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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 27 February 2017
1 218 F.3d 1004 (9th Cir. 2000).
2 Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, Dec. 10, 1984,1465 UNTS 85, 23 ILM 1027 (1984), modified in 24 ILM 535 (1985) (entered into force for the United States Nov. 20, 1994) [hereinafter Torture Convention or Convention].
3 Id., Art. 3(1). “Torture” is defined in the Convention as any act committed by, at the instigation of, or with the consent or acquiescence of a public official or other person acting in an official capacity “by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person for” such purposes as obtaining a confession, punishing the person, or intimidating the person. Id., Art. 1(1).
4 136 CONG. REC. SI 7486-01, *S17491-92 (1990), 1990 WL 168442; see also Marian, Nash Leich, Contemporary Practice of the United States, 85 AJIL 334, 335-37 (1991).Google Scholar
5 See Semmelman, Jacques, Federal Courts, the Constitution and the Rule of Non-Inquiry in International Extradition Proceedings, 76 Cornelll. Rev. 1198 (1991)Google Scholar; cf. Quigley, John, The Rule of Non-Inquiry and Human Rights Treaties, 45 Cath. U. L. Rev. 1213 (1996)Google Scholar (arguing that human rights treaties supersede rule of noninquiry).
6 See, e.g., Emami v. District Court, 834 F.2d 1444, 1454 (9th Cir. 1987); Demjanjuk v. Petrovsky, 776 F.2d 571, 584 (6th Cir. 1985), cert, denied, 475 U.S. 1016 (1986).
7 18U.S.C. §3186 (1994).
8 See, e.g., Escobedo v. United States, 623 F.2d 1098, 1105 (5th Cir.), cert, denied, 449 U.S. 1036 (1980); Peroff v. Hylton, 563 F.2d 1099, 1102-03 (4th Cir. 1977); Shapiro v. Sec’y of State, 499 F.2d 527, 531 (D.C. Cir. 1974), aff’d sub nom. Commissioner v. Shapiro, 424 U.S. 614 (1976).
9 Foreign Affairs Reform and Restructuring Act of 1998, Pub. L. No. 105-277, §2242, 1999 U.S.C.C.A.N. (112 Stat. 2681) 871 [hereinafter FARR Act or Act].
10 Id. §2242(b) (emphasis added).
11 Id. §2242(d). The exception is “as part of the review of a final order of removal pursuant to section 242 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. §1252).” Id.
12 Id.
13 22 C.F.R. §§95.1-95.4 (2000).
14 Id. §95.4.
15 Cornejo-Barreto, 218 F.3d at 1007.
16 5 U.S.C. §§551-559, 701-706 (1994) [hereinafter APA].
17 Id. §704.
18 Id. §701 (a).
19 Cornejo-Barreto, 218 F.3d at 1013 (quoting FARR Act, supra note 9, §2242(d)).
20 Id. at 1014.
21 7d.
22 Id. at 1016-17.
23 M a t 1015 (quoting 5 U.S.C. §706(2) (a) (1994)).
24 Sandhu v. Burke, No. 97 Civ. 4608 (JGK), 2000 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 3584 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 7, 2000).
25 FARR Act, supra note 9, §2242(d).
26 See Bowen v. Mich. Acad, of Family Physicians, 476 U.S. 667, 671 (1986); Block v. Cmty. Nutrition Inst., 467 U.S. 340, 345 (1984); Abbott Labs. v. Gardner, 387 U.S. 136, 141 (1967).