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Obsidian Source Use in the Greater Yellowstone Area, Wyoming Basin, and Central Rocky Mountains

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Laura L. Scheiber  and
Judson Byrd Finley
Laura L. Scheiber
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, Indiana University, Student Building 130, 701 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, Indiana 47405 ([email protected])
Judson Byrd Finley
Affiliation:
001 Johnson Hall, Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152 ([email protected])
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Abstract

Using x-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis from nearly 2,300 sourced obsidian artifacts in western Wyoming, southwestern Montana, and eastern Idaho, we demonstrate regional diachronic changes in access to and preference for particular obsidian sources throughout the West. We focus on both (I) long-term patterns of obsidian use that may inform us about the timing of precontact migrations of Numic (Shoshone) speakers into the Rocky Mountains and (2) the extent to which later contact among Native inhabitants and European immigrants was a mechanism for reducing elements of precontact mobility and exchange in the postcontact era. We view indigenous responses to contact in the study area as an active, strategic process with measurable material consequences. Despite a well-documented increase in mobility among local Native groups as a result of the introduction of the horse, our study demonstrates a restriction and reduction in Historic period source use in western Wyoming. We propose that changes in obsidian source use are a reflection of ethnogenesis and development of ethnographic bands as a response to culture contact among indigenous inhabitants and with Europeans.

Resumen

Resumen

A través de un análisis de la radiografia (XRF) de casi 2.300 artefactos de obsidiana recuperados al oeste de Wyoming, el suroeste de Montana y el este de Idaho, demostramos cambios diacrónicos regionales en el acceso y la preferencia de ciertas fuentes de obsidiana para el oeste de los Estados Unidos. Nos enfocamos en dos temas: 1) las pautas a largo plazo del uso de la obsidiana que nospuede informar acerca de cuando los hablantes de Numic (Shoshone) emigraron a las Montañas Rocosas y 2) cómo el primer contacto entre los indígenas y los inmigrantes europeos sirvió para reducir la movilidad y el intercambio entre los indígenas en la época después del contacto. Vemos las respuestas de los indígenas al contacto en el área de estudio como un proceso estratégico y activo con consecuencias materiales que sí se pueden medir. A pesar del aumento de la movilidad entre los grupos locales de la gente indígena como un resultado de la introducción del caballo, nuestro estudio demuestra una restricción y reducción de la utilización de la obsidiana en la época histórica en el oeste del estado de Wyoming. Proponemos que los cambios del uso de las fuentes de la obsidiana reflejen la etnogénesis y el desarrollo de pequeños grupos étnicos como una respuesta al contacto cultural entre los indígenas y los europeos.

Type
Reports
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 76 , Issue 2 , April 2011 , pp. 372 - 394
Copyright
Copyright © Society for American Archaeology 2011

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