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State Constitutional Law in 1947–48*
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 02 September 2013
Extract
The total number of cases arising under state constitutions this year is substantially larger than last year. The bulk of the increase seems to fall in the area of civil rights, particularly procedural rights, although there is some increased activity in areas of state and local government as well. The cases fall readily into the general pattern followed in last year's survey.
I. GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION
1. State Government. The standing and circumstances necessary to enable a party to secure a decision on the constitutionality of a statute were discussed by the highest courts of four states. In 1947, the Tennessee legislature passed an Anti-Closed Shop Act which was promptly attacked by a union recognized by the NLRB as exclusive bargaining agent in the defendant plant. A county chancery court upheld the statute against arguments that it violated the state and federal constitution. Before the day fixed for hearing on appeal, the union requested that the appeal be dismissed, a request resisted by the employer and the attorney-general. It is clear from the argument on the request that both parties were seeking an adjudication on the federal question from the federal Supreme Court. Evidently, however, the union decided to press the matter to the latter court in a different and more favorable controversy. In this case, since the lower court upheld the constitutionality of the law, the public interest, it was said, would not be impaired by dismissal. From the precedents cited, however, it seems likely that if the lower court decision had been against the law's constitutionality, the Supreme Court would have refused the request. The same court also held that where the defendant has attacked the constitutionality of a statute unsuccessfully in a criminal trial, he many not raise the same questions in a civil case brought against him, even when the prior adjudication was made in an unpublished opinion.
- Type
- Research Article
- Information
- Copyright
- Copyright © American Political Science Association 1948
Footnotes
*
I am indebted to Miss Eva Zimbler, research assistant in political science, for aid in the preparation of this manuscript.
References
1 Federal Firefighters v. Roane-Anderson Co. et al., 206 S.W. (2nd) 369 (Tenn., Dec., 1947).
2 Haynes v. Sanford et al., 206 S.W. (2nd) 796 (Tenn., Nov., 1947). The court, however discussed the question raised and concurred with the lower criminal court. To the same effect, State v. Manard, 185 P. (2nd) 483 (Okla. Cr. App., Oct., 1947).
3 Lurie v. West Town State Bank, 75 N.E. (2nd) 895 (Ill., Nov., 1947). See also Kauffroath v. Wilbur, 185 P. (2nd) 522 (Ariz., Oct., 1947); Butane Corp. v. Kirby, 187 P. (2nd) 325 (Ariz., Dec., 1947).
4 Village of Riverside v. Kuhne, 73 N.E. (2nd) 286 (Ill., May, 1947).
5 State v. Farmer's Coal Co., 43 S.E. (2nd) 625 (W.Va., Jan., 1947). See also Shumway v. Fleishman, 187 P. (2nd) 636 (Ariz., Dec., 1947).
6 Taylor v. Marsh, 43 S.E. (2nd) 606 (S.C., July, 1947).
7 St. Ferdinand Sewer Dist. v. Turner, 203 S.W. (2nd) 731 (Mo., July, 1947). See also Sound Inv. Co. v. Griffin, 205 S.W. (2nd) 257 (Mo. App., Oct., 1947).
8 Chovanak v. Matthews, 188 P. (2nd) 582 (Mont., Jan., 1948). The action was brought under the Uniform Declaratory Judgment Act. See also Cobb v. S. C. Nat'l Bank, 43 S.E. (2nd) 465 (S.C., July, 1947), holding that the guardian of an insane person has a right to an appeal even though such a right is unmentioned in applicable legal provisions, and even though such a right is not inherent. And see Metcalf v. Howard, 201 S.W. (2nd) 197 (Ky., Mar., 1947), holding that county officers may attack the constitutionality of a statute as to the way in which it applies to counties other than their own. Compare Sypolt v. Shaffer, 43 S.E. (2nd) 235 (W.Va., Jun., 1947); Cothran v. Rock Hill, 43 S.E. (2nd) 615 (S.C., July, 1947).
9 City of St. Louis v. Essex Inv. Co., 204 S.W. (2nd) 726 (Mo., Oct., 1947).
10 Watkins v. Cossaboom, 204 S.W. (2nd) 56 (Tex. Civ. App., June, 1947), held that the court had jurisdiction.
11 Hartley v. Heboell, 44 S.E. (2nd) 896 (Ga., Oct., 1947). The same reluctance to interfere with interlocutory rulings, in this case by writ of prohibition, is found in Sheffer v. Speekman, 205 S.W. (2nd) 305 (Ky., Oct., 1947). See contra Sicker v. Powers, 74 N.E. (2nd) 638 (Ohio, App., Dec., 1947).
12 Rawleigh Co. v. Forbes, 43 S.E. (2nd) 642 (Ga., July, 1947).
13 Miller v. Emerson, 186 P. (2nd) 220 (Mont., Oct., 1947).
14 Fraser v. Cohen, 31 So. (2nd) 463 (Fla., July, 1947).
15 Kinett v. Mason, 206 S.W. (2nd) 789 (Tenn., Nov., 1947).
16 State ex rel. Brooks et al. v. Ebien, 206 S.W. (2nd) 793 (Tenn. Nov., 1947).
17 State v. Waiden, 206 S.W. (2nd) 979 (Mo., Dec., 1947). Two justices dissented. On the power of judicial amendment of statutes, see also Rogan v. B. & O. R. Co., 52A (2nd) 261 (Md. App., Mar., 1947); Birmingham v. M & W. Min. Co., 180 P. (2nd) 615 (Kan., May, 1947).
18 Opinion of the Justices, 30 So. (2nd) 671 (Ala., May, 1947).
19 Ferris v. Aten, 28 N.W. (2nd) 899 (Mich., Oct., 1947). One justice dissented, citing decisions in South Dakota, Tennessee, and Wyoming.
20 State ex rel. Hamblen v. Yelle, 185 P. (2nd) 723 (Wash., Oct., 1947). Another issue involved is discussed under separation of powers below.
21 Besides Washington, the other states are Connecticut, Illinois, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Missouri, Nebraska North Dakota, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Virginia. See also Parker v. Riley, 18 Cal. (2nd) 83, 113 P. (2nd) 873 (1941), to the same effect with respect to a commission on interstate coöperation.
22 See Sherwood, Foster H., “State Constitutional Law in 1946–47,” in this Review, Vol. 41, pp. 710–711 (1947).Google Scholar
23 Smith v. McMichael, 45 S.E. (2nd) 431 (Ga., Dec., 1947). The act under attack had been introduced under the old constitution, which had no such requirement, and was passed after the constitution of 1945 went into operation. The chief justice dissented from the opinion. See also State v. Nagel, 28 N.W. (2nd) 665 (N.D., Aug., 1947), where the question was discussed collaterally.
24 Gebhart v. Hill, 54 A. (2nd) 315 (Md., July, 1947). To the same effect, Warner Bros. Pictures Inc. v. Brodel, 179 P. (2nd) 57 (Cal. App., Mar., 1947). See also People v. Howard, 74 N.E. (2nd) 513 (Ill., May, 1947); School Dist. v. Hodge, 183 P. (2nd) 575 (Okla., July, 1947); Caldwell v. Harris, 204 S.W. (2nd) 1019 (Tenn., Oct., 1947).
25 Bd. of Commrs. v. Shaw, 182 P. (2nd) 507 (Okla., June, 1947).
26 Kelley v. Byington, 206 S.W. (2nd) 409 (Tenn., Nov., 1947).
27 State v. Fernandina Port Auth., 32 So. (2nd) 328 (Fla., Oct., 1947). The court indicates a willingness to ignore this limitation and question the decision in Cantwell v. St. Petersburg Port Auth., 155 Fla. 651, 21 So. (2nd) 139 (1945), holding unconstitutional a statute delegating power to establish a ferry. Cf. Cragar v. Thompson, 205 S.W. (2nd) 180 (Ark., Nov., 1947), in which a strict standard against special acts is applied.
28 Wallace v. Childers, 180 P. (2nd) 1005 (Okla., May, 1947).
29 Calif. Empi. Stab. Comm. v. Payne, 187 P. (2nd) 702 (Cal., Dec., 1947).
30 In re Opinion of the Justices, 53 A. (2nd) 194 (N.H., May, 1947). See also Bloosky v. Redevel. Auth., 54A (2nd) 277 (Pa., July, 1947).
31 State ex rel. Rich v. Garfield Co. et al., 188 P. (2nd) 1004 (Mont., Jan., 1948). The assessed valuation of the land involved was $175. At public sale, it brought $1,000. This seemed to convince the court that sale at the former figure would be a gift. Compare Bd. of Commrs. v. Shaw, 182 P. (2nd) 507 (Okla., June, 1947), where state sale of land free of delinquent taxes previously used by the state, and on which counties had claims for delinquent taxes, was held not to be a gift, even though the state appropriated $20,000 to the county to compensate it for its loss.
32 Taylor v. Marsh, 43 S.E. (2nd) 606 (S.C., July, 1947).
33 Harris v. Dungan, 185 P. (2nd) 949 (Okla., Oct., 1947).
34 A title reference to “punishment” was held to cover a provision for forfeiture in Haynes v. Sanford, 206 S.W. (2nd) 796 (Tenn., Nov., 1947). See also Mallard v. Texas St. Bd. of Exam., 203 S.W. (2nd) 778 (Tex. Civ. App., June, 1947); Elliott v. Fuqua, 204 S.W. (2nd) 1016 (Tenn., Oct., 1947); State v. Knight, 206 S.W. (2nd) 330 (Mo., Nov., 1947); Rein v. Johnson, 30 N.W. (2nd) 548 (Neb., Dec., 1947).
35 See School Dist. v. Hodge, 183 P. (2nd) 575 (Okla., July, 1947), where the title was an almost complete index to the statute.
36 Where the title referred to the sale of county obligations for the construction or alteration of county buildings, and the body of the act provided only for constructing school buildings and the purchase of land therefore, there was no deception, Doyle v. King, 44 S.E. (2nd) 608 (S.C., Oct., 1947). See also Carter v. Life and Casualty Ins. Co., 29 So. (2nd) 716 (La. App., Mar., 1947).
37 Caldwell v. Harris, 204 S.W. (2nd) 1019 (Tenn., Oct., 1947).
38 State ex rel. Finnegan v. Burt, 29 N.W. (2nd) 655 (Minn., Nov., 1947).
39 Engle v. Bonnie, 204 S.W. (2nd) 963 (Ky., May, 1947).
40 Director v. Mackrell, 204 S.W. (2nd) 893 (Ark., Oct., 1947).
41 Rein v. Johnson, 30 N.W. (2nd) 548 (Neb., Dec., 1947). The constitution requires that appropriations unspent at the close of the fiscal quarter after the next legislative session revert to the general fund. The legislature here reallocated only a portion of such reverted funds.
42 Bd. of Commrs. v. Shaw, 182 P. (2nd) 507 (Okla., June, 1947).
43 Opinion of the Justices, 30 So. (2nd) 715 (Ala., May, 1947); State ex rel. Arn v. State Comm., 181 P. (2nd) 532 (Kan., June, 1947).
44 McLure v. McElroy, 44 S.E. (2nd) 101 (S.C., Sept., 1947).
46 Pardue v. Miller, 206 S.W. (2nd) 75 (Ky., Nov., 1947). See also Howard v. Saylor et al., 204 S.W. (2nd) 815 (Ky., Oct., 1947).
47 Kloka v. Brake, 27 N.W. (2nd) 507 (Mich., May, 1947). For the previous decision, see In re Slattery, 310 Mich. 458, 17 N.W. (2nd) 251 (1944); cert., denied 325 U.S. 876, 65 S.C. 1553 (1944). See Winters, Glenn R., “The Michigan One-Man Grand Jury,” Jour. Amer. Jud. Soc., Vol. 28, p. 137 (1945).Google Scholar
47 In re Roth, 75 N.E. (2nd) 278 (Ill., Sept., 1947. Rehearing denied Nov., 1947).
48 Cobb v. South Carolina Nat'l. Bank, 43 S.E. (2nd) 465 (S.C., July, 1947). The North Carolina court decided the other way in In re Sylivant, 212 N.C. 343, 193 S.E. 422 (1937), and it took a statute to change the rule. See In re Jeffress, 223 N.C. 273, 25 S.E. (2nd) 845 (1943). In Indiana, the court held that its rule governing appeals was changed by a statute which required a $50 deposit; that “appeal” could be construed to cover review of workmen's compensation decisions, Square D. Co. v. O'Neal, 72 N.E. (2nd) 654 (Ind., Apr., 1947). See also In re Diaz, 31 So. (2nd) 195 (La., May, 1947). See contra, City of Hutchinson v. Wagoner, 186 P. (2nd) 243 (Kan., Nov., 1947).
49 People v. Cornelius, 74 N.E. (2nd) 900 (Ill. App., Sept., 1947). The writ of error was dismissed since the appeal was from an interlocutory, and not a final, ruling of the lower court.
50 Crumley v. Hall, 43 S.E. (2nd) 646 (Ga., July, 1947).
51 Texas Co. v. State ex rel. Coryell, 180 P. (2nd) 631 (Okla., Feb., 1947. Rehearing denied, May, 1947). Compare Levis v. N.Y. Life Ins. Co., 55A (2nd) 801 (Pa., Nov., 1947).
52 In re Town of Union Mines, 39 W.Va. 179, 19 S.E. 398 (1894).
53 Elder v. Incorporators of Central City, 40 W.Va. 222, S.E. 738 (1895). It was held in State v. Warden, 62 W.Va. 313, 58 S.E. 715 (1908), that the statutory change of 1901 did not alter the rule of these cases.
54 In re Proposal to Incorporate Town of Chesapeake, 45 S.E. (2nd) 113 (W.Va., Oct., 1947).
55 Citing West v. West Va. Fair Assoc., 97 W.Va. 10, 125 S.E. 353 (1924).
56 Hodges v. Public Service Commission, 110 W.Va. 649, 159 S.E. 834 (1931).
57 Cromwell v. Jackson, 52A (2nd) 79 (Md. App., Mar. 1947). Two justices dissented.
58 Cahill v. Beltrami County, 29 N.W. (2nd) 444 (Minn., Oct., 1947).
59 State ex rel. Kowats v. Arnold, 204 S.W. (2nd) 254 (Mo., June, 1947).
60 People v. Reid, 72 N.E. (2nd) 812 (Ill., Mar., 1947).
61 Locklin v. Pridgeon, 30 So. (2nd) 102 (Fla., Apr., 1947).
62 Kyger v. Koesper, 207 S.W. (2nd) 46 (Mo., Nov., 1947).
63 Whaley v. Ind. Co., 205 S.W. (2nd) 861 (Ark., Nov., 1947).
64 State ex rel. Hamblen v. Yelle, 185 P. (2nd) 723 (Wash., Oct., 1947).
65 State ex rel. Johnson v. Marsh, 29 N.W. (2nd) 799 (Neb., Dec., 1947).
66 Belovsky v. Redevel. Auth., 54A. (2nd) 277 (Pa., July, 1947).
67 Marr v. Fisher, 187 P. (2nd) 966 (Ore., Dec., 1947).
68 Long v. State, 42 S.E. (2nd) 729 (Ga., May, 1947).
69 In re Opinion of the Justices, 53A (2nd) 194 (Mass., May, 1947).
70 Elrod v. Willis, 203 S.W. (2nd) 18 (Ky., June, 1947).
71 McCartin v. School Comm., 76 N.E. (2nd) 645 (Mass., Jan., 1948). This case held that the referendum did not apply to a resolution demoting certain school officers, since the resolution was an executive, not a legislative, act. Compare Guy v. Nelson, 44 S.E. (2nd) 775 (Ga., Oct., 1947), holding unconstitutional a statute governing removal of certain officers because it failed to provide for notice and hearing. Not so with respect to local government, however, Buttz v. Co. Ct., 72 N.E. (2nd) 225 (Ind., Apr., 1947).
72 Ashmore v. Greater Greenville Sewer Dist., 44 S.E. (2nd) 88 (S.C., Aug., 1947). Unconstitutionality was also based in part on the fact that inclusion on the board of officers of the local service clubs violated the equal protection clause of the constitution. Bonds issued by the district were held to be valid obligations, however, since their issuance had been confirmed by the legislature. See also Fraysure et al. v. Ky. Unemp. Comm., 202 S.W. (2nd) 377 (Ky., May, 1947).
73 In re Opinion of the Justices, 32 So. (2nd) 539 (Ala., Nov., 1947).
74 Opinion of the Justices, 75 N.E. (2nd) 234 (Mass., Oct., 1947).
75 Sommerville v. Johnson, 30 N.W. (2nd) 577 (Neb., Jan., 1948). See Ex parte Pitt, 206 S.W. (2nd) 596 (Tex. Cr. App., Dec., 1947), where the power to issue and enforce conditional pardons was upheld likewise without characterizing the function.
76 Ex parte Phyle, 186 P. (2nd) 134 (Cal., Nov., 1947). Two justices dissented. See contra, Ex parte Romero, 181 P. (2nd) 811 (N.M., June, 1947).
77 Young v. Willis, 203 S.W. (2nd) 5 (Ky., June, 1947); Strain v. Southerton et al., 74 N.E. (2nd) 69 (Ohio, June, 1947).
78 Large v. City of Elizabethton, 203 S.W. (2nd) 907 (Tenn., July, 1947).
79 Permenter v. Younan, 31 So. (2nd) 387 (Fla., July, 1947). The court implied that the standards of the law were adequate only because the business involved was a privilege and not a right.
80 Allen v. St. Bd. of Veterinarians, 52A. (2nd) 131 (R.I., Mar., 1947).
81 Clark v. Briscoe Irr. Co., 200 S.W. (2nd) 674 (Tex. Civ. App., Feb., 1947. Rehearing denied, Mar., 1947). Problems of water use were also considered under special constitutional provisions in state ex rel. St. Game Comm. v. Red River Valley Co., 182 P. (2nd) 421 (N.M., Sept., 1945. Rehearing denied Mar., 1946, and June, 1947); City of Pasadena v. City of Alhambra, 180 P. (2nd) 699 (Cal. App., May, 1947).
82 Texas Cons. Theatres, Inc., v. Pettillo et al., 204 S.W. (2nd) 396 (Tex. Civ. App., June, 1947. Rehearing denied Sept., 1947).
83 United Adv. Corp. v. Bd. of Adj., 56A (2nd) 406 (N.J., Dec., 1947). In this case, the order was issued under a provision of the law which was declared invalid as bearing no relation to the purpose of zoning. To the same general effect was Bern stein v. Smutz, 188 P. (2nd) 48 (Cal. App., Dec., 1947). See contra, Commonwealth v. Slome, 75 N.E. (2nd) 517 (Mass., Nov., 1947).
84 Akron & B.L.R. Co. v. Pub. Util. Comm., 74 N.E. (2nd) 256 (Ohio, July, 1947).
85 King v. Priest, 206 S.W. (2nd) 547 (Mo., Nov., 1947).
86 City of Springfield v. Clouse, 206 S.W. (2nd) 539 (Mo., Nov., 1947).
87 Compare Dierup v. Louisville, etc. Bd., 200 S.W. (2nd) 300 (Ky., Mar., 1947), holding that the separation principle does not apply to local government.
88 Application of Central Airlines, Inc., 185 P. (2nd) 919 (Okla., Oct., 1947); followed in Application of Spartan Airlines, 185 P. (2nd) 925 (Okla., Oct., 1947).
89 State ex rel. Griffin v. Sullivan, 30 So. (2nd) 919 (Fla., May, 1947).
90 Montana St. Bd. of Exam. v. Keller, 185 P. (2nd) 503 (Mont., Oct., 1947). See contra Pa. Pub. Util. Comm. v. Israel et al., 52A (2nd) 317 (Pa., Mar., 1947).
91 Weber v. Bd. of Health, 74 N.E. (2nd) 331 (Ohio, Aug., 1947).
92 State v. Hines, 182 P. (2nd) 865 (Kan., June, 1947). The court distinguished this case from State ex rel. Rosensthal v. Storey, 144 Kan. 311, 58 P. (2nd) 1051 (1937), a case approving the grant of legislative power to the school superintendent, since the latter office is established by the constitution, which also authorizes the legislature to add to its duties by statute.
93 Margolin v. State, 205 S.W. (2nd) 775 (Tex. Cr. App., Oct., 1947).
94 Bohn Lumber Prod. Co. v. Mich. Pub. Serv. Comm., 26 N.W. (2nd) 875 (Mich., Apr., 1947).
95 Jeffs v. Bd. of Exam., 30 N.W. (2nd) 445 (Mich., Jan., 1948).
96 State ex rel. Carmichael v. St. Bd., 32 So. (2nd) 216 (Ala., Oct., 1947). After denial, the petitioners secured a judgment in a personal action against the state officers which evidently persuaded the board of its error.
97 Gattinburg Beer Req. Comm. v. Oge, 206 S.W. (2nd) 891 (Tenn., Nov., 1947. Rehearing denied Jan. 16, 1948).
98 Gulf Union Oil Co. v. Isbell et al., 205 S.W. (2nd) 105 (Tex. Civ. App., Oct., 1947).
99 Southern Co-op Foundry Co. v. Drummond, 45 S.E. (2nd) 687 (Ga. App., Dec., 1947). See also Allen v. Martin Co., 52A (2nd) 605 (Md. Apr., 1947).
100 Robertson v. Schein, 204 S.W. (2nd) 954 (Ky., Oct., 1947). Compare Allen v. St. Bd. of Vet., cited note 85 above.
101 Bd. of Sup. v. Comm. ex rel C. & P. Tel. Co., 45 S.E. (2nd) 145 (Va., Nov.' 1947).
102 Black Hawk Motor Trans. Co. v. Ill. Comm. Comm., 76 N.E. (2nd) 478 (Ill., Nov., 1947. Rehearing denied Jan. 15, 1948).
103 State ex rel Lindell Tower Apt. Inc. v. Guise, 206 S.W. (2nd) 320 (Mo., Dec., 1947).
104 Bd. of Sup. v. Com. ex rel C. & P. Tel. Co., 45 S.E. (2nd) 145 (Va., Nov., 1947).
105 State ex rel Wright v. Morrison, 75 N.E. (2nd) 106 (Ohio App., Feb., 1947); Ventresca v. Exley, 56A (2nd) 210 (Pa., Jan., 1948).
106 Guy v. Nelson, 44 S.E. (2nd) 775 (Ga., Oct., 1947). Compare Baxter v. Land Const. Co., 206 S.W. (2nd) 325 (Mo., Dec., 1947), where the order which was not final could precede the hearing. And the administrative decision may be made final prior to judicial review if a hearing has been given. State ex rel Aikens v. Davis, 45 S.E. (2nd) 486 (W.Va., Nov., 1947); Baldwin v. City of Lawton, 185 P. (2nd) 699 (Okla., Apr., 1947).
107 City of Pasadena v. City of Alhambra, 180 P. (2nd) 699 (Cal. App., May, 1947).
108 Smith v. Ray, 72 N.E. (2nd) 921 (Ohio App., Apr., 1947).
109 Black Hawk Motor Trans. Co. v. Ill. Comm. Comm., 76 N.E. (2nd) 478 (Ill., Nov., 1947. Modified on denial of rehearing, Jan., 1948).
110 State ex rel Wright v. Morrison, 75 N.E. (2nd) 106 (Ohio App., Feb., 1947); Ft. Howard Paper Co. v. San. Dist., 26 N.W. (2nd) 661 (Mo., Apr., 1947).
111 Langer v. State, 28 N.W. (2nd) 523 (N.D., May, 1947). Compare Skyline Swannada Inc. v. Nelson Co., 44 S.E. (2nd) 437 (Va., Oct., 1947), where the court reassessed property improperly assessed by the county board, although no waiver existed.
112 Ft. Howard Paper Co. v. San. Dist., 26 N.W. (2nd) 661 (Wis., Apr., 1947).
113 Peterson v. Livestock Comm., 181 P. (2nd) 152 (Mont., May, 1947).
114 Loustalot v. Sup. Ct., 186 P. (2nd) 673 (Cal., Nov., 1947).
115 Metcalf v. Howard, 201 S.W. (2nd) 197 (Ky., March, 1947). Compare Him Pay Lim v. Duncan, 181 P. (2nd) 357 (Ariz., June, 1947); Ex parte Krasner, 32 So. (2nd) 678 (Ala., Nov., 1947).
116 Kaufman Const. Co. v. Holcomb, 55A (2nd) 534 (Pa., Nov. 1947). The tribunal involved was one for arbitrating claims against the state, and thus involved no rights. Compare Rosenbaum v. Ind. Comm., 185 P. (2nd) 511 (Utah, Oct., 1947).
117 Railroad Comm. v. Shell Oil Co., Inc., 206 S.W. (2nd) 235 (Tex., Nov., 1947); Carnegie-Ill. Steel Co. v. Rev. Bd., 72 N.E. (2nd) 662 (Ind. App., May, 1947); City of San Diego v. St. Bd., 186 P. (2nd) 166 (Cal. App., Nov., 1947).
118 Goetz v. Carson Co., 206 S.W. (2nd) 530 (Mo., Dec., 1947); Moore v. Int. Shoe Co., 205 S.W. (2nd) 930 (Mo. App., Nov., 1947); Laforge v. Coglizer Tent & Awn. Co., 205 S.W. (2nd) 957 (Mo. App., Nov., 1947).
119 Bd. of Sup. v. Comm. ex rel C. & P. Tel. Co., 45 S.E. (2nd) 145 (Va., Nov., 1947).
120 Brown v. Weber Imp. & Auto Co., 206 S.W. (2nd) 350 (Mo., Nov., 1947).
121 Rosenbaum v. Ind. Comm., 185 P. (2nd) 511 (Utah, Oct., 1947).
122 Carnegie-Ill. Steel Co. v. Rev. Bd., 72 N.E. (2nd) 662 (Ind. App., May, 1947).
123 Gebbs Gas Engine Co. v. Jackson, 31 So. (2nd) 51 (Fla., June, 1947).
124 Wehrman v. Steltenkamp, 200 S.W. (2nd) 949 (Ky., Mar., 1947); Christian v. Moreland, 45 S.E. (2nd) 201 (Ga., Nov., 1947); Bandy v. State, 204 S.W. (2nd) 819 (Tcnn., Oct., 1947). But compare Sherwood, op. cit., p. 721.
125 Davis v. Bd. of Education of Coffee County, 45 S.E. (2nd) 429 (Ga., Nov., 1947).
126 Hayes v. Taxpayers Research Ass'n., 72 N.E. (2nd) 658 (Ind., Apr., 1947).
127 Settle v. Jones, 206 S.W. (2nd) 59 (Ky., Nov., 1947).
128 Nichols v. Pirkle, 43 S.E. (2nd) 306 (Ga., June, 1947).
129 English v. School Dist. of Robinson Twp., 55A. (2nd) 803 (Pa., Nov., 1947).
130 State ex rel. Keefe v. McInerney, 182 P. (2nd) 28 (Wyo., June, 1947).
131 In re Opinion of the Justices, 31 So. (2nd) 309 (Ala., June, 1947).
132 Hunt v. Cook County, 76 N.E. (2nd) 48 (Ill., Nov., 1947). See also Nashville Electric Service v. Luna, 204 S.W. (2nd) 529 (Tenn., Oct., 1947) and Herman v. Mayor, 55A. (2nd) 491 (Md., Nov., 1947), on conflict between local and general laws.
133 Foster v. Taylor, 42 S.E. (2nd) 531 (S.C., Apr., 1947).
134 City of Winchester v. Winchester Bank, 205 S.W. (2nd) 997 (Ky., Oct., 1947).
135 Johnson v. Marrow, 44 S.E. (2nd) 468 (N.C., Oct., 1947).
136 Koonce v. Bd. of Sup., 32 So. (2nd) 264 (Miss., Oct., 1947).
137 Clayton v. City of Little Rock, 204 S.W. (2nd) 145 (Ark., June, 1947).
138 Certain Lots v. Town of Monticello, 31 So. (2nd) 905 (Fla., July, 1947, on rehearing); First Nat'l. Bank of St. Joseph v. Buchanan County, 205 S.W. (2nd) 726 (Mo., Nov., 1947).
139 Prescott v. Bd. of Public Instruction of Hardee County, 32 So. (2nd) 731 (Fla., Nov., 1947).
140 People ex rel. Schlaeger v. Jarmuth, 75 N.E. (2nd) 367 (Ill., Sept., 1947).
141 Nash. v. Town of Tarboro, 42 S.E. (2nd) 209 (N. C., Apr., 1947); see also Tamiami Trail Tours v. City of Tampa, 31 So. (2nd) 468 (Fla., July, 1947).
142 Cothran v. Mallory, 45 S.E. (2nd) 599 (S.C., Dec., 1947); Sharp v. Hall, 181 P. (2nd) 972 (Okla., June, 1947).
143 Cerajewski v. McVey, 72 N.E. (2nd) 650 (Ind., Apr., 1947).
144 Opinion of the Justices, 52A. (2nd) 297 (N. H., Mar., 1947).
146 Zinnen v. City of Fort Lauderdale, 32 So. (2nd) 162 (Fla., Oct., 1947).
147 People v. Chicago & N.W. Ry. Co., 74 N.E. (2nd) 510 (Ill., May, 1947).
147 Martin v. Mayor, 32 So. (2nd) 711 (La., July, 1947).
148 State ex rel. Miller v. Common School Dist., 185 P. (2nd) 677 (Kan., Oct., 1947); Opinion of the Justices, 32 So. (2nd) 303 (Ala., Sept., 1947); State ex rel. Heppe v. Zilafro, 206 S.W. (2nd) 496 (Mo., Dec., 1947). See Independent Consol. School Dist. v. Bowen, 183 P. (2nd) 251 (Okla., July, 1947), on liability of annexing district.
149 Bd. of Ed. v. Elliot, 29 N.W. (2nd) 902 (Mich., Dec., 1947).
150 Muehring v. School Dist., 28 N.W. (2nd) 655 (Minn., July, 1947).
151 Kansas City v. School Dist., 201 S.W. (2nd) 930 (Mo., Apr., 1947).
154 State ex rel. Arpagaus v. Todd, 29 N.W. (2nd) 810 (Minn., Nov., 1947).
153 State ex rel. Shriver v. Bd. of Comm., 74 N.E. (2nd) 248 (Ohio, July, 1947).
154 Williams v. Bd. for Children's Home, 204 S.W. (2nd) 490 (Ky., May, 1947).
155 State ex rel. Prahlow v. City of Milwaukee, 30 N.W. (2nd) 260 (Wis., Dec., 1947).
156 People ex rel. Walsh v. Bd. of Com'rs of Cook County, 74 N.E. (2nd) 503 (Ill., May, 1947).
157 Spoone v. Mayor, 206 S.W. (2nd) 422 (Term., Dec., 1947); Wallace v. Childers, 180 P. (2nd) 1005 (Okla., May, 1947); Rich v. Rosenshine, 45 S.E. (2nd) 499 (W.Va., Nov., 1947).
158 Carroll v. Arlington County, 44 S.E. (2nd) 6 (Va., Sept., 1947); Fairfax v. Parker, 44 S.E. (2nd) 9 (Va., Sept., 1947); Portage Twp. v. Full Salvation Union, 29 N.W. (2nd) 297 (Mich., Oct., 1947).
159 De Mott Homes v. Margate City, 56A. (2nd) 423 (N.J., Dec., 1947).
160 State ex rel. Keefe v. Schmiege, 28 N.W. (2nd) 345 (Wis., June, 1947).
161 Porter v. City of Paris, 201 S.W. (2nd) 688 (Tenn., May, 1947); Deaderick v. Parker, 200 S.W. (2nd) 787 (Ark., Mar., 1947).
162 Norfolk Co. v. City of Portsmouth, 45 S.E. (2nd) 136 (Va., Nov., 1947); Spence v. Watson, 186 P. (2nd) 785 (Ore., Nov., 1947).
163 Village of St. Clair Shores v. Village of Grosse Point Woods, 29 N.W. (2nd) 860 (Mich., Dec., 1947).
164 Malley v. Throckmorton, 206 S.W. (2nd) 455 (Ark., Dec., 1947), disallowing the establishment of a fire department not authorized by statute. See also Almquist v. City of Biwabik, 28 N.W. (2nd) 744 (Minn., Aug., 1947); Brooklyn Apts. v. Mayor, 55A. (2nd) 500 (Md., Nov., 1947).
165 State ex rel. Hart v. City of St. Louis, 204 S.W. (2nd) 234 (Mo., July, 1947).
166 Dept. of Hwys. v. Parker, 206 S.W. (2nd) 73 (Ky., Nov., 1947).
167 Gaines v. O'Connell, 204 S.W. (2nd) 425 (Ky., Sept., 1947). This holding was coupled with a warning that the procedure of the convention must conform to the provisions of statute providing for it.
168 City of Jackson v. Nims, 26 N.W. (2nd) 569 (Mich., Apr., 1947).
169 Renck v. Sup. Ct., 187 P. (2nd) 656 (Ariz., Dec., 1947).
170 Crozier v. Frohmiller, 179 P. (2nd) 445 (Ariz., Apr., 1947).
171 People v. Berdsong, 76 N.E. (2nd) 185 (Ill., Nov., 1947); Dye v. Council, 182 P. (2nd) 623 (Cal., App., June, 1947).
172 State v. City of Jacksonville, 31 So. (2nd) 385 (Fla., July, 1947). See also Sanders v. Greater Greenville Sewer Disk., 44 S.E. (2nd) 185 (S.C., Sept., 1947).
173 State ex rel. Keefe v. Mclnerney, 182 P. (2nd) 28 (Wyo., June, 1947).
174 Quaid v. City of Detroit, 29 N.W. (2nd) 687 (Mich., Dec., 1947).
175 Robbins v. Chamberlain, 75 N.E. (2nd) 617 (N.Y., Oct., 1947).
176 Yuratich v. Plaquemines Parish Dem. Comm., 32 So. (2nd) 647 (La. App., Nov., 1947).
177 Ramsey v. Dunlop, 205 S.W. (2nd) 979 (Tex., Nov., 1947).
178 Konacs v. Cooper, 52 A. (2nd) 806 (N.Y., Apr., 1947).
179 Perez v. Bd. of Comm., 178 P. (2nd) 537 (Cal. App., Mar., 1947); King v. Priest, 206 S.W. (2nd) 547 (Mo., Nov., 1947). In City of Springfield v. Close, 206 S.W. (2nd) 539 (Mo., Nov., 1947), it was held that a statute prohibiting municipal government employees from joining unions did not violate the general constitutional guarantee of a right of collective bargaining.
180 Goodwin v. Okla. City, 182 P. (2nd) 762 (Okla., June, 1947).
181 U. S. v. united Mine Workers, 330 U.S. 258; 67 S.C. 677 (1947).
182 Local Union, etc., v. Jiannas, 200 S.W. (2nd) 763 (Ark., Mar., 1947); Local Union, etc., v. Fortner, 42 S.E. (2nd) 734 (Ga., May, 1947).
183 Kinoffria v. Int. Bro. of Team., 72 N.E. (2nd) 635 (Ill., App., Mar., 1947); Saveall v. Deners, 76 N.E. (2nd) 12 (Mass., Dec., 1947).
184 State v. Whitaker, 45 S.E. (2nd) 860, 872 (N.C., Dec., 1947).
185 Grannon v. State, 29 So. (2nd) 916 (Miss., Apr., 1947).
186 People ex rel. McCollum v. Bd. of Ed., 333 U.S. 203; 68 S.C. 461 (1948).
187 Gordon v. Bd. of Ed. 178 P. (2nd) 488 (Cal. App., Mar., 1947), following cases described in Sherwood, op cit., pp. 724–725.
188 Connell v. Bd. of Dir., 52 A. (2nd) 645 (Pa., May, 1947). Cf. Everson v. Bd. of Ed., 330 U.S. 67 S.C. 504 (1947).
189 Watchtower Bible & Tract Soc. Inc. v. Los Angeles Co., 182 P. (2nd) 178 (Cal., June, 1947).
190 People v. Ciocarlan, 26 N.W. (2nd) 904 (Mich., Apr., 1947).
191 Duren v. St. Bd., 201 S.W. (2nd) 578 (Ark., Apr., 1947).
192 Motley v. St. Bd., 45 S.E. (2nd) 550 (N.C., Dec., 1947).
193 Price v. City of St. Peters, 29 So. (2nd) 753 (Fla., Apr., 1947).
194 Levis v. N.Y. Life Ins. Co., 55 A. (2nd) 801 (Pa., Nov., 1947).
195 Caldwell v. Harris, 204 S.W. (2nd) 1019 (Tenn., Oct., 1947).
196 Elrod v. Willis, 203 S.W. (2nd) 18 (Ky., June, 1947).
197 State ex rel. Beitz v. Co. Ct., 72 N.E. (2nd) 225 (Ind., Apr., 1947).
198 Lyman v. Adorno, 52 A. (2nd) 702 (Conn., Apr., 1947); Franco v. City of New Haven, 52 A. (2nd) 866 (Conn., Apr., 1947).
199 Schmitt v. Nord, 27 N.W. (2nd) 910 (S.D., June, 1947).
200 State v. Whitaker, 45 S.E. (2nd) 860 (N.C., Dec., 1947). A similar tax on motor vehicle fuel was likewise upheld in Plank v. Crines, 28 N.W. (2nd) 34 (Iowa, June, 1947).
201 General Mills v. Div. of Empl., 28 N.W. (2nd) 847 (Minn., July, 1947.)
202 Gulf Ref. Co. v. Evatt, 74 N.E. (2nd) 351 (Ohio, July, 1947); Newman v. Dickson, 203 S.W. (2nd) 33 (Ky,. June, 1947).
203 State v. Perkins, 31 So. (2nd) 188 (La., May., 1947). Cf. the recent U.S. decisions, Fay v. People, 332 U.S. 261; 67 S.Ct. 1613 (1947); Patton v. State, 332 U.S. 463; 68 S.C. 184 (1947).
204 Sipuel v. Bd. of Regents, 180 P. (2nd) 135 (Okla., Apr. 1947).
205 Torao Takahashi v. Fish & Game Comm., 185 P. (2nd) 805 (Calif., Oct., 1947). Reversed, 68 S. Ct. 1138 (1948).
206 Hawkins v. Whayne, 179 P. (2nd) 138 (Okla., Mar., 1947); Northwest Civic Assoc. v. Sheldon, 27 N.W. (2nd) 36 (Mich., Apr., 1947); Malicke v. Milan, 30 N.W. (2nd) 440 (Mich., Jan., 1948); Mrsa v. Reynolds, 27 N.W. (2nd) 40 (Mich., Apr. 1947). These cases were all decided before Shelley v. Kraemer, U.S.; 68 S.C. 836 (1948).
207 Geele v. State, 43 S.E. (2nd) 254 (Ga., June, 1947). This case arose out of the disastrous Atlanta hotel fire.
208 Serrer v. Cig. Serv. Co., 76 N.E. (2nd) 91 (Ohio, Nov., 1947). See also McWhorter v. Settle, 43 S.E. (2nd) 247, 250 (Ga., May, 1947).
209 Mayor v. Savannah Dist. Co., 43 S.E. (2nd) 704 (Ga., July, 1947).
210 No. Illinois Coal Corp. v. Medili, 72 N.E. (2nd) 844 (Ill., Mar., 1947).
211 Ashmore v. Gr. Greenville Sewer Dist., 44 S.E. (2nd) 88 (S.C., Aug., 1947).
212 Reid v. Robertson, 200 S.W. (2nd) 900 (Ky., Mar., 1947).
213 Martin v. Sheppard, 201 S.W. (2nd) 810 (Tex., Apr., 1947).
214 Stepp v. State, 32 So. (2nd) 447 (Miss., Nov., 1947).
215 Graff v. Priest, 201 S.W. (2nd) 945 (Mo., Apr., 1947).
216 Fuson v. Howard, 205 S.W. (2nd) 1018 (Ky., Nov., 1947).
217 State ex rel. Manity v. Tyndall, 75 N.E. (2nd) 543 (Ind., Oct., 1947); Voelker v. Tyndall, 75 N.E. (2nd) 548 (Ind., Nov., 1947). Both cases rejected a claim by an acquitted citizen for return or destruction of fingerprints and photographs.
218 Great Northern Ry. Co. v. Graff, 28 N.W. (2nd) 77 (S.D., May, 1947). See also Kovacs v. Cooper, 52 A. (2nd) 806 (N.Y., Apr., 1947); State v. Whitaker, 45 S.E. (2nd) 860 (N.C., Dec., 1947); and Torao Takahashi v. Fish & Game Comm., 185 P. (2nd) 805 (Cal., Oct., 1947), for other statutes, discussed in other connections above, which were upheld as legitimate exercise of police power.
219 Ill. Cent. Ry. v. Comm., 204 S.W. (2nd) 973 (Ky., June, 1947).
220 Dept. of Ins. v. Schoonover, 72 N.E. (2nd) 747 (Ind., May, 1947).
221 No. Ill. Coal Corp. v. Medell, 72 N.E. (2nd) 844 (Ill., Mar., 1947). See also Serrer v. Cig. Serv. Corp. 76 N.E. (2nd) 91 (Ohio, Nov., 1947).
222 Orr Ditch & Water Co. v. Justice Ct., 178 P. (2nd) 558 (Nev., Mar., 1947).
223 Lopez v. Chewiwie, 186 P. (2nd) 512 (N.M., Nov., 1947).
224 Mayor, etc. v. Bauer, 55A (2nd) 883 (N.J. City Ct., Oct., 1947).
225 Comm. v. Slome, 75 N.E. (2nd) 517 (Mass., Nov., 1947).
226 Howell v. Comm. 45 S.E. (2nd) 165 (Va., Nov., 1947).
227 Thompson v. State, 203 S.W. (2nd) 361 (Tenn., June, 1947); State v. Flanagan, 29 S.W. (2nd) 771 (Wis., Nov., 1947).
228 State v. Uielilhoff, 29 N.W. (2nd) 78 (S.D., Oct., 1947).
229 Smallwood v. Comm., 204 S.W. (2nd) 945 (Ky., Oct., 1947).
230 State v. Bisignano, 28 N.W. (2nd) 504 (Iowa, July, 1947).
231 State v. Harrison, 43 S.E. (2nd) 214 (W. Va., June, 1947).
232 Hickman v. Brady, 52 A. (2nd) 72 (Md., Mar., 1947).
233 Marjason v. State, 75 N.E. (2nd) 904 (Ind., Dec., 1947). Compare State v. Justice, 44 S.E. (2nd) 859 (W. Va., Nov., 1947).
234 People v. Cooper, 75 N.E. (2nd) 885 (Ill., Nov., 1947).
235 Pippin v. People, 75 N.E. (2nd) 347 (Ill., Sept., 1947).
236 People v. Valelez, 187 P. (2nd) 74 (Cal. App., Dec., 1947). See State v. Nagel, 28 N.W. (2nd) 665 (N.D., Aug., 1947), holding that the similar federal constitutional provision was not violated by a statute making birth certificates issued by the state conclusive evidence of the facts they contain. Compare In re Oliver, 333 U.S. 257; 68 S.C. 499 (1948).
237 People v. Isby, 186 P. (2nd) 405 (Cal., Nov., 1947).
238 State v. Baker, 53 A. (2nd) 58 (Vt., May, 1947); Owens v. Comm., 43 S.E. (2nd) 895 (Va., Sept., 1947). See Adamson v. Calif., 332 U.S. 46; 67 S.C. 1672 (1947).
239 People v. Den Uhl., 29 N.W. (2nd) 284 (Mich., Oct., 1947); People v. Hoffa 29 N.W. (2nd) 292 (Mich., Oct., 1947). See People ex rel Hesley v. Ragen, 72 N.E. (2nd) 311 (Ill., Mar., 1947).
240 State v. Burnett, 206 S.W. (2nd) 345 (Mo., Dec., 1947).
241 State v. Nix, 31 So. (2nd) 1 (La., Apr., 1947).
242 People v. Manning, 74 N.E. (2nd) 494 (Ill., May, 1947); Richardson v. State, 204 S.W. (2nd) 477 (Ark., Sept., 1947). See also State v. Hartung, 30 N.W. (2nd) 491 (Iowa, Jan., 1948).
243 State v. Miller, 45 S.E. (2nd) 23 (S.C., Nov., 1947).
244 Abbot v. State, 52 A. (2nd) 489 (Md., April, 1947); People v. Malone, 185 P. (2nd) 870 (Cal. App., Oct., 1947).
245 State ex rel. Cosner v. Lee, 42 S.E. (2nd) 31 (W.Va., Mar., 1947).
246 People v. Esposti, 185 P. (2nd) 866 (Cal. App., Oct., 1947).
247 State v. Henderson, 186 P. (2nd) 519 (Ore., Nov., 1947).
248 Ex parte Cook, 183 P. (2nd) 595 (Okla. Cr. App., July, 1947); Dunfee v. Hudspeth, 178 (2nd) 1009 (Kan., Mar., 1947).
249 State v. Hedgebeth, 45 S.E. (2nd) 563 (N.C., Dec., 1947); People v. Brown, 74 N.E. (2nd) 706 (Ill., Sept., 1947). Cf. Fay v. People, 332 U.S. 261; 67 S.C. 1613 (1947); Bute v. People, 333 U.S. 640; 68 S.C. 763 (1948). See also State v. Watson, 202 S.W. (2nd) 50 (Mo., May, 1947).
250 State ex rel. Weazloff v. Burke, 27 N.W. (2nd) 475 (Wis., May, 1947).
251 Hay v. State, 75 N.E. (2nd) 915 (Ind., Dec., 1947).
252 Morris v. Peacock, 43 S.E. (2nd) 531 (Ga., June, 1947). See also People v. Staryak, 72 N.E. (2nd) 815 (Ill., Mar., 1947); Weinecke v. State, 52 A. (2nd) 73 (Md., Mar., 1947); Ex parte Smith, 187 P. (2nd) 1003 (Okla. Cr. App., Dec., 1947).
253 State v. Leetz, 452 A. (2nd) 773 (N.J., Apr., 1947).
254 State v. Cowman, 29 N.W. (2nd) 238 (Iowa, Oct., 1947); Hanks v. State, 76 N.E. (2nd) 702 (Ind., Jan., 1948); Dearing v. State, 204 S.W. (2nd) 985 (Tex. Cr. App., Apr., 1947); In re Pearson, 186 P. (2nd) 401 (Cal., Nov., 1947); Application of Caruso, 53 A. (2nd) 309 (N.J. May, 1947).
255 Ex parte Trombley, 178 P. (2nd) 510 (Cal. App., Mar., 1947).
256 State Bd. of Med. Exam. v. Kornreich, 56 A. (2nd) 490 (N.J., Jan., 1948).
257 Speer v. Speer, 74 N.E. (2nd) 97 (Ohio, Mar., 1947). See also Ex parte Ward, 187 P. (2nd) 250 (Okla. Cr. App., Dec., 1947); Ex parte Phyle, 186 P. (2nd) 134 (Cal., Nov., 1947).
258 Conn. Mut. Life Ins. Co. v. Moore, 74 N.E. (2nd) 24 (N.J., July, 1947).
259 Lypolt v. Shaffer, 43 S.E. (2nd) 235 (W. Va., June, 1947).
260 State v. Carter's Motor F. Sys. Inc., 179 P. (2nd) 496 (Wash., Apr., 1947); City of Nevada v. Welty, 203 S.W. (2nd) 459 (Mo., June, 1947).
261 Benton Rapid Exp. Inc. v. Johnson, 43 S.E. (2nd) 667 (Ga., July, 1947).
262 Lommason v. Wash. Trust Co., 53 A. (2nd) 175 (N.J., May, 1947).
263 State ex rel. Staley v. Herford, 45 S.E. (2nd) 738 (W.Va., Dec., 1947).
264 Grubb v. Johnson Oil Ref. Co., 179 P. (2nd) 688 (Okla., Apr. 1947).
265 Reina v. Hope, 30 So. (2nd) 172 (Fla., Apr., 1947); Henry v. Mauzella, 201 S.W. (2nd) 457 (Mo., Apr., 1947).
266 Haggerty v. Sherburne Merc. Co., 186 P. (2nd) 884 (Mont., Nov., 1947). Compare Irwin v. Willis, 43 S.E. (2nd) 691 (Ga., June, 1947).
267 State ex rel. Kansas City Publ. Serv. Co. v. Cowan, 203 S.W. (2nd) 407 (Mo., June, 1947), following State ex rel. Fireman Corp. v. Ward, 351 Mo. 761; 173 S.W. (2nd) 920 (1943).
268 State ex rel. McStroul v. Lucas, 29 N.W. (2nd) 73 (Wis., Oct., 1947).
269 Fish v. Prud. Ins., Co. 75 N.E. (2nd) 57 (Ind., Oct., 1947).
270 Long Beach City High Sch. Dist. v. Stewart, 185 P. (2nd) 585 (Cal., Oct., 1947).
271 Heimann v. City of Los Angeles, 185 P. (2nd) 597 (Cal., Oct., 1947).
272 Swanson v. Poutrola, 27 N.W. (2nd) 21 (Iowa, Apr., 1947). See also Morris v. First Nat'l Bank, 42 S.E. (2nd) 215 (Ga., Feb., 1947).
273 State v. Le Fevre, 28 N.W. (2nd) 349 (Wis., July, 1947). Compare Madden v. Queens Co. Jockey Club., 72 N.E. (2nd) 697 (N.Y., Apr., 1947).
274 Willcox. v. Penn. Mut. Life Ins., Co., 55 A. (2nd) 521 (Pa., Nov., 1947).
275 Henderson v. Henderson, 204 S.W. (2nd) 911 (Ark., Oct., 1947).
276 Devoke v. Yazoo & M. O. R. Co., 30 So. (2nd) 816 (La., Mar., 1947).
277 Jeffrey v. Ehrhardt, 43 S.E. (2nd) 483 (S.C., July, 1947). Compare Boyle v. Pub. Adj. Const. Co., 76 N.E. (2nd) 377 (Ohio, Dec., 1947).
278 Opinion of the Justices, 32 So. (2nd) 297 (Ala., Oct., 1947).
279 Evans v. Allen, 205 S.W. (2nd) 514 (Ky., Oct., 1947).
280 State ex rel. Williams v. Glander, 74 N.E. (2nd) 82 (Ohio, June, 1947).
281 City of Shaker Heights v. Zangerle, 74 N.E. (2nd) 318 (Ohio, July, 1947).
282 McGriff v. State, 204 S.W. (2nd) 885 (Ark., Oct., 1947).
283 Fulton Co. v. Lockhart, 45 S.E. (2nd) 220 (Ga., Oct., 1947).
284 Walgreen Co. v. Tax Div., 75 N.E. (2nd) 784 (Ind., Dec., 1947).
285 Opinion of Justices, 30 So. (2nd) 254 (Ala., Apr., 1947). See also, on when rights become vested, Kern v. City of Long Beach, 179 P. (2nd) 799 (Cal., Apr., 1947); Campbell v. Oliphant, 206 S.W. (2nd) 406 (Tenn., Nov., 1947); Kilpatrick v. Selkowitz, 55 A. (2nd) 824 (N.J. Ch., Nov., 1947); Lane v. St. Louis Trust Co., 201 S.W. (2nd) 288 (Mo., Mar., 1947); McCowan v. Equitable Life Assur. Soc., 179 P. (2nd) 275 (Colo., Mar., 1947).
286 State ex rel. United Fuel Co. v. De Berry, 43 S.E. (2nd) 408 (W. Va., July, 1947); Peary-Wilson Lumber Co. v. Brevard Co., 31 So. (2nd) 483 (Fla., July, 1947); Card v. City of Detroit, 29 N.W. (2nd) 146 (Mich., Oct., 1947); State ex rel. Hwy. Comm. v. James, 205 S.W. (2nd) 534 (Mo., Nov., 1947); Bd. of Regents v. Palmer, 204 S.W. (2nd) 291 (Mo., Sept., 1947). Such a decree is so judicial that it is review-able only on certiorari or appeal. State ex rel. N.W. Elec. Co. v. Sup. Ct., 179 P. (2nd) 510 (Wash., Apr., 1947); City of Hutchinson v. Wagoner, 186 P. (2nd) 243 (Kan., Nov., 1947).
287 See Heimann v. City of Los Angeles, 185 P. (2nd) 597 (Cal., Oct., 1947); Naconia Pk. Tel. Co. v. State, 180 P. (2nd) 626 (Okla., Apr, 1946).
288 Elec. Pwr. Bd. v. Thomi, 201 S.W. (2nd) 649 (Tenn., May, 1947), held that payment is an obligation of the government which may not be avoided by pledging profits from a state-owned enterprise. See also Long Beach City Sch. Dist. v. Stewart, 185 P. (2nd) 585 (Cal., Oct., 1947); Hazel Park Assn. v. Royal Oak Twp., 27 N.W. (2nd) 249 (Mich., April, 1947).
289 Summerill v. Hunt, 55 A. (2nd) 833 (N.J., Oct., 1947).
290 U. S. Rubber Co. v. McManus, 45 S.E. (2nd) 702 (S. C., Nov., 1947).
291 Cal. Empl. Stab. Comm. v. Payne, 187 P. (2nd) 702 (Cal., Dec., 1947).
292 Gulf Ref. Co. v. Evatt, 74 N.E. (2nd) 351 (Ohio, July, 1947).
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