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Reconsidering Taíno Social Dynamics after Spanish Conquest: Gender and Class in Culture Contact Studies

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Kathleen Deagan
Kathleen Deagan*
Affiliation:
Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 ([email protected])
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Abstract

Despite the fact that the Taíno people of the Caribbean were the first Native Americans to encounter and coexist with Europeans after 1492, there has been almost no archaeology of Taíno response to that encounter. This study explores the reasons for (and consequences of) this neglect, and their larger implications for American contact-period archaeology. It also challenges prevailing historical models of Taíno social disintegration, drawing upon six years of archaeological work at the En Bas Saline site in Haiti, the only extensively excavated Taíno townsite occupied both before and after contact. Our results, organized by a household-scale analytical framework emphasizing Taíno constructions of gender and class, suggest that there were few major alterations to traditional Taíno social practice during the post-contact period, and most of these were related to activities thought to have been the domain of non-elite Taíno men. It is suggested that the relatively nonspecialized gender roles among the Taíno, as well as the clearly differentiated nature of their social classes, may have served as mitigating factors in the disruption of Taíno cultural practice under Spanish domination. This work also reveals a marked Taíno resistance to the incorporation of European cultural elements, which provides a striking contrast to the Spanish patterns documented in contact-era European towns, and underscores the critical importance of incorporating gender relations into studies of culture contact.

Resumen

Resumen

A pesar de que los Taínos del Caribe fueron los primeros indios americanos en confrontarse y coexistir con los europeos después de 1492, no ha habido casi ninguna investigación arqueológica de la respuesta Taína a este encuentro. Este estudio explora las razones y consecuencias de este descuido, y sus implicaciones mayores para la arqueología americana del periodo del contacto. Desafía también los modelos históricos predominantes sobre la rápida desintegración social de los Taínos, en base a seis años de trabajo arqueológico en el sitio de En Bas Saline, Haití, el único pueblo Taíno excavado extensivamente, y ocupado antes y después del contacto. Nuestros resultados organizados bajo un nivel de análisis doméstico que enfatiza las construcciones Taínas de género y clase, sugieren que hubo pocas modificaciones mayores a la práctica social tradicional Taína durante el período posterior al contacto, y que la mayoría de estos cambios estuvieron relacionados a actividades que han sido pensadas del dominio de varones no-élite Taínos. Esto sugiere que los papeles de género relativamente no especializados entre los Taínos, así como la naturaleza claramente diferenciada de sus clases sociales, pudieron haber servido como factores mitigantes en la ruptura de la práctica cultural de los Taínos bajo la dominación española. Este trabajo revela también una marcada resistencia de los Taínos frente a la incorporación de elementos culturales europeos, lo que proporciona un contraste llamativo con el modelo español documentado en pueblos europeos de la época del contacto, y subraya la importancia crítica de incorporar las relaciones del género en estudios del contacto cultural.

Type
Articles
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 69 , Issue 4 , October 2004 , pp. 597 - 626
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for American Archaeology 2004

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