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Were the Ancient Coast Salish Farmers? A Story of Origins

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 March 2021

Natasha Lyons Open the ORCID record for Natasha Lyons [Opens in a new window] ,
Tanja Hoffmann ,
Debbie Miller ,
Andrew Martindale ,
Kenneth M. Ames  and
Michael Blake
Natasha Lyons*
Affiliation:
Ursus Heritage Consulting and Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, 11500 Coldstream Creek Road, Coldstream, British Columbia, V1B 1E3, Canada
Tanja Hoffmann
Affiliation:
Johnson Shoyama School of Public Policy and Indigenous Works/Mitacs, University of Saskatchewan, 101 Diefenbaker Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5B8, Canada
Debbie Miller
Affiliation:
Katzie First Nation, 19700 Salish Road, Pitt Meadows, British Columbia, V3Y 2G6, Canada
Andrew Martindale
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, University of British Columbia, 6303 NW Marine Drive, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada
Kenneth M. Ames
Affiliation:
Professor Emeritus, Department of Anthropology, Portland State University, Portland, OR, USA
Michael Blake
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, University of British Columbia, 6303 NW Marine Drive, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada
*
([email protected], corresponding author)
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Abstract

Were the ancient Coast Salish farmers? Conventional anthropological wisdom asserts that the ethnographically known communities of the Northwest Coast of North America were “complex hunter-fisher-gatherers” who lacked any form of concerted plant food cultivation and production. Despite decades of extensive ethnobotanical and paleoethnobotanical study throughout the Pacific Northwest demonstrating the contrary, this “classic anomaly” is still a cornerstone of anthropological and archaeological canons. The recent discovery of a spectacularly preserved wetland wapato (Indian potato, Sagittaria latifolia) garden, built 3,800 years ago in Katzie traditional territory near Vancouver, British Columbia, has helped recast this picture, alongside evidence for other forms of resource management practiced by Northwest Coast peoples. This article examines “origins of agriculture” stories from three distinctive perspectives: Coast Salish Katzie people who cultivated wapato for millennia; settlers who colonized the Fraser River Delta historically, bringing with them their own ideas about what constitutes farming; and archaeologists, who are challenged by these data to reevaluate their own understandings of these cultural constructs. These perspectives have critical bearing on the historical appropriation of lands and waterways by settler communities in British Columbia as well as contemporary questions of sovereignty and stewardship in this region and well beyond.

Les Salish de la côte anciens étaient-ils agriculteurs? L'anthropologie présente habituellement les communautés de la côte Nord-Ouest de l'Amérique du Nord, décrites par le biais de travaux ethnographiques, comme des « chasseurs-pêcheurs-cueilleurs complexes » ne possédant aucun système organisé de culture et de production de plantes comestibles. Malgré des années de recherches ethnobotaniques et paléoethnobotaniques démontrant le contraire, cet exemple classique « d'anomalie » reste à la base des canons de l'anthropologie et de l'archéologie. Ces idées sont toutefois remises en question par la découverte récente d'un jardin de wapato (sagittaire à larges feuilles, Sagittaria latifolia) en contexte humide dans un état de conservation exceptionnel, aménagé il y a 3 800 sur le territoire traditionnel des Katzie près de Vancouver, en Colombie-Britannique, ainsi que par des découvertes mettant de l'avant d'autres formes de gestion des ressources pratiquées par les peuples de la côte Nord-Ouest. Cet article s'intéresse aux récits de « l'origine de l'agriculture » provenant de trois perspectives différentes: les Salish de la côte Katzie, qui ont cultivé le wapato pendant des millénaires; les colons s’étant installés dans la région du delta du fleuve Fraser pendant la période historique, amenant avec eux leurs propres idées sur ce que constitue l'agriculture; ainsi que les archéologues, qui face aux données qu'ils collectent, doivent réévaluer leur propre compréhension de ces constructions culturelles. Ces trois points de vue jouent un rôle majeur dans la question de l'appropriation historique des territoires et cours d'eaux de la Colombie-Britannique par les colons, mais également dans des questions contemporaines de souveraineté et d'intendance ayant des répercussions à plusieurs échelles.

Keywords

Katzie First NationCoast Salishwapato (Sagittaria latifolia)wetland farmingorigins of agricultureNorthwest Coastcomplex hunter-gatherersIndigenous archaeologycommunity archaeologysovereigntyPremière Nation KatzieSalish de la côteSagittaria latifoliaagriculture en milieu humideorigines de l'agriculturecôte Nord-Ouestchasseurs-cueilleurs complexesarchéologie autochtonearchéologie communautairesouveraineté
Type
Article
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 86 , Issue 3 , July 2021 , pp. 504 - 525
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Society for American Archaeology

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Footnotes

†

This author died before publication of the article.

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