mentary Proceedings, serial nos. 301-318, dates: 1787-1821, 61 boxes.

35 “Las orixinales escrituras de expresadas ventas se protocolaron todas en el Archivo de la Escrivanía Pública de Florida, que conséquente a Real Ordenes se quedó alli [St. Augustine],” Juan Joseph Elixio de la Puente to the Governor of Havana [Marques de la Torre], Havana, March 4, 1772, AGI: 86-7-11, 13 folios, in St. Augustine Historical Society. “Pues el testimonio de Escritura que esta inserto en estas diligencias, solo comprehende la parte que mi citado Padre compró a Bernardo de Florencia para ampliar el en que ya tenia fabricada su casa, que por casualidad pareció entre otros papeles viejos, siendo imposible el presentar los originales y comprehensivas de todo el terreno, por haver sido entregado con la plaza [de St. Augustine] también el protocolo público; despues de todo esto parece en la Escrivanía de Govierno una relacion formada por el Yngeniero Comandante Don Juan de Cotilla [see infra, notes 43 ff.] y atestada por el Escribano de Govierno don José de Léon, comprehensiva de las dimensiones de todos los solares de ve [destroyed] antiguas de esta,” in Diligencias obradas … por parte de los herrederos de Pedro Gomez sobre recaudar su casa que dejaron en esta ciudad, St. Augustine, 1798, no. 82 of bundle no. 320, folios 16-17, Field Note Division, Department of Agriculture (Tallahassee), State of Florida.

36 Cf. Irene A. Wright, “The Odyssey of the Spanish Archives of Florida,” and Hanna, A. J., “Diplomatic Missions of the United States to Cuba to Secure the Spanish Archives of Florida,” in Wilgus, A. Curtis, ed., Hispanic American Essays. A Memorial to James Alexander Robertson (Chapel Hill, 1942),Google Scholar chaps. 12 and 13. Both of these articles deal with the 1821 transfer of the archives of the second Spanish period of 1783 to 1821.

37 White, Leigh, “The Cities of America: St. Augustine,” Saturday Evening Post, March 5, 1949, pp. 24–25, 96–97, 102, 106.Google Scholar

38 Most of these claims are located in the Field Note Division, Department of Agriculture (Tallahassee), State of Florida. Valuable information is also available in the Accounts of Jesse Fish, serial no. 319, date: 1763-1770, 1 box, East Florida Papers, Library of Congress.

39 A forthcoming scholarly study by Mark F. Boyd detailing the life of Juan Joseph Elixio de la Puente, who was the Spanish commissioner for the sale of Spanish property in St. Augustine, deals extensively with this phase. There is a wealth of information about the 1763 transactions in the SC and additional copies of original documentation are at the St. Augustine Historical Society. Cf. supra, n. 16.

40 See Boyd and others, Here, passim. Boyd, Mark F., ed., “Documents. Further Considerations of the Apalachee Missions,” The Americas, 9, no. 4 (1953), 459–479.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

41 Governor Fulgencio García de Solís to the Viceroy of Mexico (Marquez de la Ensenada), St. Augustine, June 18, 1753, plus enclosures, 18 folios, AGI: 86-5-25, SC.

42 Royal Cedula, Buen Retiro, April 3, 1754, 3 folios, enclosure no. 2 of supra, n. 8. According to the excellent work, Comisión Redactora, Estudio Histórico del Cuerpo de Ingenieros del Ejército (Madrid, 1911), I, 12, the ranks were: Ingeniero en Jefe– Colonel; Ingeniero en Segundo–Lieutenant Colonel; Ingeniero Ordinario–Captain; In-geniero Extraordinario–Lieutenant; Ingeniero Delineador–Second Lieutenant.

43 “Relación de los meritos y servicios de Don Thomas de Cotilla, Theniente de Capitan de una de las Companías del Batallon de la Plaza de la Habana, y de su hijo Don Juan Cotilla Palacios,” Madrid, February 20, 1738 (privately printed), 4 pp., enclosure no. 1 of supra, n. 41.

44 Governor Fulgencio García de Solís to the Viceroy of Mexico (Marquez de la Ensenada), St. Augustine, October 22, 1754, 2 folios, enclosure no. 3 of supra, n. 41.

45 Governor Lucas de Palazio y Valenzuela to Julian de Arriaga, St. Augustine, August 20, 1758, copy supplied by Mark F. Boyd who received it from the Biblioteca Nacional in Madrid.

46 Conde de Riela to Melchor Feliu, Havana, July 8, 1763, AGI: 86-7-11 (Audiencia de Santo Domingo, Louisiana y Florida, 1763-1781), 8 folios, St. Augustine Historical Society.

47 See Boyd, Mark F., “The Fortifications at San Marcos de Apalache,” FHQ, 15, no. 1 (1936), p. 11.Google Scholar Boyd presents two sources which state that the fort was begun either in 1739 by Don Juan Cotilla [sic] or 1759. The new Cotilla date presented in this article should dispel any doubt as to the engineer and approximate date of construction. Also consult the illustrated map entitled “Piano del Fuerte de Sn. Marcos de Apalache y sus inmediaciones …” María, por D. Juan Perchet, Año 1802, in Servicio Geográfico e Histórico del Ejército, Estado Mayor General [Spain], Cartografía de Ultramar, Carpeta II: Estados Unidos y Canada, Laminos, no. 86 (Madrid [1949?]).Google Scholar

48 Tratado definitiva de Paz … (Madrid, Imprenta Real de la Gaceta, 1763).

49 Siebert, Wilbur H., “The Departure of the Spaniards and Other Groups from East Florida, 1763–1764,” FHQ, 19, no. 2 (1940), 145.Google Scholar Cf. supra, n. 6.

50 Ricla to Feliu, supra, n. 46.

51 Enclosure of supra, n. 46.

52 Juan de Cotilla to the Conde de Ricla, St. Augustine, July 31, 1763, 3 folios, AGI: 86-7-11, SC. Cf. supra, n. 42.

53 Melchor Feliu to the Conde de Ricla, St. Augustine, August 29, 1763, 7 folios, AGI: 86-7-11-11, SC.

54 We do not possess a copy of this letter of the Conde de Ricla to Juan de Cotilla [Havana], October 24, 1763, but parts of the letter are extensively quoted by Ricla to Feliu, infra, n. 56.

55 See these appraisals with their sources in the appendix.

56 Conde de Ricla to Melchor Feliu, St. Augustine, November 2, 1763, 3 folios, AGI: 86-7-11, at the St. Augustine Historical Society.

57 Conde de Ricla to Juan de Cotilla, St. Augustine, November 2, 1763, S folios, AGI: 86-7-11-15, SC.

58 Melchor Feliu to Conde de Ricla, St. Augustine, November 15, 1763, 3 folios, AGI: 86-7-11-18, SC.

59 See supra, n. 8. Cf. Mowat, Charles Loch, East Florida as a British Province, 1763–1784 (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1943), p. 53.Google Scholar

60 Melchor Feliu to Julian de Arriaga, Havana, April 16, 1764, 35 folios, AGI: 86-6-6-43, SC.

61 See appendix, Private Buildings.

62 The report by Juan Joseph Elixio de la Puente of January 22, 1764, and written from St. Augustine is the key to the real estate map. Both the map and the key are available in the Buckingham Smith Papers belonging to the New York Historical Society. This collection with its maps is on microfilm at the P. K. Yonge Library at the University of Florida. Mark F. Boyd possesses a copy of the original map which he received from the Museo Naval in Madrid. (The title of the map is “Plano de la Real Fuerza, Baluarte, y Linea de la Plaza de Sn. Augustin de Florida, con su Parroquial Mayor, Convento e Yglesia de San Francisco: Casas, y Solares de los Vecinos; y mas algunas Fabricas y Huertas Extramuros de ella, todo segun y en la forma que existe oy 22 de Enero de 1764. …”) A translation of the key, done by Albert C. Manucy, is available at the St. Augustine Historical Society. The Puente real estate map with its key is the single best source for identifying St. Augustine houses in the middle eighteenth century. Elixio de la Puente was not an expert or trained geographer. The research staff of the St. Augustine Historical Restoration and Preservation Commission believes that Elixio de la Puente must have used another map of an expert as his guide. This author is inclined to believe that either Cotilla or Castelló made a St. Augustine city map which Elixio de la Puente used as a guide. This map has never been located. The staff of the Commission calls it “the missing map.” Cf. infra, n. 66.

63 See appendix. Cf.Tanner, Helen H., “The Transition from British to Spanish Rule in East Florida, 1783–1785” (master’s thesis, University of Florida, 1949).Google Scholar

64 Pablo Castelló, “Plano del Castillo del Presidio de San Agustin … [1764]” and “Piano del Presidio de San Agustin … [1764],” originals in the Spanish Ministry of War, LM 8a-la, 23 and 9a, 1a, 51(1), and reproduced in Chatelain, Verne E., The Defense of Spanish Florida, 1565 to 1763 (Washington, 1941),Google Scholar maps no. 12 and no. 13.

65 Castelló, just as Cotilla, is not listed in Comisión Redactora, Estudio; Quijano, José Antonio Calderón, Historia de las fortificaciones en Nueva España (Seville, 1953)Google Scholar; Quijano, José Antonio Calderón, “Noticias de injenieros militares en Nueva España en los siglos XVII y XVIII,” Anuario de Estudios Americanos (Seville), (1949), 5–71 Google Scholar; Pérez-Beato, Manuel and León, Benito y Canales, , Archivos de Indias: Ingenieros cubanos, siglos XVI, XVII, XVIII (Havana, 1941).Google Scholar

66 Melchor Feliu to Julian de Arriaga, St. Augustine, May 30, 1763, 4 folios, AGI: 86-6-6-41 (Santo Domingo, 2660), SC. Melchor Feliu to Julian de Arriaga, Havana, April 18, 1764, 4 folios, AGI: 86-6-6-45 (Santo Domingo 2660), SC. This last document, in accordance with the report of Feliu, was supposed to contain three maps of St. Augustine drafted by Castelló (two located and cited in supra, n. 64; cf. supra, n. 62). It was also supposed to contain a complete service sheet or record of Castelló. Unfortunately the enclosures are missing. It is quite possible that the third map of Castelló is a map of the city of St. Augustine and is an enlargement of the city section shown in map no. 13 of supra, n. 64. This might be the “missing map” of supra, n. 62.

67 Juan Esteban de Peña [Royal Treasurer] to Julian Axriaga, St. Augustine, December 15, 1761, 8 folios, AGI: 87-2-23-1, and Alonso de Cardenas to Juan de Prado, St. Augustine, December 15, 1762 [sic for 1761], enclosure no. 2 of supra, n. 37, both in SC.

68 TePaske, John, “The Governorship of Spanish Florida, 1700–1763,” (Ph.D. dissertation, Duke University, 1959), p. 57.Google Scholar

69 Alonso de Cardenas to the Crown, St. Augustine, August 31, 1765, enclosing a detailed service record, 8 folios, AGI: 86-6-6-47 (Santo Domingo, 2660), SC.

70 Governor Juan de Prado to Julian de Arriaga, Havana, March 12, 1762, plus various enclosures including the minutes of the War Council of March 4, 1762 (folios 20-31), 70 folios, AGI: 86-6-6-34 (Santo Domingo, 2660), SC.

71 Alonso de Cardenas in his service record, supra, n. 69, said that he assumed the acting governorship on December 7, 1761, and remained in office for three months and thirteen days (folio 4).

72 See appendix, Public Buildings.

73 Cf. the first chapter of the Griffin and Manucy study, supra, n. 12.

74 Roberts, William, comp. and ed., An Account of the First Discovery and Natural History of Florida (London, 1763), p. 24.Google Scholar Jefferys also made a map of Florida of 1763 which is reproduced in FHQ, IV, no. 1 (1925), p. 19. For other maps of Jefferys see Lowery, Woodbury, The Lowery Collection, A Descriptive List of Maps of the Spanish Possessions within the Present Limits of the United States, 1502–1820 (Washington, 1912), index.Google Scholar

75 Library of Congress, Information Bulletin, XVI, no. 4 (1957), p. 570.

76 Stork, William, ed., An Account of East-Florida with a Journal Kept by John Bartram of Philadelphia (London [1766]), p. 33.Google Scholar

77 Mowat, Charles L., “That ‘Odd Being’ De Brahms,” FHQ, 20, no. 4 (1942), 323–345 Google Scholar; Corse, Carita Doggett, “De Brahms’ Report on East Florida, 1773,” FHQ, 17, no. 3 (1939), 219–226.Google Scholar

78 Philhps, P. Lee, Notes on the Life and Works of Bernard Romans (DeLand, Fla., 1924). Google Scholar

79 Earnest, Ernest, John and William Bartram (Philadelphia, 1940)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Youmans, William Jay, “John and William Bartram” [written in 1896]Google Scholar and “Son William [Bartram] Reports on the Life of His Father [John Bartram]” in Cruickshank, Helen Gere, ed., John and William Bartram’s America (New York, 1957), pp. 3–37.Google Scholar

80 See supra, n. 22.

81 All these remarks and those quoted are in Harper, Francis, ed., Diary of a Journey through the Carolinas, Georgia and Florida from July 1, 1765 to April 10, 1766 [by] John Bartram in Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, N.S. , 33, part 1 (Philadelphia, 1942), 51–55.Google Scholar

82 De Brahms, John Gerard William, “History of the Three Provinces of Carolina, Georgia and Florida,” unpublished manuscript at the Harvard University Library and British Museum, chap. 2.Google Scholar Photostat at the St. Augustine Historical Society. For a complete description of the manuscript see Mowat, . “That,” pp. 340–345.Google Scholar

83 Romans, Bernard, A Concise History of East and West Florida (New York, 1776), p. 263.Google Scholar

84 James Grant, Esq. to the Board of Trade, St. Augustine, March 1, 1765, Public Record Office, C. O. 5-540, pp. 353-360. Available at the St. Augustine Historical Society.

85 John Savage, Esq., to Francis Jones and Cornelius Hinson, Esq. [both members of the Council of Bermuda], Charleston, December 14, 1764, Public Record Office, C. O. 5-540, p. 365. Available at the St. Augustine Historical Society.

86 Melchor Feliu to the Conde de Riela, Havana, March 14 (filed under March 4 [sic]), 1764, 11 folios, AGI: 86-7-11-22, SC.

87 Melchor Feliu to Julian de Arriaga, Havana, April 16, 1764, plus many enclosures, 35 folios, AGI: 86-6-6-43, SC.

88 John Bartram to [Peter] Collison, no place, August 26, 1766, in Darlington, William, ed., Memorials of John Bartram and Humphry Marshall (Philadelphia, 1849), pp. 283–284.Google Scholar Also in Cruickshank, op. cit., pp. 91–92.

89 There is a fairly rich source of architectural information of the English period in some of the English claims for real estate losses after the British settlers left St. Augustine when Florida returned to Spanish hands in 1783. This documentary material gives a good picture of the Anglicized St. Augustine architecture. See Siebert, Wilbur Henry, Loyalists in East Florida, 1774–1785. Vol. 2: Records of Their Claims for Losses of Property in the Province (DeLand, Fla., 1929).Google Scholar

90 In the Map Room, Department of Printed Books, King George III’s Topographical Collection, British Museum, are two colored “views from the Governor’s windows in St. Augustine,” East Florida, November, 1764. They are reproduced in the easily available brochure by Campen, J. T. Van, St. Augustine, Capital of La Florida (St. Augustine, 1959), pp. 45, 47.Google Scholar These two pictures are also reproduced in Hulbert, Archer Butler, Crown Collection of Photographies of American Maps, Series II, Vol. 1 (Cleveland, 1910),Google Scholar nos. [32–33]. Cf. Lowery, , Maps, p. 337.Google Scholar

91 For the best study of historical geography of St. Augustine see Dunkle, John R., “St. Augustine, Florida: A Study in Historical Geography,” (Ph. D. dissertation, Clark University, 1955).Google Scholar Dunkle, John R., “Population Change as an Element in the Historical Geography of St. Augustine,” FHQ, 37, no. 1 (1958), 3–32.Google Scholar

  • a

    a “Doña Antonia de Avero sobre reasumir sus Casas y posesiones, con los demas que de los Autos consta,” Florida, año de 1793, folio 5, no. 19 of Bundle No. 320, City Lots, Field Note Division, Department of Agriculture (Tallahassee), State of Florida. This house is marked no. 64 on the Puente real estate map of 1764 (see supra, n. 62). Joaquín Blanco (1704-?) in 1763 held the coveted title of Guarda Mayor de Almacenes [or Guarda Almacen de Municiones y Petrechos] which was the overseer of all royal supplies, including munitions. On the scale of the administrative echelon Blanco was tenth down from the governor. His salary in 1763 was 590 pesos (the governor made 5000). See “Doña Antonia de Avero,” op. cit., folio 6v.; Juan Joseph Elixio de la Puente [1763 statistical data] to the Crown and Governor of Havana, Havana, May 8, 1770, 70 folios, AGI: 82-1-5-4-5-6, St. Augustine Historical Society. See also “Cuenta y relación jurada presentada por Don Joaquín Blanco Guarda Almasen que fue de la Florida corriente de 2 de Julio de 1757 hasta fines de Diciembre de 1763,” Havana, Dec. 6, 1765, 52 folios, AGI: 87-3-27-A (Santo Domingo: 2663), SC.

  • b

    b “D. José Ponce de León reclamando unas Casas á nombre de Doña Juana Navarro,” Florida, año de 1784, folio 6, no. 19 of Bundle No. 320, City Lots, op. cit. This house is no. 209 of the Puente map. In 1763 Salvador de Porras was a Cavo de Artillería (Artillery Corporal) with a salary of 192 pesos. See “D. José Ponce de León” and Elixio de la Puente [statistical], both op. cit.

  • c

    c “D. José Ponce de León,” op. cit., appendix no. II, folio 7. This house is no. 61 of the Puente map.

  • d

    d Folio 1, no. 6, of Bundle No. 357, City Lots, op. cit. This house is no. 156 of the Puente map. Don Juan Salas in 1763 was listed by Elixio de la Puente [statistics], op. cit., among the Milicianos vecinos antiguas o moradores de la Plaza (old local militiamen or residents), no salary given. Another source identifies him as Teniente de Militias en la Companía Real del Cuerpo de Guardia Principal (Lieutenant of the Militia of the Royal Company of the Main Guard). “Noticias de las Casas y Solares que reclama Don Jesse Fish para suyas en esta ciudad de San Augustín de la Florida,” Cuaderno del Escrivano de Govierno, año 1797, no. 63 of Bundle No. 355, folio 1, in City Lots, op. cit. No information about Antonio Rodríguez has been located. Most of the difficulty lies in the name. Antonio Rodríguez was a common name, similar to a modern Joe Smith. The Puente map lists the house as belonging only to Juan Salas.

  • e

    e All in appraisal reports of December 28, 1763, from St. Augustine, Florida, 5 folios, AGI: 86-7-11-23, SC. In the Puente map they are: Governor’s House, not sketched; House of the Principal Guard, no. 24; Hospital, no. 233; Royal Blacksmith Shop, nos. 23 and/or 22 (the name of the blacksmith in 1763 was Bartolomé Montes de Oca, according to the Puente map).