Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-hvd4g Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-01-29T12:00:16.143Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

How are Foreign Policy Attitudes Structured? A Hierarchical Model

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 August 2014

Jon Hurwitz  and
Mark Peffley
Jon Hurwitz
Affiliation:
University of Pittsburgh
Mark Peffley
Affiliation:
University of Kentucky
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

It has long been assumed that foreign-policy attitudes of the mass public are random, disorganized, and unconstrained if they exist at all. Further, foreign-policy thinking has not been found to be structured along standard ideological (liberal-conservative) lines, partisan lines, or class lines. We attempt to move the discussion from a question of whether foreign-policy attitudes are structured to a question of how they are structured. We propose and estimate (using a LISREL model) a hierarchically organized foreign-policy belief structure in which specific policy preferences are derived from postures (broad, abstract beliefs regarding appropriate general governmental strategies). These postures, in turn, are assumed to be constrained by a set of core values about the international community.

Type
Articles
Information
American Political Science Review , Volume 81 , Issue 4 , December 1987 , pp. 1099 - 1120
Copyright
Copyright © American Political Science Association 1987

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Achen, Christopher H. 1975. Mass Political Attitudes and the Survey Response. American Political Science Review 69:1218–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aldrich, John, Sullivan, John, and Borgida, Eugene. 1986. Waltzing before a Blind Audience? The Role of Foreign Policy Attitudes in the 1984 Presidential Election. University of Minnesota. Typescript.Google Scholar
Allport, Gordon W. 1961. Pattern and Growth in Personality. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.Google Scholar
Almond, Gabriel A. 1950. The American People and Foreign Policy. New York: Harcourt, Brace.Google Scholar
Asher, Herbert B. 1984. Presidential Elections and American Politics. 3d ed. Homewood, IL: Dorsey.Google Scholar
Bardes, Barbara A., and Oldendick, Robert. 1978. Beyond Internationalism: A Case for Multiple Dimensions in Foreign Policy Attitudes. Social Science Quarterly 59:496–508.Google Scholar
Bennett, Stephen E. 1974. Attitude Structures and Foreign Policy Opinions. Social Science Quarterly 55:732–42.Google Scholar
Brady, Henry, and Sniderman, Paul E.. 1985. Attitude Attribution: A Group Basis for Political Reasoning. American Political Science Review 79:1061–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carbonell, Jaime G. Jr. 1978. Politics: Automated Ideological Reasoning. Cognitive Science 2:27–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carmines, Edward G., and Stimson, James A.. 1980. The Two Faces of Issue Voting. American Political Science Review 74:78–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conover, Pamela J., and Feldman, Stanley. 1984. How People Organize the Political World: A Schematic Model. American Journal of Political Science 28:95–126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Converse, Philip E. 1964. The Nature of Belief Systems in Mass Publics. In Ideology and Discontent, ed. Apter, David. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Converse, Philip E., and Markus, Gregory B.. 1979. Plus ça Change…: The New CPS Election Study Panel. American Political Science Review 73:32–49.Google Scholar
Erikson, Robert S. 1978. Analyzing One-Variable Three-Wave Panel Data: A Comparison of the Two Models. Political Methodology 5:151–61.Google Scholar
Erikson, Robert S. 1979. The SRC Panel Data and Mass Political Attitudes. British Journal of Political Science 9:89–114.Google Scholar
Erikson, Robert S., Luttbeg, Norman R., and Tedin, Kent L.. 1980. American Public Opinion. 2d ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Erskine, Hazel G. 1963. The Polls: Exposure to International Information. Public Opinion Quarterly 27:658–62.Google Scholar
Feldman, Stanley. 1983. Economic Individualism and Mass Belief Systems. American Politics Quarterly 11:3–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feldman, Stanley. 1985. The Reliability and Stability of Policy Positions. Presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, New Orleans.Google Scholar
Fiske, Susan, and Taylor, Shelley E.. 1984. Social Cognition. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.Google Scholar
Free, Lloyd A., and Cantril, Hadley. 1968. The Political Beliefs of Americans. New York: Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar
Gamson, William A., and Modigliani, André. 1969. Knowledge and Foreign Policy Opinions: Some Models for Consideration. In Approaches to Measurement in International Relations, ed. Mueller, John. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Hamill, Ruth C., Lodge, Milton, and Blake, Frederick. 1985. The Breadth, Depth, and Utility of Class, Partisan, and Ideological Schemata. American Journal of Political Science 29:850–70.Google Scholar
Hamilton, Richard F. 1972. Class and Politics in the United States. New York: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Hurwitz, Jon, and Peffley, Mark A.. 1987. The Means and Ends of Foreign Policy as Determinants of Presidential Support. American Journal of Political Science. 31:236–58.Google Scholar
Jervis, Robert. 1976. Perceptions and Misperceptions in International Politics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Joreskog, Karl G. 1973. A General Method for Estimating a General Structural Equation System. In Structural Equation Models in the Social Sciences, ed. Goldberg, Arthur S. and Duncan, Otis D.. New York: Seminar.Google Scholar
Kegley, Charles W. Jr., and Wittkopf, Eugene. 1982. American Foreign Policy: Patterns and Processes. New York: St. Martin's.Google Scholar
Kessel, John H. 1984. Presidential Campaign Politics: Coalition Strategies and Citizen Response. 2d ed. Homewood, IL: Dorsey.Google Scholar
Kinder, Donald R. 1983. Diversity and Complexity in Public Opinion. In Political Science: The State of the Discipline, ed. Finifter, Ada. Washington: American Political Science Association.Google Scholar
Kinder, Donald R., and Sears, David O.. 1981. Prejudice and Politics: Symbolic Racism versus Racial Threats to the Good Life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 40:414–31.Google Scholar
Lane, Robert E. 1962. Political Ideology. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Lau, Richard, Brown, Thad, and Sears, David O.. 1978. Self-interest and Civilians' Attitudes toward the Vietnam War. Public Opinion Quarterly 42:464–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levinson, Daniel J. 1957. Authoritarian Personality and Foreign Policy. Journal of Conflict Resolution 1:37–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Long, J. Scott. 1984. Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Sage University Paper Series on Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
McClosky, Herbert. 1967. Personality and Attitude Correlates of Foreign Policy Orientation. In Domestic Sources of Foreign Policy, ed. Rosenau, James N.. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
McCormick, James A. 1985. American Foreign Policy and American Values. Itasca, IL: F. E. Peacock.Google Scholar
Maggiotto, Michael A., and Wittkopf, Eugene R.. 1981. American Public Attitudes toward Foreign Policy. International Studies Quarterly 25:601–31.Google Scholar
Marcus, George E., Tabb, Daniel, and Sullivan, John L.. 1974. The Application of Individual Differences Scaling to the Measurement of Political Ideologies. American Journal of Political Science 18:405–20.Google Scholar
Modigliani, André 1972. Hawks and Doves, Isolation and Political Distrust: An Analysis of Public Opinion on Military Policy. American Political Science Review 66:960–78.Google Scholar
Mueller, John E. 1973. War, Presidents, and Public Opinion. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Niemi, Richard G., and Weisberg, Herbert F., eds. 1984. Controversies in Voting Behavior. 2d ed. Washington: Congressional Quarterly.Google Scholar
Peffley, Mark A., and Hurwitz, Jon. 1985. A Hierarchical Model of Attitudes Constraint. American Journal of Political Science 29:871–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pomper, Gerald M. 1975. Voter's Choice. New York: Dodd, Mead.Google Scholar
Rokeach, Milton. 1973. The Nature of Human Values. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Schneider, William. 1984. Public Opinion. In The Making of America's Soviet Policy, ed. Nye, Joseph S. Jr.New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Sears, David O., Huddy, Leonie, and Schaffer, Lynitta G.. 1986. A Schematic Variant of Symbolic Politics Theory, as Applied to Racial and Gender Equality. In Political Cognition, ed. Lau, Richard and Sears, David. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Simon, Rita. 1974. Public Opinion in America: 1936–1970. Chicago: Rand McNally.Google Scholar
Sniderman, Paul M., Brody, Richard, and Kuklinski, James. 1984. Policy Reasoning and Political Values: The Problems of Racial Equality. American Journal of Political Science 28:75–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sniderman, Paul M., and Citrin, Jack. 1971. Psychological Sources of Political Beliefs: Self-Esteem and Isolationist Attitudes. American Political Science Review 65:401–17.Google Scholar
Sniderman, Paul M., and Tetlock, Philip E.. 1986. Interrelationship of Political Ideology and Public Opinion. In Political Psychology, ed. Hermann, Margaret E.. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Taylor, Shelley E., and Crocker, Jennifer. 1981. Schematic Bases of Social Information Processing. In Social Cognition: The Ontario Symposium, vol. 1, ed. Higgins, E. Tony, Herman, C. P., and Zanna, M. P.. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Tocqueville, Alexis de. 1955. Democracy in America. New York: Vintage Books.Google Scholar
Tversky, Amos, and Kahneman, Daniel. 1978. Causal Schemata in Judgment for Confirming Events: Memory Processes and the Maintenance of Stereotyping. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 15:343–55.Google Scholar
Verba, Sidney, Brody, Richard A., Parker, Edwin B., Nie, Norman H., Polsby, Nelson W., Ekman, Paul, and Black, Gordon S.. 1967. Public Opinion and the War in Vietnam. American Political Science Review 61:317–33.Google Scholar
Watts, William, and Free, Lloyd A.. 1978. State of the Nation, 3. Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath.Google Scholar
Wheaton, Blair, Muthen, Bengt, Alwin, Duane F., and Summers, Gene F.. 1977. Assessing Reliability and Stability in Panel Models. In Sociological Methodology, ed. Heise, David R.. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Wittkopf, Eugene R. 1981. The Structure of Foreign Policy Attitudes: An Alternative View. Social Science Quarterly 62:108–23.Google Scholar
Submit a response

Comments

No Comments have been published for this article.