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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 16 April 2020
The views expressed herein are those of the author and not necessarily those of the United States government.
1 For a commendable recent treatment of this subject, see, e.g., Israel, Brian, International Law and Governance in the Changing Arctic, 108 AJIL 348 (2014)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
2 Bloom, Evan T., Introductory Note to United States Directive on Arctic Policy and the Ilulissat Declaration, 48 ILM 370 (2009)Google Scholar.
3 December 1, 1959, 12 UST 794, TIAS 4780, 402 UNTS 71.
4 International Code for Ships Operating in Polar Waters, January 1, 2017, Report of the Marine Environment Protection Committee on its Sixty-eighth Session, Annex 11, IMO Doc MEPC 68/21/Add.1 (amending International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974, with Annexes, November 1, 1974, 32 UST 47, TIAS 9700 and Protocol of 1978 Relating to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, with Annexes and Protocols, February 17, 1978, 1340 UNTS 61, ATS 29, 17 ILM 546 (1978)).
5 December 2, 1946, 62 Stat. 1716, TIAS 1849, 4 Bevans 248, 161 UNTS 72.
6 May 9, 1992, 1771 UNTS 107.
7 December 7, 1944, 61 Stat. 1180, TIAS 1591, 3 Bevans 944, 15 UNTS 295.
8 The State Council Information Office of the People's Republic of China, China's Arctic Policy (Jan. 2018), available at http://english.www.gov.cn/archive/white_paper/2018/01/26/content_281476026660336.htm.
9 Signed October 3, 2018 in Washington, DC.