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The Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement: A Gold-Plated Gift to the Global Tobacco Industry?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 January 2021

Jane Kelsey
Jane Kelsey*
Affiliation:
University of Auckland Faculty of Law
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Extract

Proponents of the Trans-Pacific Partnership agreement (TPPA) describe it as a twenty-first century agreement that will reach further behind the border than any previous free trade or investment agreement. As the chief executive of Business New Zealand said during the round of TPPA negotiations in Auckland in December 2012:

It is true that TPP is more than just a trade negotiation.

That's because TPP has the capacity to reach further into domestic economies and domestic policy settings than a conventional trade agreement - as it must if the essential requirements of business are to be addressed and a real difference made, for growth, jobs and community success.

More specifically, the TPPA aims to frame how governments make their domestic policy and regulatory decisions as a complement to more extensive rules that constrain the substance of those decisions. These “disciplines” aim to empower commercial players and advance their interests, and to marginalize competing priorities, advocates, and agencies; including democratic political institutions.

Type
Article
Information
American Journal of Law & Medicine , Volume 39 , Issue 2-3 , June 2013 , pp. 237 - 264
Copyright
Copyright © American Society of Law, Medicine and Ethics and Boston University 2013

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References

1 Phil O’Reilly, Chief Exec., Remarks to TPP Stakeholder Forum (Dec. 7, 2012) (transcript available at http://www.businessnz.org.nz/file/2380/121207%20TPP%20Stakeholder%20Forum%20notes.pdf).

2 A notable exception is the work of Professor Robert Stumberg and others from Georgetown Law, Washington, D.C. See generally Stumberg, Robert, Safeguards for Tobacco Control: Options for the TPPA, 39 AM. J.L. & MED. 382 (2013)Google Scholar.

3 For discussion of the history of the TPPA, see Kelsey, Jane, Introduction to NO ORDINARY DEAL; UNMASKING THE TRANS-PACIFIC PARTNERSHIP FREE TRADE AGREEMENT 9, 9–28 (Kelsey, Jane ed., 2010)Google Scholar. See also Elms, Deborah, Getting from Here to There: Stitching Together Goods Agreements in the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) Agreement 1–4 (S. Rajaratnam Sch. of Int’l Studies, Working Paper No. 235, 2012)Google Scholar.

4 Trans Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPP): Background and Negotiations, SICE, http://www.sice.oas.org/TPD/TPP/TPP_e.asp (last visited Feb. 25, 2013).

5 Elms, supra note 3, at 2-3.

6 Id. at 3.

7 Id.

8 Id. at 4; see also U.S. Official: Integrating Canada, Mexico Major Focus of Auckland Round, INSIDE U.S. TRADE, Dec. 12, 2012, at 6 [hereinafter Integrating Canada, Mexico].

9 Int’l Centre for Trade & Sustainable Dev., Japan Announces Goal of Joining Trans-Pacific Trade Talks, BRIDGES WKLY., Mar. 20, 2013, at 1, available at http://ictsd.org/i/news/bridgesweekly/158489/.

10 Pradit Ruangdit & Saritdet Marukatat, Thailand to Join TPP Talks, BANGKOK POST, Nov. 13, 2012, http://www.bangkokpost.com/lite/news/320886/thailand-to-join-tpp-talks.

11 Elms, supra note 3, at 1-4.

12 Id. at 8.

13 Id.

14 See Renew Trade Negotiation Authority, U.S. CHAMBER COMMERCE, http://www.uschamber.com/international/agenda/renew-trade-negotiating-authority (last visited Feb. 24, 2013).

15 See Clinton, Hillary, America's Pacific Century: The Future of Geopolitics Will Be Decided in Asia, Not in Afghanistan or Iraq, and the United States Should Be Right at the Center of the Action, FOREIGN POL’Y, Nov. 2011, at 56, 62Google Scholar, available at http://www.foreignpolicy.com/node/1002667; Jane Kelsey, TPP as Lynchpin for Anti-China Strategy, SCOOP (Nov. 19, 2011, 8:08 PM), http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/HL1111/S00171/tpp-as-a-lynchpin-of-us-anti-china-strategy.htm.

16 The most notable is the State-Owned Enterprises section of the Competition chapter, which was drafted principally with China in mind. See USTR Using OECD Work as Guide for TPP Proposals on SOE Disciplines, INSIDE U.S. TRADE, July 22, 2011.

17 White House Eyes Mid-2012 TPP Deal, but Says No ‘Firm Deadline’ Set, INSIDE U.S. TRADE, Nov. 18, 2011.

18 Integrating Canada, Mexico, supra note 8, at 7.

19 TPP Countries Aiming to Table Remaining Proposals Soon, INSIDE U.S. TRADE, Jan. 9, 2013.

20 Id.

21 Groups to Obama: Reject “Unprecedented Level of Secrecy” in Trade Negotiation, OPENTHEGOVERNMENT.ORG (Feb. 27, 2012), http://www.openthegovernment.org/node/3377.

22 See WTO Staff Working Papers, WORLD TRADE ORG. [WTO], http://www.wto.org/english/res_e/reser_e/wpaps_e.htm (last visited Feb. 27, 2013) (containing links to WTO working papers from 1996 to present).

23 See Draft FTAA Agreement, FREE TRADE AREA OF THE AMERICAS, http://www.ftaa-alca.org/ftaadrafts_e.asp (last visited Feb. 27, 2013) (containing drafts of the FTAA).

24 See Previous ACTA Texts, OFFICE U.S. TRADE REPRESENTATIVE, http://www.ustr.gov/trade-topics/intellectual-property/anti-counterfeiting-trade-agreement-acta/ previous-acta-texts (last visited Feb. 27, 2013) (containing drafts of the ACTA).

25 Draft texts of the chapters on intellectual property, regulatory coherence, and investment; annexes on transparency in health technologies; and technical barriers to trade (TBT) on medical devices and pharmaceutical products have been leaked since the negotiations began. See Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPPA), KNOWLEDGE ECOLOGY INT’L, http://keionline.org/tpp (last visited Feb. 24, 2013).

26 Sinclair, Mark, Content of Confidentiality Letters, N.Z. MINISTRY FOREIGN AFFAIRS & TRADE (Nov. 29, 2011)Google Scholar, http://www.mfat.govt.nz/Trade-and-Economic-Relations/2-Trade-Relationships-and-Agreements/Trans-Pacific/1-TPP-Talk/0-TPP-talk-29-Nov-2011.php (last visited Feb. 24, 2013).

27 The list of signatories and parties is available at Parties to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, WHO FRAMEWORK CONVENTION TOBACCO CONTROL, http://www.who.int/fctc/signatories_parties/en/index.html (last updated Dec. 7, 2012).

28 See infra Sections VII, VIII.

29 VIET, STEERING COMM. ON SMOKING & HEALTH (VINACOSH) & SE. ASIA TOBACCO CONTROL ALLIANCE (SEATCA), THE ASEAN TOBACCO CONTROL REPORT 2012, available at http://seatca.org/dmdocuments/ASEAN%20Tobacco%20Control%20Report%202012.pdf. ASEAN health ministers agreed at their eleventh meeting in Phuket, Thailand in July 2012 to withdraw tobacco from the list of products subject to tariff removal in 2015. Groups Laud Exclusion of Tobacco from AFTA Tariff List, THIRD WORLD NETWORK, http://twnside.org.sg/title2/FTAs/info.service/ 2012/fta.info.232.htm (last visited Feb. 27, 2013).

30 This producer is the Vietnam National Tobacco Corporation (VINATABA).

31 PHYSICIANS FOR SMOKE-FREE CANADA, THE PLOT AGAINST PLAIN PACKAGING 3, 8 (2008), available at http://www.smoke-free.ca/pdf_1/plotagainstplainpackaging-apr1’.pdf.

32 See generally TOBACCO FREE KIDS, JAPAN TOBACCO INC AND JAPAN TOBACCO INTERNATIONAL (2011), available at http://www.global.tobaccofreekids.org/files/pdfs/en/Japan_Profile.pdf.

33 See generally WHO, COUNTRY COOPERATION STRATEGY: THAILAND: 2012-2016 (2011).

34 See, e.g., Trade Representative Kirk Outlines Asia-Focused Trade Agenda at East-West Center's USAPC Washington Conference, E.-W. CENTER, http://www.eastwestcenter.org/news-center/web-articles/trade-representative-kirk-outlines-asia-focused-trade-agenda-at-east-west-centers-usapc-washington-conf (last visited Feb. 24, 2013).

35 See Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) Trade Ministers’ Report to Leaders, OFFICE U.S. TRADE REPRESENTATIVE, http://www.ustr.gov/about-us/press-office/press-releases/2011/november/trans-pacific-partnership-tpp-trade-ministers%E2%80%99-re (last visited Feb. 24, 2013) [hereinafter Trade Ministers’ Report].

36 The Global Europe Strategy that was launched by the European Commission in 2006 and ran until 2010 aimed to achieve a seamless regulatory regime within and outside the European Union. For an evaluation, see Report on Progress Achieved on the Global Europe Strategy, 2006-2010, SEC(2010) 1268/2 (2010).

37 See Trade Ministers’ Report, supra note 35.

38 Id.

39 Id.

40 Id.

41 Paul Eckert, Analysis: Obama's Pacific Aspirations Strain Ties with China, REUTERS, Nov. 14, 2011, http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/11/14/us-analysis-obamas-pacific-aspirations-idUSTRE7AD2E520111114.

42 IAN F. FERGUSON ET AL., CONG. RESEARCH SERV., R42694, TRANS-PACIFIC PARTNERSHIP NEGOTIATIONS AND ISSUES FOR CONGRESS 3 (2013). The negotiators have declined to confirm the specific titles of the chapters in the proposed agreement. They are understood to be market access for goods; textiles and apparel; customs; trade remedies; subsidies; trade facilitation; sanitary and phytosanitary measures; technical barriers to trade; government procurement; investment; cross-border trade in services; financial services; telecommunications; e-commerce; temporary movement of natural persons; intellectual property; labor; environment; competition, including state-owned enterprises; supply chains; transparency; regulatory coherence; dispute settlement; and exceptions.

43 Enhancing Trade and Investment, Supporting Jobs, Economic Growth: Outlines of the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement, OFFICE U.S. TRADE REPRESENTATIVE, http://www.ustr.gov/about-us/press-office/fact-sheets/2011/november/outlines-trans-pacific-partnership-agreement (last visited Feb. 28, 2013).

44 Id.

45 See WTO Trade Topics, WTO, http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tratop_e.htm (last visited Feb. 28, 2013) (containing links describing the various trade measures).

46 Id.

47 For a discussion addressing technical issues, see Stumberg, supra note 2.

48 See Trade Ministers’ Report, supra note 35.

49 The current tariff bindings and applied tobacco tariffs among TPPA countries are set out in Stumberg, supra note 2.

50 There are complex issues related to the meaning of the “Doggett Amendment” of 1998, which prohibit the U.S. government from taking actions to reduce another country's marketing restrictions on tobacco and, despite the amendment, tobacco has been routinely included in U.S. free trade agreements. Franco Ordonez, Tobacco Growers Afraid Trans-Pacific Trade Deal Will Harm Exporters, MCCLATCHY WASH. BUREAU (Feb. 29, 2012), http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2012/02/28/v-print/140249/tobacco-growers-fear-trade-deal.html.

51 See infra Part VIII.

52 U.S. Backs Malaysian TPP Proposal Aiming to Protect Product Formulas, INSIDE U.S. TRADE, Jan. 9, 2013.

53 See id.

54 For a discussion of the tobacco issues, see Robert Stumberg, supra note 2.

55 WTO, Disciplines on Domestic Regulation Pursuant to GATS Article VI:4, Room Doc. No. 2160 (March 20, 2009).

56 Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Annex 1B, art. 6, Apr. 15, 1994, 1869 U.N.T.S. 183.

57 Article 1.3(a) of the GATS required WTO members to “take such reasonable measures as may be available to it to ensure their observance” by sub-central levels of government. General Agreement on Trade in Services art. 1.3(a), Apr. 15, 1994, Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Annex 1B, 1869 U.N.T.S. 183.

58 Known as “mode 3” of the GATS, Article 1.2(c). Id. at art. 1.2(c).

59 See JANE KELSEY, TOBACCO CONTROL RESEARCH TURANGA, INTERNATIONAL TRADE LAW AND TOBACCO CONTROL: TRADE AND INVESTMENT LAW ISSUES RELATING TO PROPOSED TOBACCO CONTROL POLICIES TO ACHIEVE AN EFFECTIVELY SMOKEFREE NEW ZEALAND BY 2025 35-40 (2012).

60 James Love, Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement, KNOWLEDGE ECOLOGY INT’L, http://keionline.org/tpp (last visited Feb. 28, 2013).

61 Memorandum from Lloyd Grove and Robert Stumberg to Chris Bostic on ASH: Proposed TPP Intellectual Property Language on Geographical Indications (April 9, 2012).

62 TRANS-PACIFIC PARTNERSHIP, INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS CHAPTER: DRAFT – FEBRUARY 10, 2011, at art. 2.3 (2011), available at http://keionline.org/sites/default/files/tpp-10feb2011-us-text-ipr-chapter.pdf.

63 Industry Groups Push USTR to Strengthen Trade Secret Proposal in TPP, INSIDE U.S. TRADE, Mar. 6, 2012.

64 The undated leaked text can be located at Trans-Pacific Partnership: Investment, CITIZENS TRADE CAMPAIGN, http://www.citizenstrade.org/ctc/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/tppinvestment.pdf [hereinafter Investment]. Specifically, the rules on non-discrimination and performance requirements, plus investor guarantees of minimum standards of treatment and protection from direct and indirect expropriation, unrestricted capital transfers, and investor-state dispute settlement. See id.

65 Notably, the U.S. provisions to insert explicit coverage of state enterprises and the enforcement of certain categories of state-investor contracts through the investor-state dispute mechanism.

66 Investment, supra note 64, at art. 12.6.

67 Id. at art. 12.12.

68 UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE & DEVELOPMENT, WORLD INVESTMENT REPORT 2012, at 86-87 (2012),

69 Investment, supra note 64, at art. 12.6.2.

70 There are two versions in the leaked draft TPPA investment chapter, Annex 12-C and 12-D. See id.

71 Porterfield, Matthew, A Distinction Without a Difference? The Interpretation of Fair and Equitable Treatment Under Customary International Law by Investment Tribunals, INVESTMENT TREATY NEWS, Mar. 22, 2013Google Scholar, at 3, available at http://www.iisd.org/pdf/2013/iisd_itn_march_2013_en.pdf.

72 Investment, supra note 64. This position could change after the Australian general election in September 2013.

73 This is based on confidential personal communications.

74 Draft Article 12.16bis, for example, seeks to exclude a dispute related to government procurement or granting of a subsidy. Investment, supra note 64, at art. 12.16.

75 The United States and Vietnam signed a Trade and Investment Framework Agreement in 2007. See Trade and Investment Framework Agreement, U.S.-Viet., June 21, 2007, available at http://www.ustr.gov/sites/default/files/uploads/agreements/tifa/asset_upload_file81_12935.pdf.

76 For a more detailed discussion of the implications for tobacco policy, see Stumberg, supra note 2.

77 Investment, supra note 64, at art. 12.3(2).

78 TPP Countries Signal New Proposals to Counter U.S. SOE, IPR Demands, INSIDE U.S. TRADE, Dec. 14, 2012.

79 Lim, Chin L. et al., What Is “High-Quality, Twenty-First Century” Anyway?, in THE TRANS-PACIFIC PARTNERSHIP: A QUEST FOR A TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY TRADE AGREEMENT 3, 4 (Lim, Chin L., Elms, Deborah K. & Low, Patrick eds., 2012)Google Scholar.

80 See ASIA-PAC. ECON. COOPERATION [APEC], APEC INFORMATION NOTES ON GOOD PRACTICE FOR TECHNICAL REGULATION (2000), available at http://www.jisc.go.jp/eng/apec-asem/pdf/grp_info.pdf (based on APEC, APEC PRINCIPLES TO ENHANCE COMPETITION AND REGULATORY REFORM (1999), available at http://www.oecd.org/gov/regulatorypolicy/2371601.doc).

81 See APEC & ORG. FOR ECON. CO-OPERATION & DEV., APEC-OECD INTEGRATED CHECKLIST ON REGULATORY REFORM (2005), available at http://www.oecd.org/regreform/34989455.pdf.

82 Trans-Pacific Partnership: ‘Regulatory Coherence,’ PUB. INTELLIGENCE, http://info.publicintelligence.net/TPP-RegulatoryCoherence.pdf (last visited Mar. 4, 2013) [hereinafter Regulatory Coherence].

83 JANE KELSEY, PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF THE DRAFT TPP CHAPTER ON DOMESTIC COHERENCE, CITIZENS TRADE CAMPAIGN 1, 3-5 (2011), available at http://www.citizenstrade.org/ctc/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/TransPacific_RegCoherenceMemo.pdf.

84 Id. at 9.

85 This is based on confidential personal communications.

86 Regulatory Coherence, supra note 82, at art. X.2.1

87 Id. at art. X.5.5.

88 Id. at art. X.3.1.

89 Id. at art. X.3.1.b.

90 Id. at art. X.3.2.

91 Id. at art. X.3.1.a.

92 Id. at art. X.3.1b.

93 KELSEY, supra note 83, at 3-5.

94 See, e.g., US Business Groups Attack NZ Plain-Packaging, SYDNEY MORNING HERALD, Feb. 21, 2013, http://www.smh.com.au/business/world-business/us-business-groups-attack-nz-plainpackaging-20130221-2esxy.html.

95 DAVID BORTHWICK & ROBERT MILLINER, INDEPENDENT REVIEW OF THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT's REGULATORY IMPACT ANALYSIS PROCESS 9 (2012).

96 Id. at 15.

97 See CASTALIA STRATEGIC ADVISORS, REGULATORY IMPACT ANALYSIS 2012 (2012).

98 Id. at 6-7.

99 Ellig, Jerry & McLaughlin, Patrick, The Quality and Use of Regulatory Impact Analysis in 2008, at 3 (Mercatus Ctr., George Mason Univ. Working Paper No. 10-34, June 2010)Google Scholar, available at http://mercatus.org/sites/default/files/WP1034_The-Quality-and-Use-of-Regulatory-Analysis-2008.pdf.

100 RICHARD D. MORGENSTERN, RES. FOR THE FUTURE, RFF DP 11-17, REFLECTIONS ON THE CONDUCT AND USE OF REGULATORY IMPACT ANALYSIS AT THE U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 3 (2011), available at http://www.rff.org/RFF/Documents/RFF-DP-11-17.pdf.

101 Regulatory Coherence, supra note 82, at art. X.3.4.

102 See infra Part VI.

103 Regulatory Coherence, supra note 82, at art. X.3.7.

104 WHO, GUIDELINES FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF ARTICLE 5.3 OF THE WHO FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON TOBACCO CONTROL 1 (2008), available at http://www.who.int/fctc/guidelines/article_5_3.pdf.

105 Regulatory Coherence, supra note 82, at art. X.5.1.

106 A proposed Transparency Annex on Healthcare Technologies has been leaked and confirms this general direction. See Trans-Pacific Partnership: Transparency Chapter-Annex on Transparency and Procedural Fairness for Healthcare Technologies, CITIZENS TRADE CAMPAIGN (June 22, 2011), http://www.citizenstrade.org/ctc/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/TransPacificTransparency.pdf.

107 The chapter is expected also to have a section on corruption.

108 Id. at art. 21.1.1.

109 Id. at art. 21.1.2a.

110 Id. at art. 21.1.2b.

111 Id. at art. 21.1.3b.

112 Id. at art. 21.1.4c.

113 Id. at art. 21.2.

114 Id. at art. 21.3.

115 Id. at art. 21.4.

116 Although few of the texts from other chapters have been leaked, the likely content can be inferred from existing U.S. FTAs.

117 Especially the chapters on TBT, sanitary and phytosanitary measures, telecommunications, financial services, investment, competition, state enterprises, cross-border services, government procurement, and dispute settlement.

118 Although few of the texts from other chapters have been leaked, the likely content can be inferred from existing U.S. FTAs.

119 See supra note 118.

120 See PIA EBERHARDT & CECILIA OLIVET, CORP. EUR. OBSERVATORY & TRANSNATIONAL INST., PROFITING FROM INJUSTICE: HOW LAW FIRMS, ARBITRATORS AND FINANCIERS ARE FUELLING AN INVESTMENT ARBITRATION BOOM (2012).

121 Recent History of Smoking in Australia, ABC NEWS, http://www.abc.net.au/news/2010-04-29/recent-history-of-smoking-in-australia/415748 (last updated Apr. 29, 2010, 8:09 PM).

122 See Tobacco: Plain Packaging for Tobacco Products, AUSTRALIAN GOV't DEP't HEALTH & AGEING, http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/content/tobacco-plain (last updated Mar. 15, 2012).

123 The compendium of documents and hearing transcript is available at Case S389/2411, HIGH CT. AUSTL., http://www.hcourt.gov.au/cases/case-s389/2011 (last visited Mar. 4, 2013).

124 British American Tobacco, Imperial Tobacco, JT International, Philip Morris Asia. See id.

125 See Case S389/2411, supra note 123.

126 For a discussion of the implications of the decision for the TPP negotiations, see PATRICIA RANALD, THE AUSTRALIAN HIGH COURT TOBACCO PLAIN PACKAGING DECISION AND INVESTOR-STATE DISPUTE SETTLEMENT (ISDS) (2012), available at http://www.scribd.com/doc/105755455/Investor-State-Disputes-Settlement-and-the-TPP-Patricia-Ranald.

127 See Case S389/2411, supra note 123.

128 Dispute Settlement: Dispute DS435, WTO, http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds435_e.htm (last updated Nov. 20, 2012).

129 Dispute Settlement: Dispute DS434, WTO, http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds434_e.htm (last updated Dec. 18, 2012).

130 In October 2012. Dispute Settlement: Dispute DS435, supra note 128.

131 In November 2012. Dispute Settlement: Dispute DS441, WTO, http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds441_e.htm (last updated Dec. 18, 2012).

132 Committee on Technical Barriers to Trade, Minutes of the Meeting of 10-11 November 2011, ¶ 181, G/TBT/M/55 (Feb. 9, 2012).

133 Id.

134 Id. ¶ 183.

135 See, e.g., id. ¶¶ 184-189.

136 Council for Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, Minutes of Meeting Held in the Centre William Rappard on 28-29 February 2012, ¶¶ 155-229, IP/C/M/69 (May 15, 2012).

137 Id. ¶ 163.

138 Committee on Technical Barriers to Trade, supra note 132, ¶ 181.

139 Christopher Thompson, Cigarette Groups Aid Plain Packs Opposition, FIN. TIMES, Apr. 30, 2012.

140 Investor-State Arbitration – Tobacco Plain Packaging, AUSTRALIAN GOV't ATT’Y-GEN.'s DEP’T, http://www.ag.gov.au/Internationalrelations/InternationalLaw/Pages/Tobaccoplainpackaging.aspx (last visited Feb. 26, 2012).

141 Id.

142 See id.

143 Luke Eric Peterson, Philip Morris Vetoes Open Arbitration Hearings in Australia Case, but Filings May Be Released, and Tribunal Decisions Published, INV. ARB. REP., Jan. 10, 2013, available at http://www.iareporter.com/articles/20130110_1.

144 Id.

145 Philip Morris is the common industry player across all three disputes, participating directly in the constitutional case and the investor-state dispute and indirectly through support to the WTO complainants. It is also the claimant in the investment disputes against Uruguay and Norway.

146 Philip Morris on Australian Plain Packaging for Tobacco, SCOOP (Aug. 15, 2012, 4:14 PM), http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PO1208/S00225/philip-morris-on-australian-plain-packaging-for-tobacco.htm.

147 See Peterson, supra note 143.

148 See Ben Packham, Cigarette Makers Use FOI Laws, AUSTRALIAN, Apr. 29, 2011, http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/cigarette-makers-use-foi-laws/story-fn59niix-1226046544322.

149 See AUSTRALIAN GOV't PREVENTATIVE HEALTH TASKFORCE, AUSTRALIA: THE HEALTHIEST COUNTRY BY 2020 (2008).

150 AUSTRALIAN GOV't PREVENTATIVE HEALTH TASKFORCE, AUSTRALIA: THE HEALTHIEST COUNTRY BY 2020: TECHNICAL REPORT 2: TOBACCO CONTROL IN AUSTRALIA: MAKING SMOKING HISTORY (2009).

151 See Draft Regulatory Impact Statement for the Tobacco Control Act and Related Documents, AUSTRALIAN GOV't DEP't FIN. & DEREGULATION, http://www.finance.gov.au/foi/disclosure-log/2011/foi_11-26_draft_regulatory_impact_statement_for_the_tobacco_control_act_and_related_documents.html (last modified Nov. 9, 2011).

152 See id.

153 See id.

154 AUSTRALIAN GOV't DEP't OF HEALTH & AGEING, TOBACCO PLAIN PACKAGING BILL 2011 EXPOSURE DRAFT: CONSULTATION PAPER (2011), available at http://www.yourhealth.gov.au/internet/yourhealth/publishing.nsf/Content/tpp-paper#.URQ8eegcnWZ.

155 STANDING COMM. ON HEALTH & AGEING, AUSTL. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, ADVISORY REPORT ON THE TOBACCO PLAIN PACKAGING BILL 2011 AND THE TRADE MARKS AMENDMENT (TOBACCO PLAIN PACKAGING) BILL 2011, at 1 (2011).

156 British American Tobacco and Imperial Tobacco made submissions; Philip Morris did not. Only British American Tobacco gave oral evidence; Imperial claimed inadequate notice.

157 STANDING COMM. ON HEALTH & AGEING, supra note 155.

158 Nicola Roxon, 1 Year for Big Tobacco to Get Plain Packs into Gear, AUSTRALIAN GOV't DEP't HEALTH & AGEING (Dec. 1, 2011), http://www.health.gov.au/internet/ministers/publishing.nsf/Content/mr-yr11-nr-nr255.htm.

159 Nicola Roxon, Parliament Passes World First Plain Packaging of Tobacco Legislation, AUSTRALIAN GOV't DEP't HEALTH & AGEING (Nov. 21, 2011), http://www.health.gov.au/internet/ministers/publishing.nsf/Content/FE57EE8BD4E2C74FCA25794F00107034/$File/NR243.pdf.

160 Roxon, supra note 158.

161 Id.

162 See IMPERIAL TOBACCO AUSTL. LTD., SUBMISSION TO THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND AGEING REGARDING THE TOBACCO PLAIN PACKAGING BILL 2011 (EXPOSURE DRAFT) AND CONSULTATION PAPER (2011), available at http://www.smoke-free.ca/plain-packaging/documents/2011/Imperial%20Tobacco%20Australia.pdf; PHILIP MORRIS LTD., COMMODITISING TOBACCO PRODUCTS THROUGH PLAIN PACKAGING WILL HARM PUBLIC HEALTH, VIOLATE TREATIES, AND DOES NOT MEET THE TEST OF “EVIDENCE-BASED POLICY” (2011).

163 PHILIP MORRIS LTD., supra note 162, at 2.

164 IMPERIAL TOBACCO AUSTL. LTD., supra note 162, at 22; PHILIP MORRIS LTD., supra note 162, at 24-25.

165 PHILIP MORRIS LTD., supra note 162, at 2.

166 Id. at 4.

167 Id. at 5.

168 Id. at 4.

169 Id. at 3.

170 Id. at 5.

171 IMPERIAL TOBACCO AUSTL. LTD., supra note 162, at 6 (quoting Nicola Roxon, Minister, Australian Gov't Dep't of Health & Ageing, Press Conference – Canberra (May 24, 2011)); PHILIP MORRIS LTD., supra note 162, at 2-16.

172 PHILIP MORRIS LTD., supra note 162, at 29.

173 Id. at 2.

174 Id. at 5.

175 Id. at 3.

176 IMPERIAL TOBACCO AUSTL. LTD., supra note 162; PHILIP MORRIS LTD., supra note 162, at 25.

177 IMPERIAL TOBACCO AUSTL. LTD., supra note 162; PHILIP MORRIS LTD., supra note 162, at 30.

178 Regulatory Coherence, supra note 82, at art. X.2.1; see also PHILIP MORRIS LTD., supra note 162, at 4.

179 See IMPERIAL TOBACCO AUSTL. LTD., supra note 162; PHILIP MORRIS LTD., supra note 162.

180 N.Z. PARLIAMENT, GOVERNMENT RESPONSE TO THE REPORT OF THE MĀORI AFFAIRS COMMITTEE ON ITS INQUIRY INTO THE TOBACCO INDUSTRY IN AOTEAROA AND THE CONSEQUENCES OF TOBACCO USE FOR MĀORI (FINAL RESPONSE) 4 (2011).

181 Isaac Davison, Plain-Pack Ciggies No Slam-Dunk Says Key, N.Z. HERALD (July 24, 2012, 5:30 AM), http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10821706.

182 MĀORI AFFAIRS COMMITTEE, AUSTL. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, REPORT I.10A, INQUIRY INTO THE TOBACCO INDUSTRY IN AOTEAROA AND THE CONSEQUENCES OF TOBACCO USE FOR MĀORI (2010).

183 Letter from Brett Taylor, General Manager, Philip Morris (N.Z.) Ltd., to Tariana Turia, Assoc. Minister of Health, N.Z. Parliament (July 11, 2011), available at http://www.health.govt.nz/about-ministry/legislation-and-regulation/regulatory-impact-statements/plain-packaging-tobacco-products-regulatory-impact-statement-consultation-phase/plain-packaging-consultation-release-background-documents-and-information.

184 Id.

185 Id.

186 See N.Z. MINISTRY OF HEALTH, PROPOSAL TO INTRODUCE PLAIN PACKAGING OF TOBACCO PRODUCTS IN NEW ZEALAND: CONSULTATION DOCUMENT (2012), http://www.health.govt.nz/publication/proposal-introduce-plain-packaging-tobacco-products-new-zealand; MINISTRY OF HEALTH, REGULATORY IMPACT STATEMENT: PLAIN PACKAGING OF TOBACCO PRODUCTS (2012).

187 Martin Johnston, Thousands Stubbing out, N.Z. HERALD (Dec. 12, 2012, 5:30 AM), http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10853484.

188 See, e.g., IMPERIAL TOBACCO AUSTL. LTD., supra note 162; PHILIP MORRIS LTD., supra note 162.

189 See IMPERIAL TOBACCO AUSTL. LTD., supra note 162; PHILIP MORRIS LTD., supra note 162.

190 PHILIP MORRIS LTD., supra note 162, at 2.

191 In a poll conducted during the Auckland round of TPPA negotiations in December 2012, sixty-two percent of New Zealanders said the government should reject investor-state dispute settlement in a TPPA, while only twelve percent said it should agree to the provision. Jane Kelsey, Opinion Polls Show PM out of Touch with Public on TPPA, SCOOP, (Dec. 19, 2012, 10:12 PM), http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PO1212/S00285/opinion-polls-show-pm-out-of-touch-with-public-on-tppa.htm.

192 BRITISH AM. TOBACCO (N.Z.) LTD., PROPOSAL TO INTRODUCE PLAIN PACKAGING OF TOBACCO PRODUCTS IN NEW ZEALAND 6, 8-10 (2012).

193 Id.

194 Id. at 40.

195 Id.

196 Id. at 10.

197 Id. at 70 (internal citations omitted).

198 Id. at 71-72.

199 The three companies are BATNZ, PMNZ and Imperial Tobacco. New Zealand's Tobacco Industry, ACTION SMOKING & HEALTH, http://www.ash.org.nz/?t=101 (last visited Feb. 25, 2013).

200 Sam Sachdeva, Tobacco Firms Use ‘Stalling’ Strategy, THE PRESS, (Jan. 13, 2013, 5:00 PM), http://www.stuff.co.nz/the-press/news/8172332/Tobacco-firms-use-stalling-strategy.

201 Id.

202 Id.

203 Id.

204 This observation is based on the author's own experience as a frequent user of the Official Information Act.

205 Sachdeva, supra note 200.

206 Key Admits Plain Cigarette Packaging May Not Go Ahead, TVNZ (Feb. 19, 2013), http://tvnz.co.nz/politics-news/key-admits-plain-cigarette-packaging-may-not-go-ahead-5345464.

207 See The New Zealand Legal System, N.Z. MINISTRY JUSTICE, http://www.justice.govt.nz/publications/global-publications/t/the-new-zealand-legal-system (last visited Feb. 28, 2013).

208 BRITISH AM. TOBACCO (N.Z.) LTD., supra note 192, at 6.

209 Id. at 10.

210 Dispute Settlement: Dispute DS434, supra note 129.

211 These are discussed in KELSEY, supra note 59, at 13-15, 31-35.

212 Stumberg, supra note 2.

213 The observations here are based on Article 23.1 of the U.S.-Korea FTA. United States-Korea Free Trade Agreement, supra note 213, at art. 23.1.

214 See, e.g., id.

215 See McGrady, Benn, Necessity Exceptions in WTO Law: Retreaded Tyres, Regulatory Purpose and Cumulative Regulatory Measures’, 12 J. INT’L ECON. L. 153 (2009)Google Scholar.

216 See Voon, Tania, Flexibilities in WTO Law to Support Tobacco Control Regulation, 39 AM. J.L. & MED. 199 (2013)Google Scholar.

217 See Lori Wallach, Lessons for TPP: How Limits in Past U.S. FTAs Undermine the Effectiveness of General Exceptions and Scheduled Exceptions for Non-Conforming Measures, PUB. CITIZEN GLOBAL TRADE WATCH, Dec. 2012.

218 See HARVEY PURSE & SANYA REID SMITH, SOME IMPACTS OF A TPPA INVESTMENT CHAPTER (2011), available at http://aftinet.org.au/cms/sites/default/files/Investment%20paper%20Santiago.pdf.

219 See Ortino, Federico, Legal Reasoning of International Investment Tribunals: A Typology of Egregious Failures, 3 J. INT’L DISP. SETTLEMENT 31 (2012)Google Scholar.

220 USTR Tobacco Proposal Viewed as Middle Ground Between Business, Activists, INSIDE U.S. TRADE, May 12, 2012.

221 Appellate Body Report, United States—Measures Affecting the Production and Sale of Clove Cigarettes, WT/DS406/AB/R 101 (Apr. 4, 2012) (adopted Apr. 24, 2012).

222 Benn McGrady, US Proposal on Tobacco in Trans-Pacific Partnership, O’NEILL INST. FOR NAT’L & GLOBAL HEALTH L. (May 18, 2012), http://www.oneillinstitutetradeblog.org/us-proposal-on-tobacco-in-trans-pacific-partnership/.

223 Sumberg, supra note 2, at 426-28.

224 OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES TRADE REPRESENTATIVE, FACT SHEET: TPP TOBACCO PROPOSAL (2012), available at http://www.ustr.gov/about-us/press-office/fact-sheets/2012/may/tpp-tobacco-proposal.

225 Franco Ordonez, Tobacco Growers Afraid Trans-Pacific Trade Deal Will Harm Exports, MCCLATCHY NEWSPAPERS, Feb. 29, 2012, http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2012/02/28/140249/tobacco-growers-fear-trade-deal.html#storylink=misearch; Kirk Seeks ‘Proper Balance’ on Tobacco Treatment in TPP Proposal, INSIDE U.S. TRADE, Mar. 5, 2012; USTR Heeds McIntyre's Call, Holds off Introduction of Tobacco Text in TPP to Gather Input from Tobacco Community, CONGRESSMAN MIKE MCINTYRE, http://mcintyre.house.gov/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=627:-ustr-heeds-mcintyres-call-holds-off-introduction-of-tobacco-text-in-tpp-to-gather-input-from-tobacco-community&catid=1:2010-press-releases&Itemid=26 (last visited Mar. 6, 2013).

226 CTR. FOR POL’Y ANALYSIS ON TRADE & HEALTH, CALL TO ACTION: FIX THE FATAL FLAWS IN U.S. TRADE POLICY ON TOBACCO (2012), available at http://www.cpath.org/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderfiles/cpathfinalontppproposal5-6-12.pdf.