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Prehistoric Marine Mammal Hunting on California's Northern Channel Islands

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Roger H. Colten  and
Jeanne E. Arnold
Roger H. Colten
Affiliation:
Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, 170 Whitney Avenue, P.O. Box 208118, New Haven, CT 06520-8118 email:([email protected])
Jeanne E. Arnold
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology and Institute of Archaeology, University of California, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095
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Abstract

Prehistoric marine mammal hunting is of interest to archaeologists worldwide because these animals were exploited by a wide range of coastal societies. Sorting out the roles of particular groups of fauna in prehistoric economies requires detailed attention to the analysis of the entire faunal assemblage. Although marine mammals typically provided large quantities of fat and protein and were desirable prey, they were not always central to the diets of the groups that exploited them, particularly in temperate zones. To evaluate effectively the importance of marine mammal exploitation, scholars should calculate the relative contribution of these animals to the economy, identify changes in hunting techniques, determine the relationship between fauna and other aspects of society, assess changing environmental conditions, and consider alternate explanations for those relationships. A large body of research on the northern Channel Islands of California demonstrates that fishing was relatively more important than marine mammal exploitation in subsistence and in stimulating sociopolitical and technological developments. Recent attempts to credit marine mammal hunting as a driving force in the invention of the plank canoe and the evolution of a chiefdom in the Santa Barbara Channel area misunderstand environmental factors and site histories in this region. Rather than assuming that a pan-Pacific Coast set of traditions existed to exploit these taxa, we see evidence of local and regional differences rooted in variable cultural settings, physiographic and oceanographic conditions, and available technologies. Data from the Santa Barbara Channel are used to explore the relationships among marine mammal use, sociological change, and environmental change.

Résumé

Résumé

La caza prehistórica de mamíferos marinos es de gran interés para arqueólogos en todo el mundo, debido al aprovechamiento de estos animales por una extensa gama de sociedades costeras. Para definir el ml de grupos partlculares de fauna en economías prehistóricas es necesario un análisis completo y detallado de colecciones de fauna. Aunque los mamíferos marinos ofrecen gran cantidad de grasa y proteína animal, no han sido siempre centrales en la dieta de quienes los explotaron, particularmente en zonas templadas. Para evaluar efectivamente su importancia, es necesario calcular su contribucion relativa en la economía, identificar cambios en las prácticas de caza, determinar las relaciones entre la explotación de la fauna y otros aspectos de la sociedad, considerar cambios ambientales, y sopesar todas las diferentes interpretaciones de estas relaciones. Un gran número de investigaciones recientes en las islas norteñas de Channel, California, muestran que la pesca fue relativamente más importante en la economía y en el estímulo del desarrollo tecnológico y sociopolítico de estas sociedades, que la explotación de mamíferos marinos. Interpretaciones recientes de la caza de estos animales marinos como fuerza motriz en la invención de la canoa de madera y en el desarrollo de un cacicazgo prehistórico en el area del Canal de Santa Barbára, han malinterpretado los factores ambientales y la historia de ocupacion en esta región. En vez de asumir que existieron tradiciones pan-Pacíficas que explotaron esos taxones, vemos evidencias de variantes locales y regionales con raíz en diversos contextos culturales, condiciones fisiográficas y oceanográficas, y tecnologías disponibles. Hemos usado los datos del Canal de Santa Barbára para investigar las relaciones entre el uso de mamíferos marinos, cambios socio-políticos, y cambios ambientales.

Type
Reports
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 63 , Issue 4 , October 1998 , pp. 679 - 701
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for American Archaeology 1998

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