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Why Don't We Know When the First People Came to North America?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

David J. Meltzer
David J. Meltzer*
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275
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Abstract

The question of when the first people came to North America defies consensus. Data from an array of fields would seem to narrow the number and timing of migrations, but that evidence is at best circumstantial and cannot be used to constrain what is strictly an archaeological matter. Advocates of a pre-12,000 B.P. human population assert that their evidence is valid and is rejected by skeptics only because of deep-set historical biases. That assertion is not well-founded. If a bias exists, it is in the assumption that there were only three discrete migrations, the earliest of which was Clovis. The possibility that these migrations were not discrete episodes involving small founding populations, but instead may have been migratory dribbles spread over thousands of years, has implications for understanding the variation evident among modern descendant populations and the archaeological variability of Clovis. The possibility that there were early, pre-12,000 B.P. migrations that may have been wholly unrelated to Clovis and failed, may have equally important implications for why we don"t know when the first people came to North America.

Résumé

Résumé

Hasta la fecha no ha sido posible llegar a un acuerdo en cuanto al problema de cuándo vinieron los primeros humanos a la América del Norte. Los datos de una variedad de campos científicos parecen limitar el número y la fecha de las migraciones, pew esta evidencia es circunstancial a más y mejor y por esto no se puede utilizarla para restringir lo que en realidad es estrictamente un asunto arqueológico. Los defensores de una población humana anterior a los 12,000 años antes delpresente sostienen que su evidencia es válida, y que ha sido rechazado por los escépticos sólo a causa de sus profundos prejuicios históricos. Esta aseveración no es de veras verídica. Si existen prejuicios éstos se enfocan en la suposición de que sólo hubo tres migraciones distintas, la más temprana de las cualesfue Clovis. La posibilidad de que estas migraciones nofueran episodios distintos que consistían en pequeñas poblaciones fundadoras, sino quefueron goteras migratorias que continuaban por miles de años, tiene implicaciones para entender la evidente variación entre las poblaciones modernas descendientes y también la variabilidad arqueológica de Clovis. La posibilidad de que hubieran migraciones tempranas anterior a los 12,000 años antes del presente que no se relacionaron a Clovis y que además fallaron, quizá tenga implicaciones importantes para nuestro desconocimiento sobre la fecha de la primera llegada de los humanos a la América del Norte.

Type
Articles
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 54 , Issue 3 , July 1989 , pp. 471 - 490
Copyright
Copyright © Society for American Archaeology 1989

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