Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2brh9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-02T18:03:09.275Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Pan American Conference Act of May 10, 1888: President Cleveland and the Historians

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 December 2015

James F. Vivian
James F. Vivian*
Affiliation:
The National Archives Washington, D. C.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Is it possible for two reputable and assumedly authoritative sources like the Congressional Record and Statutes at Large to contain mutually contradictory evidence as to whether the President of the United States approved or failed to approve a particular act of Congress? It could happen, obviously. It did in one instance, in fact, to the continuing confusion of students and scholars alike, who seemingly have been unaware of the discrepancy.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Americas , Volume 27 , Issue 2 , October 1970 , pp. 185 - 192
Copyright
Copyright © Academy of American Franciscan History 1970

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Blaine to Osborn, Thomas O., Nov. 29, 1881, in Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, 1881 (Washington, D. C., 1882), pp. 13–15 Google Scholar.

2 Richardson, James D. (ed.), Messages and Tapers of the Presidents (18 vols.; New York, 1897), X, 4684 Google Scholar.

3 Frelinghuysen to Osborn, , Aug. 9, 1882, in Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, 1882 (Washington, D. C, 1883), p. 4 Google Scholar.

4 U. S., Statutes at Large, XXIII, 235–236.

5 U. S., Congressional Record, 49th Cong., 1st sess., XVII, pt. 6, 5814.

6 Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, 1888 (2 pts., Washington, D. C, 1889), II, 1658–1659 Google Scholar.

7 Washington Critic and Evening Star (Washington, D. C), May 25, 1888 Google Scholar.

8 U. S., Congressional Record, 50th Cong., 1st sess., XIX, pt. 5, 4687.

9 U. S., Statutes at Large, XXV, 155–156.

10 New York Times, August 29, 1889, 8:4; Curtis, William E., Trade and Transportation Between the United States and Spanish America (Washington, D. C, 1889), p. 22 Google Scholar.

11 International American Conference, Reports of Committees and Discussions Thereon (4 vols., Washington, D. C, 1890), I, 7–9, and IV, 375 Google Scholar.

12 Crawford, Theron C., James G. Blaine, A Study of His Life and Career (Philadelphia, 1893), p. 609 Google Scholar; Hamilton, Gail [Dodge, Mary A.], Biography of James G. Blaine (Norwich, Conn., 1895), p. 677 Google Scholar; Stanwood, Edward, James Gillespie Blaine (Boston, 1905), pp. 314–315 Google Scholar; and Crichfield, George W., American Supremacy: The Rise and Progress of the Latin American Republics and Their Relations to the United States Under the Monroe Doctrine (2 vols., New York, 1908), II, 424 Google Scholar.

13 Curtis, William E., “A Brief History of the Reciprocity Policy,” American Academy of Political and Social Science, Annals, XXIX (May, 1907), 18 Google Scholar.

14 Gail Hamilton, Biography of James G. Blaine, p. 667.

15 Romero, Matías, Mexico and the United States: A Study of Subjects Affecting Their Political, Commercial, and Social Relations (New York, 1898), p. 628 Google Scholar. The document is reprinted on pp. 673–674.

16 Fish, Carl R., American Diplomacy (New York, 1915), p. 388 Google Scholar; Moore, John B., “Henry Clay and Pan Americanism,” Columbia University Quarterly, XVII (September, 1915), 359 Google Scholar.

17 Wilgus, A. Curtis, “James G. Blaine and the Pan American Movement,” Hispanic American Historical Review, V (November, 1922), 691 Google Scholar.

18 Thomas, David Y., One Hundred Years of the Monroe Doctrine, 1823–1923 (New York, 1928), p. 408 Google Scholar; Tyler, Alice Felt, The Foreign Policy of James G. Blaine (reprint, Hamden, Conn., 1965), p. 175 Google Scholar.

19 Dictionary of American Biography, II, 328.

20 Romero, Matías, “The Pan-American Conference,” North American Review, CLI (September, 1890), 355 Google Scholar.

21 Matthews, John B., American Foreign Relations, Conduct and Policies (New York, 1928), p. 343 Google Scholar; Lockey, Joseph B., “James Gillespie Blaine,” in Bemis, Samuel F. (ed.), The American Secretaries of State and Their Diplomacy (10 vols., New York, 1927-1929), VIII, 165 Google Scholar.

22 Scott, James B. (ed.), The International Conferences of American States, 1889–1928 (New York, 1931), pp. 3–4 Google Scholar.

23 Muzzey, David S., Blaine, James G., A Political Idol of Other Days (New York, 1934), p. 430 Google Scholar.

24 Bemis, Samuel F., The Latin American Policy of the United States: An Historical Interpretation (New York, 1943), p. 126 Google Scholar.

25 For example, Nuermberger, Gustave A., “Multilateral Diplomacy Among the American States: The Conference and Congress Phase, 1826–1906” (unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, Duke University, 1935), pp. 318–319 Google Scholar.

26 Bastert, Russell H., “Blaine, James G. and the Origins of the First International Conference of American States” (unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, Yale University, 1952), p. 411 Google Scholar; Whitaker, Arthur P., The Western Hemisphere Idea: Its Rise and Decline (Ithaca, N. Y., 1954). p. 84 Google Scholar; McGann, Thomas F., Argentina, the United States, and the Inter-American System, 1880–1914 (Cambridge, Mass., 1957), p. 120 Google Scholar.

27 Mecham, J. Lloyd, The United States and Inter-American Security, 1889–1960 (Austin, Tex., 1961), p. 51,Google Scholar and A Survey of United States-Latin American Relations Boston, 1965), p. 93 Google Scholar. See also Kaiser, Chester C., “Mexico en la Primera Conferencia Panamericana,” Historia Mexicana, XI (Julio-Septiembre, 1961), 59–60 Google Scholar, whose citation on the point is to Romero’s 1898 book.

28 Winchester, Richard C., “Blaine, James G. and the Ideology of American Expansionism” (unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, University of Rochester, 1966), p. 76 Google Scholar; Spetter, Allan B., “Harrison and Blaine: Foreign Policy, 1889–93” (unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, Rutgers University, 1967), p. 195 Google Scholar; Gannaway, Richard M., “United States Representation at the Inter-American Conferences, 1889–1928” (unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, University of South Carolina, 1968), pp. 1, 9Google Scholar.

29 Sievers, Harry J., Benjamin Harrison, Hoosier President: The White House and After (Indianapolis, 1968), p. 104 Google Scholar.

30 Porter, Kirk H. and Johnson, Donald B. (comps.), National Party Platforms, 1840–1956 (Urbana, III., 1956), pp. 66, 74Google Scholar. James B. McCreary (D., Ky.) introduced the legislation in January, 1888, and Perry Belmont (D., N. Y.), chairman of the Foreign Affairs Committee, reversed his position of 1886, when a similar motion had last been considered, in giving his blessing to it in 1888.

31 The Nation, XLIX (October 10, 1889), 284.

32 Powers, Fred. Perry, “The Pan-American Congress,” America, III (October 10, 1889), 50–51 Google Scholar. Powers claimed that almost everything pertaining to the convening of the Conference was “anomalous.”