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Diplomatic Claims (Eritrea v. Ethiopia), Eritrea ' s Claim 20/Ethiopia ' s Claim 8, Partial Awards; Economic Loss Throughout Ethiopia (Ethiopia v. Eritrea), Ethiopia ' s Claim 7, Partial Award; Jus ad Bellum (Ethiopia v. Eritrea), Ethiopia ' s Claims 1-8, Partial Award; Loss of Property in Ethiopia Owned by Non-Residents (Eritrea v. Ethiopia), Eritrea ' s Claim 24, Partial Award; Pensions (Eritrea v. Ethiopia), Eritrea ' s Claims 15, 19 & 23, Final Award; Ports (Ethiopia v. Eritrea), Ethiopia ' s Claim 6, Final Award; Western & Eastern Fronts (Ethiopia v. Eritrea), Ethiopia ' s Claims 1 & 3, Partial Award; Western Front, Aerial Bombardment & Related Claims (Eritrea v. Ethiopia), Eritrea ' s Claims 1, 3, 5, 9-13, 14, 21, 25 & 26, Partial Award

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 February 2017

Daniel Bodansky  and
J. Romesh Weeramantry
J. Romesh Weeramantry
Affiliation:
School of International Arbitration, Queen Mary College, University of London
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Extract

Diplomatic Claims (Eritrea v. Ethiopia), Eritrea's Claim 20/Ethiopia's Claim 8, Partial Awards. At <http://www.pca-cpa.org>.

Eritrea Ethiopia Claims Commission, December 19, 2005.

Economic Loss Throughout Ethiopia (Ethiopia v. Eritrea), Ethiopia's Claim 7, Partial Award. At <http://www.pca-cpa.org>.

Eritrea Ethiopia Claims Commission, December 19, 2005.

Jus ad Bellum (Ethiopia v. Eritrea), Ethiopia's Claims 1–8, Partial Award. At <http://www.pca-cpa.org>.

Eritrea Ethiopia Claims Commission, December 19, 2005.

Loss of Property in Ethiopia Owned by Non-Residents (Eritrea v. Ethiopia), Eritrea's Claim 24, Partial Award. At <http://www.pca-cpa.org>.

Eritrea Ethiopia Claims Commission, December 19, 2005.

Pensions (Eritrea v. Ethiopia), Eritrea's Claims 15, 19 & 23, Final Award. At <http://www.pca-cpa.org>.

Eritrea Ethiopia Claims Commission, December 19, 2005.

Ports (Ethiopia v. Eritrea), Ethiopia's Claim 6, Final AwardS At <http://www.pca-cpa.org>.

Eritrea Ethiopia Claims Commission, December 19, 2005.

Western & Eastern Fronts (Ethiopia v. Eritrea), Ethiopia's Claims 1 & 3, Partial Award. At <http://www.pca-cpa.org>.

Eritrea Ethiopia Claims Commission, December 19, 2005.

Western Front, Aerial Bombardment & Related Claims (Eritrea v. Ethiopia), Eritrea's Claims 1, 3, 5, 9–13,14, 21, 25 & 26, Partial Award. At <http://www.pca-cpa.org>.

Eritrea Ethiopia Claims Commission, December 19, 2005.

On December 19, 2005, the Eritrea Ethiopia Claims Commission (Commission) issued seven partial awards and two final awards. These awards determined the respective international responsibility of Eritrea and Ethiopia arising out of the 1998–2000 armed conflict between those two states.

Type
International Decisions
Information
American Journal of International Law , Volume 101 , Issue 3 , July 2007 , pp. 616 - 627
Copyright
Copyright © American Society of International Law 2007

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References

1 Relevant aspects of the background, jurisdiction, and law applied by the Eritrea Ethiopia Claims Commission are found in my case reports at 99 AJIL 465 (2005) and 100AJIL201 (2006). In addition to its awards, the Commission issued Decision Number 6, in which it regarded Eritrea’s Claim 18 —alleging the breach of a telecommunications services agreement between the two states—as having been withdrawn by the claimant. All of the Commission’s decisions and awards are available online at <http://www.pca–cpa.org=.

2 Diplomatic Claim (Eri. v. Eth.), Eritrea’s Claim 20, Partial Award (Eritrea Ethiopia Claims Comm’n Dec. 19, 2005).

3 Diplomatic Claim (Eth. v. Eri.), Ethiopia’s Claim 8, Partial Award (Eritrea Ethiopia Claims Comm’n Dec. 19, 2005).

4 Economic Loss Throughout Ethiopia (Eth. v. Eri.), Ethiopia’s Claim 7, Partial Award (Eritrea Ethiopia Claims Comm’n Dec. 19, 2005).

5 Jus ad Bellum (Eth. v. Eri.), Ethiopia’s Claims 1–8, Partial Award (Eritrea Ethiopia Claims Comm’n Dec. 19, 2005), 45 ILM 430 (2006).

6 Loss of Property in Ethiopia Owned by Non–residents (Eri. v. Eth.), Eritrea’s Claim 24, Partial Award (Eritrea Ethiopia Claims Comm’n Dec. 19, 2005).

7 Pensions (Eri. v. Eth.), Eritrea’s Claims 15, 19 & 23, Final Award (Eritrea Ethiopia Claims Comm’n Dec. 19, 2005).

8 Ports (Eth. v. Eri.), Ethiopia’s Claim 6, Final Award (Eritrea Ethiopia Claims Comm’n Dec. 19, 2005).

9 Western & Eastern Fronts (Eth. v. Eri.), Ethiopia’s Claims 1 & 3, Partial Award (Eritrea Ethiopia Claims Comm’n Dec. 19, 2005).

10 Western Front, Aerial Bombardment & Related Claims (Eri. v. Eth.), Eritrea’s Claims 1, 3, 5, 9–13, 14, 21, 25 & 26, Partial Award (Eritrea Ethiopia Claims Comm’n Dec. 19, 2005), 45 ILM 396 (2006) [hereinafter Western Front & Aerial Bombardment Award].

11 Apr. 18, 1961.500 UNTS 95.

12 Apr. 24, 1963, 596 UNTS 262.

13 Geneva Convention [No. 4] Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, Aug. 12, 1949, 6 UST 3516, 75 UNTS 287.

14 Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of Aug. 12, 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts, June 8, 1977, 1125 UNTS 3 [hereinafter Additional Protocol I].

15 In a footnote to this statement, the Commission noted with appreciation the International Committee of the Red Cross’s customary international humanitarian law study, but it did not endorse the study’s conclusion that a prohibition broader than the one expressed in Article 54(2) of Additional Protocol I had become accepted as part of customary international law. See Western Front & Aerial Bombardment Award, para. 105 n.23. The Commission also observed that Articles 48, 51, 52, 57, and 58 of Additional Protocol I expressed customary international humanitarian law. Id., disposition, para. 2(a).

16 See Yoram, Dinstein, The Conduct of Hostilities Under The Law of International Armed Conflict 90 (2004)Google Scholar (“[M]ost enemy intentions are not so easy to decipher, and then much depends on the gathering and analysis of intelligence which may be faulty. When in doubt, caution is called for.”).

17 See, e.g., The Handbook of Humanitarian Law in Armed Conflicts 161 (Dieter, Fleck ed., 1995)Google Scholar (commenting that “generally counted as undisputed ‘military objectives’ are the numerous installations for the production of electric energy fir mainly military purposes” (emphasis added)); Christopher, Greenwood, Current Issues in the Law of Armed Conflict: Weapons, Targets and International Criminal Liability, 1 Singapore J. Int’l & Comp. L. 441, 461 (1997)Google Scholar (observing that in connection with the coalition bombing campaign during Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait, there is “no doubt that the Iraqi power stations made an effective contribution to Iraqi military action, since they were the principal source of electric power for the Iraqi forces” (emphasis added)).

18 The Handbook of Humanitarian Law in Armed Conflicts, supra note 17, at 157 (quoted in Western Front & Aerial Bombardment Award, para. 121).

19 See, e.g., Dinstein, supra note 16, at 86 (observing that the “advantage gained must be military and not, say, purely political (ergo, ‘forcing a change in the negotiating attitudes’ of the adverse Party cannot be deemed a proper military advantage)” (footnotes omitted)).

20 May 22, 1969, 1155 UNTS 331.