Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dk4vv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T17:44:24.594Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Difference States Make: Democracy, Identity, and the American City

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 December 2003

CLARISSA RILE HAYWARD
CLARISSA RILE HAYWARD
Affiliation:
Ohio State University
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Most contemporary theorizing that addresses questions of democracy and difference is framed by broadly constructivist claims. Yet when it comes to thinking about democratic state intervention into social relations of difference, political theorists tend to stress reactive strategies, overlooking the role that democratic states play in helping shape and reinforce social definitions of difference. Exploring the case of the construction of racialized difference in the American city, the author makes the case that arguments for tolerating, for recognizing, and for deliberating across extant differences are insufficiently attentive to the role states play in making difference. Institutional efforts to deal with difference democratically should target the points at which it gets produced, aiming not simply to modify the effects of social definitions of identity and difference—but to democratize the processes through which these are defined and redefined.

Type
ARTICLES
Information
American Political Science Review , Volume 97 , Issue 4 , November 2003 , pp. 501 - 514
Copyright
© 2003 by the American Political Science Association

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Arendt Hannah 1990 On Revolution New York: Penguin
Barber Benjamin 1984 Strong Democracy: Participatory Politics for a New Age Berkeley: University of California Press
Benhabib Seyla 1996 Toward a Deliberative Model of Democratic Legitimacy Democracy and Difference: Contesting the Boundaries of the Political Seyla Benhabib Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press 67–94.
Bickford Susan 1999 Reconfiguring Pluralism: Identity and Institutions in the Inegalitarian Polity American Journal of Political Science 43 1: 86 108Google Scholar
Bickford Susan 2000 Constructing Inequality: City Spaces and the Architecture of Citizenship Political Theory 28 (June): 355–76Google Scholar
Bluestone Barry 1990 The Great U-Turn Revisited: Economic Restructuring, Jobs, and the Redistribution of Earnings Jobs, Earnings, and Employment Growth Policies in the U.S. John Kasarda Boston: Kluwer Academic, 7–37.
Bluestone Barry Harrison Bennett 1982 The Deindustrialization of America: Plant Closings, Community Abandonment, and the Dismantling of Basic Industry New York: Basic Books
Bohman James 1996 Public Deliberation: Pluralism, Complexity, and Democracy Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
Briffault Richard 1990 Our Localism: Part I—The Structure of Local Government Law Columbia Law Review 90 (January): 1 115Google Scholar
Briffault Richard 1990 Our Localism: Part II—Localism and Legal Theory Columbia Law Review 90 (March): 346 454Google Scholar
Briffault Richard 1996 The Local Government Boundary Problem in Metropolitan Areas Stanford Law Review 48 (May): 1115–71Google Scholar
Brown Wendy 2001 Reflections on Tolerance in the Age of Identity Democracy and Vision: Sheldon Wolin and the Vicissitudes of the Political Aryeh Botwinick William Connolly Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 99–117.
Brubaker Rogers Cooper Frederick 2000 Beyond ‘Identity’ Theory and Society 29 (February): 1 47Google Scholar
Buchanan v. Warley, 245 U.S. 60.
Cohen Joshua 1996 Procedure and Substance in Deliberative Democracy Democracy and Difference: Contesting the Boundaries of the Political Seyla Benhabib Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 95–119
Connolly William 1991 Identity/Difference: Democratic Negotiations of Political Paradox Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press
Dahl Robert 1989 Democracy and Its Critics New Haven, CT: Yale University Press
Davis Mike 1990 City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles London: Verso
Denton Nancy 1994 Are African Americans Still Hypersegregated? Residential Apartheid: The American Legacy Robert Bullard J. Eugene Grigsby III Charles Lee Los Angeles: CAAS 49–81.
Dryzek John 1990 Discursive Democracy: Politics, Policy, and Political Science Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Dymski Gary Veitch John 1994 Taking it to the Bank: Race, Credit, and Income in Los Angeles Residential Apartheid: The American Legacy Robert Bullard J. Eugene Grigsby III Charles Lee Los Angeles: CAAS 150–79.
Elkin Stephen 1987 City and Regime in the American Republic Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Elster Jon 1984 The Market and the Forum Foundations of Social Choice Theory Jon Ester Aanund Hylland New York: Cambridge University Press 103–32.
Estlund David 1993 Who's Afraid of Deliberative Democracy? On the Strategic/Deliberative Dichotomy in Recent Constitutional Jurisprudence Texas Law Review 71 (June): 1437–77Google Scholar
Feagin Joe 1994 A House is Not a Home: White Racism and US Housing Practices Residential Apartheid: The American Legacy Robert Bullard J. Eugene Grigsby III Charles Lee Los Angeles: CAAS 17–48
Feldman Leonard 2002 Redistribution, Recognition, and the State: The Irreducibly Political Dimension of Injustice Political Theory 30 (June): 410–40Google Scholar
Fields Barbara Jean 1990 Slavery, Race, and Ideology in the United States of America New Left Review 181 (May–June): 95 118Google Scholar
Fishkin James 1991 Democracy and Deliberation: New Directions for Democratic Reform New Haven, CT: Yale University Press
Fishkin James Luskin Robert 1999 Bringing Deliberation to the Democratic Dialogue The Poll with a Human Face: The National Issues Convention Experiment in Political Communication Maxwell McCombs Amy Reynolds Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates 3–38
Fishkin James Luskin Robert 2000 The Quest for Deliberative Democracy Democratic Innovation: Deliberation, Representation, and Association Michael Saward London and New York: Routledge 17–28
Ford Richard Thompson 1994 The Boundaries of Race: Political Geography in Legal Analysis Harvard Law Review 107 (June): 1843 1921Google Scholar
Ford Richard Thompson 1996 Beyond Borders: A Partial Response to Richard Briffault Stanford Law Review 48 (May): 1173–95Google Scholar
Fraser Nancy 1992 Rethinking the Public Sphere Habermas and the Public Sphere Craig Calhoun Cambridge, MA: MIT Press 109–42.
Fraser Nancy 1995 From Redistribution to Recognition? Dilemmas of Justice in a ‘Postsocialist Age’ New Left Review 212 (July–August): 68 93Google Scholar
Fraser Nancy 1995 Recognition or Redistribution? A Critical Reading of Iris Young's Justice and the Politics of Difference Journal of Political Philosophy 3 2: 166–80Google Scholar
Fraser Nancy 1997 Justice Interruptus: Critical Reflections on the “Postsocialist” Condition New York: Routledge
Frieden Bernard Sagalyn Lynne 1989 Downtown, Inc.: How America Rebuilds Cities Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
Frug Gerald 1999 City Making: Building Communities without Building Walls Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
Frug Gerald 2002 Beyond Regional Government Harvard Law Review 115 (May): 1763 1836Google Scholar
Galeotti Anna Elisabetta 1993 Citizenship and Equality: The Place for Toleration Political Theory 21 (November): 585 605Google Scholar
Guinier Lani 1994 The Tyranny of the Majority: Fundamental Fairness in Representative Democracy New York: Free Press
Gutmann Amy Thompson Dennis 1996 Democracy and Disagreement Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press
Haar Charles 1996 Cities Under Siege: Race, Space, and Audacious Judges Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
Habermas Jürgen 1984 The Theory of Communicative Action I: Reason and the Rationalization of Society Boston: Beacon Press
Habermas Jürgen 1989 Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
Habermas Jürgen 1990 Moral Consciousness and Communicative Action transl. Christian Lenhardt and Shierry Weber Nicholsen. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
Habermas Jürgen 1993 Justification and Application Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
Habermas Jürgen 1994 Struggles for Recognition in the Democratic Constitutional StateMulticulturalism: Examining the Politics of Recognition Amy Gutmann Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 107–48.
Habermas Jürgen 1996 Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
Habermas Jürgen 1998 The Inclusion of the Other: Studies in Political Theory Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
Halpern Robert 1995 Rebuilding the Inner City: A History of Neighborhood Initiatives to Address Poverty in the United States New York: Columbia University Press
Harrison Bennett Bluestone Barry 1988 The Great U-Turn: Corporate Restructuring and the Polarizing of America New York: Basic Books
Hayward Clarissa 2000 De-facing Power Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Heyd David 1996 Introduction Toleration: An Elusive Virtue David Heyd Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press 3–17
Hills Dev. Co. v. Bernards Township, 510 A 2d 621 (NJ 1986).
Holt Civic Club v. City of Tuscaloosa, 439 U.S. 60 (1978).
Honneth Axel 1992 Integrity and Disrespect: Principles of a Conception of Morality Based on a Theory of Recognition Political Theory 20 (May): 187 201Google Scholar
Honneth Axel 1995 The Struggle for Recognition: The Moral Grammar of Social Conflicts transl. Joel Anderson. Cambridge, MA: Polity Press
Horton John 1985 Toleration, Morality, and Harm Aspects of Toleration: Philosophical Studies John Horton Susan Mendus London: Methuen 113–35.
Hunter v. City of Pittsburgh, 208 U.S. 161 (1907).
Jackson Kenneth 1985 Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of America New York: Oxford University Press
Jacobs Jane 1992 The Death and Life of Great American Cities New York: Vintage Books
Kiss Elizabeth 1999 Democracy and the Politics of Recognition Democracy's Edges Ian Shapiro Casiano Hacker-Cordón Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 193–209
Kohn Margaret 2000 Language, Power, and Persuasion: Toward a Critique of Deliberative Democracy Constellations 7 3: 408–29Google Scholar
Kymlicka Will 1989 Liberalism, Community and Culture Oxford: Oxford University Press
Kymlicka Will 1995 Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights Oxford: Clarendon Press
Locke John 1955 A Letter Concerning Toleration Indianapolis: Bobbs–Merrill
Logan John Molotch Harvey 1987 Urban Fortunes: The Political Economy of Place Berkeley: University of California Press
Manin Bernard 1987 On Legitimacy and Political Deliberation Political Theory 15 (August): 338–68Google Scholar
Mansbridge Jane 1996 Using Power/Fighting Power: The Polity Democracy and Difference: Contesting the Boundaries of the Political Seyla Benhabib Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press 46–66
Marcus George Sullivan John L. Elizabeth Theiss-Morse Wood Sandra L. 1995 With Malice Toward Some: How People Make Civil Liberties Judgments New York: Cambridge University Press
Massey Douglas Denton Nancy 1993 American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
McClure Kirstie 1990 Difference, Diversity, and the Limits of Toleration Political Theory 18 3: 361–91Google Scholar
McKenzie Evan 1994 Privatopia: Homeowner Associations and the Rise of Residential Private Government New Haven, CT: Yale University Press
Mendelberg Tali 2002 The Deliberative Citizen: Theory and Evidence Research in Micropolitics 6: Political Decisionmaking, Deliberation and Participation Michael Delli Carpini Leonie Huddy Robert Y. Shapiro New York: Elsevier Press
Merkle Daniel 1996 The Polls—Review: The National Issues Convention Deliberative Poll Public Opinion Quarterly 60 (Winter): 588 619Google Scholar
Mill John Stuart 1978 On Liberty Indianapolis: Hackett
Mollenkopf v. Bradley, 418 U.S. 717 (1974).
Mollenkopf John 1983 The Contested City Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
Monchow Helen 1928 The Use of Deed Restrictions in Subdivision Development Chicago: Institute for Research in Land Economics and Public Utilities
Neblo Michael 2000 Thinking Through Democracy: Deliberative Politics in Theory and Practice Ph.D. Diss. University of Chicago:
Neponsit Property Owners' Association, Inc. v. Emigrant Industrial Savings Bank, 278 N.Y. 248 (1938).
Orfield Gary Carole Ashkinaze 1991 The Closing Door: Conservative Policy and Black Opportunity Chicago: University of Chicago Press
English Dictionary, electronic version, 2nd edition. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989.)
Peterson Paul 1981 City Limits Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Phillips Anne 1996 Dealing with Difference: A Politics of Ideas, or a Politics of Presence? Democracy and Difference: Contesting the Boundaries of the Political Seyla Benhabib Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press 139–52
Rae Douglas 1999 Democratic Liberty and the Tyrannies of Place Democracy's Edges Ian Shapiro Casiano Hacker-Cordón Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 165–92.
Rawls John 1985 Justice as Fairness: Political not Metaphysical Philosophy and Public Affairs 14 3: 223–51Google Scholar
Rawls John 1993 Political Liberalism New York: Columbia University Press
Reed Veronica 1994 Fair Housing Enforcement: Is the Current System Adequate? Residential Apartheid: The American Legacy Robert Bullard J. Eugene Grigsby III Charles Lee Los Angeles: CAAS 222–36
Rusk David 1993 Cities without Suburbs Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press
Rusk David 1999 Inside Game/Outside Game: Winning Strategies for Saving Urban America Washington, DC: Brookings Institution
San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez, 411 U.S. 1 (1973).
Sanborn v. McLean, 233 Mich. 227 (1925).
Sanders Lynn 1997 Against Deliberation. Political Theory 25 (June): 347–76Google Scholar
Schlosberg David 1991 Environmental Justice and the New Pluralism: The Challenge of Difference for Environmentalism Oxford: Oxford University Press
Shapiro Ian 2003 The State of Democratic Theory Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
Southern Burlington County NAACP v. Township of Mt. Laurel, 336 A 2d 713 (NJ), cert. denied, 423 U.S. 808 (1975).
Southern Burlington County NAACP v. Township of Mt. Laurel, 456 A 2d 390 (NJ 1983).
Squires Gregory 1994 Capital and Communities in Black and White: The Intersection of Race, Class, and Uneven Development Albany: State University of New York Press
Squires Gregory 1994 Community Reinvestment: The Privatization of Fair Lending Law Enforcement Residential Apartheid: The American Legacy Robert Bullard J. Eugene Grigsby III Charles Lee Los Angeles: CAAS 257–86.
Stevens Jacqueline 1999 Reproducing the State Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
Stouffer Samuel 1955 Communism, Conformity, and Civil Liberties: A Cross-Section of the Nation Speaks Its Mind Garden City, NY: Doubleday
Sullivan John L. James Pierson Marcus George E. 1982 Political Tolerance and American Democracy Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Sunstein Cass 1988 Beyond the Republican Revival Yale Law Journal 97 (July): 1539–90Google Scholar
Taylor Charles 1994 The Politics of Recognition Multiculturalism: Examining the Politics of Recognition Amy Gutmann Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press 25–73.
Turner Margery Raymond Struyk Yinger John 1991 Housing Discrimination Study: Synthesis Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development
United States Bureau of the Census. 1999 Current Population Survey, Poverty 1998 Washington, DC: Government Printing Office
United States Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. 1994 Criminal Victimization in the United States: 1973–1992 Trends NCJ-147006.
Village of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corp., 429 U.S. 252 (1977).
Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co., 272 U.S. 365 (1926)
Wacquant Loic 1994 The New Urban Color Line: The State and Fate of the Ghetto in Postfordist America Social Theory and the Politics of Identity Craig Calhoun Oxford, UK, and Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell 231–76.
Walzer Michael 1994 Comment Multiculturalism: Examining the Politics of Recognition in Amy Gutmann Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press 99–103
Walzer Michael 1997 On Toleration New Haven, CT: Yale University Press
Wehr v. Roland Park Company, 143 Md. 384 (1923).
Wienk Ronald Clifford Reid John Simonson Eggers Frederick 1979 Housing Markets Practices Survey Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development
Williams Bernard 1996 Toleration: An Impossible Virtue? Toleration: An Elusive Virtue David Heyd Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press 18–27
Young Iris Marion 1989 Polity and Group Difference: A Critique of the Ideal of Universal Citizenship Ethics 99 (January): 250–74Google Scholar
Young Iris Marion 1990 Justice and the Politics of Difference Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
Young Iris Marion. 1996 Communication and the Other: Beyond Deliberative Democracy Democracy and Difference: Contesting the Boundaries of the Political Seyla Benhabib Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press 120–35
Young Iris Marion 2000 Inclusion and Democracy Oxford: Oxford University Press
Submit a response

Comments

No Comments have been published for this article.