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Central and Eastern Europe in 1924

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 September 2013

Malbone W. Graham Jr.
Malbone W. Graham Jr.
Affiliation:
University of California, Southern Branch
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Extract

A study of the political events of 1924 in Central and Eastern Europe reveals such a variety of topics lending themselves to extensive treatment that for convenience of treatment, the material has been grouped under the four main heads of (1) financial reconstruction, (2) constitutional, legislative, and administrative developments, (3) parties and politics, and (4) foreign relations.

Type
Foreign Governments and Politics
Information
American Political Science Review , Volume 19 , Issue 2 , May 1925 , pp. 338 - 361
Copyright
Copyright © American Political Science Association 1925

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References

1 Bulletin Périodique de la Presse Autrichienne, No. 154, June 28, 1924.

2 League of Nations Official Journal, Fifth Year, pp. 424–429; 802–807.

3 Gazette de Prague, April 24, 1924, p. 2.

4 British Sessional Paper, Misc. No. 17 (1924) Cmd. 2270, pp. 322–324.

5 Berliner Tageblatt, August 30, 1924.

6 Bulletin Périodique de la Presse Polonaise, No. 137, November 1, 1923.

7 Ibid., No. 142, April 17, 1924.

8 Central European Observer, July 12, 1924, p. 1. A detailed account of the financial reforms of Grabski, is found in the Gazette de Prague, August 13, 1924, p. 3.Google Scholar

9 Gazette de Prague, July 26, 1924, p. 2.

10 Ibid., May 21, 1924, p. 2.

11 The Near East Magazine, Volume XXVI, p. 496, November 20, 1924.

12 Cf. Rašin, Alois, Les Finances de la Tchecoslovaquie jusquà la fin de 1921.

13 Cf. Kalliala, K. J., “Finnish State Finances,” Monthly Bulletin of the Bank of Finland, June, 1924, pp. 21–28.Google Scholar

14 Central European Observer, May 17, 1924, p. 1.

15 Ibid., June 7, 28, 1924; The Economic Review, Vol. X, pp. 48–9, July 18, 1924.

16 Central European Observer, June 1, 7, 1924; The Latvian Economist, Nos. 7–9, (1924) p. 101.

17 Bulletins of the Lithuanian “Elta” Agency Service, Nos. 53, 55, October, November, 1924.

18 For a succinct review of the financial policy of the Soviet government, based on official documents and decrees, cf. Kohn, Stanislas, “Les Finances Publiques et la Reforme Monétaire en Russie,” Gazette de Prague, May 21, 1924.Google Scholar

19 The Esthonian law, passed in June, 1924, authorized the dismissal of state employees and the consolidation of administrative departments in the interests of economy. Central European Observer, June 1, 28, 1924.

20 Berliner Tageblatt, August 30, 1924, and Bulletin Périodique de la Presse Allemande, No. 308, September 3, 1924, p. 9.

21 Memorandum from the Hungarian Legation, November 24, 1924, pp. 2–3.

22 Bulletin Périodique de la Presse Polonaise, No. 140, February 8, 1924, and No. 145, August 9, 1924, p. 10.

23 For the proposal to limit the application of proportional representation to eliminate parties polling less than 2% of the total national vote cf. Gazette de Prague, June 18, 1924, p. 1.

24 On January 8, 1924, the Bavarian Government transmitted to the Reich Government a long memorandum demanding changes which would have involved a return to the Bismarckian federalism of 1871. Bulletin Périodique de la Presse Allemande, No. 298, January 19, 1924, p. 6. For a German critique of the Bavarian memorandum cf. Kraus, Herbert, Germany in Transition, pp. 212–223.Google Scholar

25 The “revisionist” program of the Jugoslav Democratic Party, proposed by Marinković, looks to mere decentralization (Bulletin Périodique de la Presse Yougoslave, No. 49, February 16, 1924, pp. 8–9Google Scholar); more radical is the autonomy program of the Slovene People's Party, sponsored by Abbé Ante Korošeć (Ibid., No. 50, April 5, 1924, p. 8). On the advent of the Davidović cabinet in August, 1924, Petrović, the Minister of the Interior, indicated that proposals looking to the realization of the revisionist program would be undertaken. The overthrow of Davidović prevented the carrying out of this project. Gazette de Prague, August 13, 1924, p. 1.

26 The “Piast” party, led by former premier Vincent Witos, demands a return to scrutin d'arrondissement, without much consideration for the representation of national minorities required by treaty. The reduction of the size of the Sejm, which now has 444 members, and the strengthening of presidential authority are also favored. Central European Observer, January 26, 1924; Bulletin Périodique de la Presse Polonaise, No. 140, February 8, 1924. An “Inquiry on the Constitution of March 17, 1921,” published by a group of experts, also favors the strengthening of presidential authority over both the Senate and the Sejm. Ibid., No. 142, April 17, 1924.

27 The program of the newly created National Peasant Party in Rumania pledges it to “propagate the principles of a decentralization of administration and local autonomy within the framework of the political unity of the State as a whole.” Central European Observer, June 21, 1924, p. 1. As the present Rumanian parliament is acting as a constituent assembly, any legislation along these lines must be earmarked as constitutional in character. The Near East, Vol. XXVI, p. 501. November 13, 1924.

28 Czechoslovakia had been occupied with the drafting of a constitution for Sub-Carpathian Ruthenia, along with minor administrative reforms and the en forcement of a far-reaching educational program. Central European Observer, July 26, 1924, p. 1. In Hungary legislation for minorities rested until 1924 on various decrees, principally that of June 23, 1923, now amplified by a law of February 28, 1924. Gazette de Prague, March 1, 1924, p. 2. In Poland a law of July 9, 1924, guaranteed the equality of minority languages (Ukrainian, White Russian and Lithuanian) with Polish, for purposes of communication, judicial process and education. German minorities were to be cared for by a later law. No provision was made for teaching either Russian or Yiddish. Gazette de Prague, July 16, 1924, p. 2. In Rumania a bill for the education of linguistic minorities was laid before parliament at its fall session. Central European Observer, November 1, 1924, p. 1.

29 One of the chief promises of the short-lived revolutionary government of Bishop Fan Noli in Albania was to give the lands of the begs to the peasants without much legal formality. Neues Wiener Tagblatt, June 11, 1924; Gazette de Prague, July 5, 1924, p. 1. In 1924, the Czechoslovak agrarian laws were extended to Ruthenia. Gazette de Prague, April 16, 1924, p. 2. An excellent survey of the work of the Czechoslovak land office is given in the Central European Observer, October 18, 1924, p. 2. See also Pavel, Antonin, “Land Reform,” in Grüber, Josef, Czechoslovakia: A Survey of Economic and Social Conditions, pp. 43–66.Google Scholar In Finland the fundamental agrarian reform law, the Lex Kallio, has been only partly enforced, and the main bill for its execution is still pending. Memorandum from the Finnish Legation, December 4, 1924, p. 4. In Hungary a bill to further the enforcement of Law No. XLV of 1921 was passed at the beginning of 1924. The full powers bill, however, pledged the revenues from lands acquired by the State under previous laws to the satisfaction of financial claims, while exempting large landowners from taxation. Bulletin Périodique de la Presse Hongroise, No. 78, January 12, 1924; Central European Observer, October 18, 25, 1924. Charges that Baron Koranyi, the minister of finance, impeded the progress of land reform were freely made before his resignation. In Poland, as soon as financial reconstruction was well under way, Premier Grabski decided to apply the agrarian reform laws, theretofore dead letters, in the eastern provinces, in an effort to ameliorate the peasantry's condition and alleviate dissatisfaction. Gazette de Prague, May 20, September 13, October 25, 1924.

30 Czechoslovakia: Withdrawing slander and defamation suits from juries. Gazette de Prague, May 31, 1924, p. 1; Hungary: distinctly reactionary in character, Central European Observer, May 24, 1924, p. 1; Jugoslavia: The Davidović ministry, on its advent, promised a more liberal press law, which it was unable to enact, Bulletin Périodique de la Presse Yougoslave, No. 53, October 2, 1924, p. 2; Rumania: A press law was laid before parliament at its fall session, The Near East, Vol. XXVI, p. 501, November 13, 1924.

31 Czechoslovakia: Reducing the army to 90,000 men. Central European Observer, June 7, 1924, p. 2; Poland: Reducing the army budget 45%, cutting down the officer personnel by 2000 and the noncommissioned officers by 8000. Ibid., June 28, August 5, 1924. Russia: for statement by Trotsky on reductions made in the Red Army in 1924 cf. Ibid., July 12, 1924.

32 Bulgaria: Amnesty to Communists and Liberals (followers of Radoslavoff), July 17, 1924. La Bulgarie, Vol. I., No. 317, p. 3, c. 2, July 17, 1924. Hungary: Karolyist-Communist amnesty decree, May 7, 1924 Bulletin Périodique de la Presse Hongroise, No. 82, June 26, 1924, Carlist amnesty decree, July 21, 1924. Ibid., No. 83, August 14, 1924.

33 Latvia: The law of June 26, 1924, redivided the country into administrative districts. Current History, Vol. XX, p. 1041. In Poland a law on reorganization of the eastern voivodships was pending in the Sejm in October. Gazette de Prague, October 25, 1924, p. 2.

34 A far-reaching social insurance act was passed in Czechoslovakia. For a full discussion of its import cf. Gazette de Prague, September 20, 1924, p. 2, and the Central European Observer, September 13 and October 11, 1924.

35 This involved a general shifting of the zupans (prefects) and of diplomatic representatives abroad. Bulletin Périodique de la Presse Yougoslave, No. 55, October 2, 1924, p. 3.

36 Law on the Reorganization of the magistracies. Gazette de Prague, June 25, 1924, p. 2.

37 For the devolution of the administrative services in the Ukraine see Pravda, December 2, 1923, June 26, July 12, 1924; for Turkestan, , Izvestia, January 12, 1924Google Scholar; for Daghestan, , Pravda, January 16, 1924Google Scholar; among the Tartars, , Bulletin Périodique de la Presse Russe, No. 134, p. 10Google Scholar; among the Yezidis, , Izvestia, June 14, 1924Google Scholar; among the Poles, , Pravda, July 15, 1924Google Scholar; among the Bashkirs, , Izvestia, November 1, 1924Google Scholar; among the Carelians, , Pravda, October 8, 15, and 24, 1924Google Scholar; among the Yakuts, and in the Arctic regions, Bulletin Périodique de la Presse Russe, No. 137, November 22, 1924.Google Scholar

38 Izvestia, June 27, 1924.

39 Pravda, February 2, 1924.

40 Izvestia, August 8, 1924.

41 Ibid., August 5, 1924.

42 Ibid., August 26, 1924; Pravda, September 24, 1924.

43 The Near East, Vol. XXVI, p. 316, September 25, 1924.

44 Izvestia, October 14, 1924, and Pravda, October 18, 1924, which give the constitutions of the Moldavian Republic.

45 Bulletin Périodique de la Presse Russe, No. 137, November 22, 1924, p. 16.

46 A full account of the new Nationalities Section and its work is given in Izvestia, October 5, 1924.

47 For full discussions of this legislation cf. Gazette de Prague, June 25, 28; July 9, 12, 26, 1924.

48 The German presidential election was precipitated by the sudden death of President Ebert on February 28, 1925. The polling of March 29, having failed to elect a candidate, the second elections on April 26 resulted in the choice of Marshal Von Hindenberg as the new president. In Finland the electoral colleges, chosen January 15 and 16, 1925, met on February 15 to select a new chief executive. Their choice fell upon Dr. L. K. Relander, governor of the province of Viborg and a prominent leader in the Agrarian party, who assumed office March 1, 1925. Memoranda from the Finnish Legation, December 4, 1924 and February 18, 1925.

49 The Skupshtina was dissolved on November 8, 1924, new elections being set for February 8, 1925, and legal maximum of 90 days being permitted to elapse between dissolution and election. The Near East, Vol. XXVI, p. 527; November, 27, 1924.

50 Monthly Bulletin of the Bank of Finland, April, 1924, p. 33.

51 For the official results see Bulletin Périodique de la Presse Allemande, No. 304. May 20, 1924, pp. 10–11, which cites various dailies. Cf. also, Shepard, W. J., “The German Elections,” in American Political Science Review, August, 1924, Vol. 18, p. 531.Google Scholar

52 The results of the December elections are shown on page 367.

53 London Times, June 7, 1924, p. 11, c. 5; June 14, 1924, p. 10, c. 5. For a valuable account of the background of the revolution cf. Mousset, Albert, “L'Affaire Albanaise vue de Belgrade,” Gazette de Prague, June 18, 1924, p. 1.Google Scholar

54 New York Times, December 22, 1924, February 1, 1925.

55 Monthly Bulletin of the Bank of Finland, April, 1924, p. 33; June, 1924, p. 29; Memorandum from the Finnish Legation, December 4, 1924, pp. 1–2.

56 New York Times, December 12, 1924, citing Germania, December 11, 1924.

57 New York Times, November 9, 14, 1924.

58 Bulletin Périodique de la Presse Autrichienne, No. 137, citing the Arbeiter-Zeitung of October 20, 22, 1924, and the Neue Freie Presse of October 19, 1924.

59 March 24 and April 12, 1924.

60 From July 27 to October 15, 1924. Cf. Gazette de Prague, March 26, April 16, August 2, 1924.

61 This was a coalition of Radicals, Old Serbian Moslems and Dissident Democrats, like the April cabinet. It took office October 20.

62 Cf. Central European Observer, October 25, 1924, and The Near East, Vol. XXVI, pp. 417, 495, October 23, November 13, 1924.

63 Central European Observer, June 28, 1924, p. 1.

64 Memorandum 5266 from the Lithuanian Legation, December 12, 1924, p. 1.

65 Memorandum 9529 from the Latvian Consulate, December 10, 1924, p. 1.

66 Central European Observer, April 5, 1924, p. 2.

67 Memorandum from the Esthonian Legation, December 18, 1924, pp. 1, 9; New York Times, December 17, 1924.

68 Regarding the efforts of the Commissariat for Internal Trade to renew its former monopoly on private trade, see Central European Observer, May 17, 1924. For a statement of the opposition to this move sponsored by Trotsky and Preobrazhenski at the 13th Communist Congress cf. Central European Observer, June 7, 1924.

69 Typical of Russian emigré activities was the founding at Paris, on December 11, 1924, of the Russian Nationalist Committee backing Grand Duke Nicholas for a restored but “constitutional” monarchy. Cf. New York Times, December 12, 1924, p. 23, c. 3. The efforts of “Czar” (Grand Duke) Cyril to summon a Crown Council in Paris are reviewed in the New York Times of November 14, 1924, citing the Possledny Novosti, Miliukov's Paris paper.

70 The claims of the Staatspartei are reviewed in the Gazette de Prague March 1, 1924, p. 1, citing Oesterreichische Nachrichten of February 11, 1924. The Conservative People's Party was founded October 25, 1924. Cf. Gazelte de Prague, October 30, 1924, p. 1.

71 The Programme of the new party is a mixture of feudalism, clericalism, anti-Semitism, and … the party stands for frustrating the execution of the peace treaties.” Central European Observer, November 1, 1924, p. 1.

72 Cf. the statement of Chancellor Luther to the Reichstag on January 19, 1925, that the Constitution of the German Republic was the foundation upon which his government would rest. “Every violent illegal blow at that constitution,” he added, “will be met as high treason.” Cf. New York Times, January 20, 1925, p. 1, c. 3.

73 Cf. the reply of Minister of the Interior Rakovszky to deputy Ruppert on May 3, 1924, that “in virtue of a law of 1920 Hungary was a monarchy and that by Article 31 of the law of 1923 (Defence of the Realm Act) every act contrary to the idea of royalty and favorable to republican ideas is considered a delict.” Gazette de Prague, June 7, 1924, p. 2.

74 As to Pašić's treatment of and attitude towards Radié, cf. The Near East, Vol. 26, p. 450, October 30, 1924. See also note 79 infra.

75 The subject of concordats does not, properly speaking, come under international relations, and is therefore dealt with as a purely domestic problem. Bavaria signed a concordat with the Vatican on March 29, 1924 Bulletin Périodique de la Presse Allemande, No. 305, April 19, 1924, p. 1. Jugoslavia, under article 12 of the Vidovdan Constitution, which makes the negotiation of religious agreements compulsory for the Government, is planning a Catholic concordat Gazette de Prague, October 1, 1924, p. 2. Poland, because of her peculiar religious situation, has planned an Orthodox concordat (Ibid., May 31, 1924, p. 2) and actually negotiated with the Vatican as well (Ibid., October 1, 1924, p. 1) though the latter's conditions have proved hard to meet. Rumania's negotiations, opposed by the Orthodox clergy on the one hand (Ibid., April 12, 1924) and by the Hungarian Roman Catholic prelates on the other (Central European Observer, June 14, 1924, p. 1), were finally postponed indefinitely (Ibid., August 23, 1924, p. 1).

76 On the work of the Agrarian Party in Czechoslovakia cf. Bulletin Périodique de la Presse Tchecoslovaque, No. 10, June 23, 1924, and the Central European Observer, October 18, 1924, p. 1. On the status of the Party of Small Landowners in Hungary cf. Gazette de Prague, October 30, 1924, p. 2. In Jugoslavia the Zemlyoradnici are a weak third party but work toward similar ends The Near East, Vol. 26, p. 527, November 20, 1924. Regarding the Union of Agriculturists in Latvia cf. Memorandum 9529 from the Latvian Consulate, December 10, 1924. The Agrarians in Bulgaria have been hopelessly disorganized and persecuted since the death of Stamboulisky. The Near East, Vol. XXVI, p. 553. November, 27, 1924.

77 Cf. Bulletin Périodique de la Presse Tchecoslovaque, No. 11, September 23, 1924, on the conflict in Czechoslovakia, which is typical.

78 Cf. Ibid., No. 10, June 23, 1924, citing Venkov, May 17, 1924.

79 This is true only of “the more rabid followers of the late Stamboulisky,” (Memorandum from the Bulgarian Legation, December 6, 1924, p. 2) now largely emigres in Jugoslavia.

80 The visit of the Croatian Peasant Party leader, Radic, to Moscow, and his affiliation with the Agrarian International there (Gazette de Prague, June 14, 18, 1924) was by no means acceptable to all the rank and file of his following (The Near East, Vol. XXVI, p. 85, July 24, 1924) and elicited a scathing condemnation from Pasic. Cf. Central European Observer, August 23, 1924.

81 The Rumanian Peasant Party seems to have come under Muscovite influence and to have preached the class struggle in much the same way as do the Russian communists. The fusion with the National Party of Transylvania seems to indicate a return to ordinary “constitutional” tactics. Cf. Gazette de Prague June 18, 1924, p. 1.

82 Esthonia alone seems to have been clement to communism, the government believing it unwise to repress agitation and that free discussion and untrammelled public opinion could best handle the situation Current History, Vol. XX, p. 616. The futility of this means of action would appear obvious from the revolts of 1924. Cf. notes 85–88 infra.

83 By a decision of the Bulgarian Court of Cassation on April 3, 1924, the Bulgarian Communist Party and all allied organizations were dissolved in virtue of the law relative to the protection of the State. Cf. Gazette de Prague, April 9, 1924, p. 2. An authoritative statement of the policy of vigilance pursued by the Zankoff Government is given in the Memorandum from the Bulgarian Legation, December 6, 1924, p. 2.

84 The Rumanian Socialist and Communist parties were both dissolved in July. Cf. Gazette de Prague, August 2, 8, 1924.

85 Cf. the statement of Minister Einbund to Wada Maa of Reval, in Central European Observer, March 1, 1924, p. 1.

86 New York Times, November 28, December 2, 1924; Memorandum from the Esthonian Legation, December 18, 1924, pp. 6–7.

87 New York Times, December 2, 4, 9, 1924. “It is believed,” states the Esthonian Memorandum, “that the hopeless and foolish attempt to seize power was made on instructions from the Communist Internationale whose aim is to over throw the democratic institutions in other states ‥‥ and so destroy the world confidence in the stability of the new Baltic States which form a bulwark against the westward movement of Bolshevism. Quick liquidation of the uprising and complete peace over the entire country show the stability of the established democratic régime in Esthonia, as well as the determination of the government and Parliament to safeguard democratic institutions and order in the country.”

88 Cf. p. 350 ante.

89 Central European Observer, August 15, 1924, p. 1.

90 Ibid., August 23, 1924.

91 Bulletin Périodique de la Presse Russe, November 22, 1924, p. 2.

92 Central European Observer, August 30, 1924, p. 2; October 4, 1924, p. 1.

93 In 1924 the party was composed of 55.4% workers, 20.3% peasants, and 21% employers and others. The percentage of peasants shows a decrease of 6% from 1923. Cf. Central European Observer, June 28, 1924, p. 1.

94 Ibid., “About two-thirds of the members joined after the Bolshevik revolution, or three-fourths, if the Lenin recruits are included.”

95 New York Times, December 5, 1924.

96 Gazette de Prague, June 28, 1924, p. 2.

97 Francisco, SanChronicle, November 30, 1924.Google Scholar

98 Gazette de Prague, May 14, 1924, p. 1.

99 Ibid., June 18, 25, 1924.

100 The Near East, Vol XXVI, p. 162, August 14, 1924.

101 Cf. Central European Observer, May 17, 1924, p. 1, for an excellent exposition of this theory.

102 Gazette de Prague, March 3, 1924, p. 2.

103 Ibid., May 17, 1924, p. 2; Central European Observer, May 10, 1924, p. 1.

104 Gazette de Prague, July 30, 1921, p. 1; Memorandum from the Latvian Consulate, No. 9529, p. 3.

105 Central European Observer, October 25, 1924, p. 1.

106 Gazette de Prague, October 8, 1924, p. 1.

107 Bulletin Périodique de la Presse Yougoslave, No. 49, February 16, 1924.

108 Gazette de Prague, May 17, 1924, p. 1.

109 Bulletin Périodique de la Presse Tchecoslovaque, No. 11, September 23, 1924; Bulletin Périodique de la Presse Yougoslave, No. 54, August 9, 1924; Gazette de Prague, July 16, 1924, pp. 1–2; The Near East, Vol. XXVI, p. 85, July 24, 1924.

110 Central European Observer, August 23, 1924, p. 1; Bulletin Périodique de la Presse Yougoslave, No. 55, October 2, 1924.

111 For example, Albania and Russia mutually recognized each other (The Near East, Vol. XXVI, p. 446, October 30, 1924); Jugoslavia promptly came to terms with the new Greek government on April 30, 1924 (Bulletin Périodique de la Presse Yougoslave, No. 52, June 5, 1924) while Austria (February 27, 1924) and Denmark, following in the wake of the Great Powers, recognized the Soviet Government de jure Bulletin Périodique de la Presse Autrichienne, No. 152, April 3, 1924; Gazette de Prague, June 18, 1924, p. 1.

112 Among such may be mentioned those of Austria with England (May 22), Latvia (August 9), and Rumania (July 25); of Czechoslovakia with Italy (7 treaties, March 18), Lithuania and Norway (May 26) and Turkey (October 11) of Finland with Belgium, Denmark, England, Holland and Latvia (July 23); of Germany with England (December 2) and Spain (July 25); of Hungary with Jugoslavia (June 26), Russia (September 13) and the United States (November 12); of Jugoslavia with Italy (July 14); of Latvia with Holland (July 2) and Norway (August 14); of Poland with Denmark, Esthonia, Japan, Latvia, Russia, Sweden and the United States, as well as Russia's treaties with China, England and Italy. Of course many more treaties were under negotiation, but the fore going, as accomplished facts, are indicative of the trend of diplomatic activity in 1924.

113 Cf. Article 280 of the Treaty of Versailles, Article 232 of the Treaty of Saint Germain, Article 160 of the Treaty of Neuilly, and Article 215 of the Treaty of Trianon.

114 Among such were those of Austria with Italy, resulting in six liquidation treaties of July 25, and with Rumania (16 treaties of the same date). Finland signed five liquidation treaties with Russia on June 18, winding up the legal consequences of the Treaty of Dorpat, while Hungary signed various treaties with Jugoslavia, and twelve liquidation conventions with Rumania on April 18, to clarify the situation left by the Treaty of Trianon.

115 Signed January 29, 1924. Cf. Bulletin Périodique de la Presse Yougoslave, No. 50, April 15, 1924.

116 Signed July 5, 1924. Cf. Central European Observer, July 12, 1924.

117 Signed January 9, 1924. Cf. L'Europe Nouvelle, Vol. VII, p. 154.

118 Signed October 9, 1924. Cf. Gazette de Prague, October 11, 1924, p. 1.

119 Signed May 8, 1924. Cf. Elta Bulletin No. 50, pp. 1–4 for the text of the convention.

120 Signed May 7, 1924. Cf. Gazette de Prague, May 10, 1924, p. 2.

121 In execution of an accord of November 24, 1923. Cf. Gazette de Prague, April 16, 1924, p. 2.

122 Cf. note 114 supra.

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