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Spatial and Temporal Variability in Chert Exploitation on Santa Cruz Island, California

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Jennifer E. Perry  and
Christopher S. Jazwa
Jennifer E. Perry
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, Pomona College, Claremont, CA 91711 ([email protected])
Christopher S. Jazwa
Affiliation:
University of Oregon, Department of Anthropology, Eugene, OR 97403 ([email protected])
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Abstract

Chert outcrops on eastern Santa Cruz Island were of vital importance to the inhabitants of the Santa Barbara Channel region because of their comparatively limited availablity elsewhere on the California Channel Islands. Temporally diagnostic artifacts and radiocarbon dates from associated shell middens suggest that chert quarries were exploited throughout the Holocene. The importance of these quarries has been well documented in regard to microlith production as part of the shell bead industry during the late Holocene. However, relatively little is known about local chert tool manufacture and exchange in earlier times. Systematic documentation of 26 known chert quarries, and sampling at associated shell middens on eastern Santa Cruz Island has resulted in the identification of significant spatial variability in chert exploitation through time. Whereas chert quarrying during the middle Holocene appears to have been opportunistic and dispersed throughout the landscape, comparable activities during the late Holocene became increasingly circumscribed as microlith production was intensified. These trends in chert procurement are interpreted in the context of temporal changes in subsistence, tool manufacture, and residential mobility on the northern Channel Islands, and have broad implications for spatial and temporal patterning in prehistoric lithic exploitation.

Resumen

Resumen

Los afloramientos de silex en la parte Oeste de la Isla de Santa Cruz fueron de vital importancia para los habitantes de la región, ya que esta materia prima se encuentra relativamente ausente en el resto de las Islas del Canal de Santa Bárbara. Artefactos diagnósticos y fechas de radiocarbón asociadas a conchales siguieren que minas de silex fueron explotadas a lo largo de todo el Holoceno. La importancia de estas fuentes de aprovisionamiento ha sido bien documentada en relación a la producción de microlitos como parte de la industria de cuentas de concha durante el Holoceno Tardío. A pesar de esto, relativamente poco se sabe sobre la manufactura local de artefactos de silex y su intercambio en tiempos más tempranos. La documentación sistemática de 26 fuentes de silex, así como muestreos en conchales asociados en la parte Este de la isla de Santa Cruz, han resultado en la identificación de una variabilidad espacial significativa en la explotación de silex a lo largo del tiempo. Considerando que la extracción de silex durante el Holoceno Medio parece haber sido de tipo oportunista y dispersa a través del paisaje, actividades semejantes durante el Holoceno Tardío se volvieron cada vez más circunscritas al intensificarse la producción de microlitos. Estas tendencias en la adquisición de silex son interpretadas dentro de un contexto de transformación en estrategias de subsistencia, producción de artefactos y movilidad residencial en las Islas del norte del Canal de Santa Bárbara, transformaciones con profundas implicaciones en las características espaciales y temporales de explotación lítica en la prehistoria.

Type
Reports
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 75 , Issue 1 , January 2010 , pp. 177 - 198
Copyright
Copyright © Society for American Archaeology 2010

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