No CrossRef data available.
Article contents
A Multi-evidential Approach to Locating Chichilticale of the 1539–1542 Coronado Expedition
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 04 April 2025
Abstract
Chichilticale is a long-sought-after location on the Coronado expedition route in southeastern Arizona. It is referred to numerous times in documents, and various expedition members stayed there, making it potentially one of the most discoverable of the Coronado expedition camp sites. Nonetheless, it remained lost until recently when data from a variety of sources provided a basis to establish hypotheses that were then tested and retested until Chichilticale was located. This site, 1 km long, has hundreds of Spanish period artifacts related to the 1539–1540 two-month winter encampment established during Melchior Díaz's reconnaissance north to check on Fray Marcos de Niza's report. Crossbow bolt heads, copper lace aglets, caret- or gable-headed nails, copper bells, and many other artifacts and features provide a surprisingly rich archaeological record of this place and of an unexpected and unrecorded battle that changes history for the Sobaipuri O'odham.
Resumen
Chichilticale es un lugar muy buscado en la ruta de la expedición de Coronado en el sureste de Arizona. Como lugar con nombre, se hizo referencia a él numerosas veces en los documentos y varios miembros de la expedición se quedaron allí, lo que lo convierte potencialmente en uno de los campamentos de la expedición de Coronado más fáciles de descubrir. Sin embargo, permaneció perdido hasta hace poco, cuando datos de una variedad de fuentes proporcionaron una base para establecer hipótesis que luego fueron probadas una y otra vez hasta que se localizó Chichilticale. Este sitio de 1 km de largo tiene cientos de artefactos del período español relacionados con el campamento de invierno de dos meses de 1539–1540 establecido durante el reconocimiento al norte de Melchior Díaz para verificar el informe de Fray Marcos de Niza. Cabezas de virotes de ballesta, herretes de encaje de cobre, clavos con cabeza de caret o hastial, campanas de cobre y muchos otros artefactos y elementos proporcionan un registro arqueológico sorprendentemente rico de este lugar y de una batalla inesperada y no registrada.
Keywords
- Type
- Article
- Information
- Copyright
- Copyright © The Author(s), 2025. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Society for American Archaeology
References
References Cited
Adams, Christopher D., White, Diane E., and Johnson, David M.. 2000a. Last Chance Canyon, 1869 Apache/Cavalry Battle Site, Lincoln National Forest, New Mexico. Lincoln National Forest Heritage Program, Alamogordo, New Mexico.Google Scholar
Adams, Christopher D., White, Diane E., and Johnson, David M.. 2000b. Dark Canyon Ranchería Apache/Military Battle Site, Lincoln National Forest, New Mexico. Lincoln National Forest Heritage Program, Alamogordo, New Mexico.Google Scholar
Brugge, David M. 2012. Emergence of the Navajo People. In From the Land of Ever Winter to the American Southwest: Athapaskan Migrations, Mobility, and Ethnogenesis, edited by Seymour, Deni J., pp. 124–149. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Baldwin, Percy M. 1926. Discovery of the Seven Cities of Cibola by the Father Fray Marcos de Niza. Historical Society of New Mexico Publications in History No. 1. El Palacio Press, Albuquerque, New Mexico.Google Scholar
Bandelier, Adolph F. 1892. Final Report of Investigations among the Indians of the Southwestern United States, Carried on Mainly in the Years from 1880 to 1885, Part II. Papers of the Archaeological Institute of America, American Series IV. John Wilson and Sons, Cambridge, Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Bandelier, Adolph F. 1929. The Discovery of New Mexico by Fray Marcos of Nizza. New Mexico Historical Review 4(1):28–44.Google Scholar
Barth, Fredrik (editor). 1998. Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: The Social Organization of Culture Difference. Waveland Press, Long Grove, Illinois.Google Scholar
Binford, Lewis R. 1983. In Pursuit of the Past: Decoding the Archaeological Record. Thames and Hudson, New York.Google Scholar
Binford, Lewis R. 1987. Researching Ambiguity: Frames of References and Site Structure. In Method and Theory for Activity Area Research: An Ethnoarchaeological Approach, edited by Kent, Susan, pp. 449–512. Columbia University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Blakeslee, Donald J., and Blaine, Jay C.. 2003. The Jimmy Owens Site: New Perspectives on the Coronado Expedition. In The Coronado Expedition: From the Distance of 460 Years, edited by Flint, Richard and Flint, Shirley Cushing, pp. 203–218. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Blanton, Dennis B. 2020. Conquistador's Wake: Tracking the Legacy of Hernando de Soto in the Indigenous Southeast. University of Georgia Press, Athens.Google Scholar
Bolton, Herbert E. 1949. Coronado: Knight of Pueblos and Plains. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Brasher, Nugent. 2007. The Chichilticale Camp of Francisco Vázquez de Coronado: The Search for the Red House. New Mexico Historical Review 82(4):433–468.Google Scholar
Brasher, Nugent. 2009. The Red House Camp and the Captain General: The 2009 Report on the Coronado Expedition Campsite of Chichilticale. New Mexico Historical Review 84(1):1–64.Google Scholar
Brecheisen, Dee. 2003. Looking at a Mule Shoe: Sixteenth-Century Spanish Artifacts in Panama. In The Coronado Expedition from the Distance of 460 Years, edited by Flint, Richard and Flint, Shirley Cushing, pp. 253–264. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Damp, Jonathan E. 2005. The Battle of Hawikku: Archaeological Investigations of the Zuni-Coronado Encounter at Hawikku, the Ensuing Battle, and the Aftermath during the Summer of 1540. Research Series 13. Zuni Cultural Resources Enterprise, Zuni, New Mexico.Google Scholar
Deagan, Kathleen. 1987. Artifacts of the Spanish Colonies of Florida and the Caribbean, 1500–1800, Vol. 1: Ceramics, Glassware, and Beads. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Deagan, Kathleen. 2002. Artifacts of the Spanish Colonies of Florida and the Caribbean, 1500–1800, Vol. 2: Portable Personal Possessions. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Duffen, William A., and William K., Hartmann. 1997. The 76 Ranch Ruin and the Location of Chichilticale. In The Coronado Expedition to Tierra Nueva: The 1540–1542 Route across the Southwest, edited by Flint, Richard and Flint, Shirley Cushing, pp. 190–211. University Press of Colorado, Niwot.Google Scholar
Ewen, Charles R., and Hann, John H.. 1998. Hernando de Soto among the Apalachee: The Archaeology of the First Winter Encampment. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.Google Scholar
Flint, Richard. 2002. Great Cruelties Have Been Reported: The 1544 Investigation of the Coronado Expedition. Southern Methodist University Press, Dallas, Texas.Google Scholar
Flint, Richard. 2008. No Settlement, No Conquest: A History of the Coronado Entrada. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Flint, Richard, and Flint, Shirley Cushing. 2005. Documents of the Coronado Expedition, 1539–1542: “They Were Not Familiar with His Majesty, nor Did They Wish to Be His Subjects.” Southern Methodist University Press, Dallas, Texas.Google Scholar
Flint, Richard, and Flint, Shirley Cushing. 2019. A Most Splendid Company: The Coronado Expedition in Global Perspective. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Flint, Richard, and Flint, Shirley Cushing. 2023. A Remarkable Memory of a Bridge Built by the Coronado Expedition. New Mexico Historical Review 98(1):53–83.Google Scholar
Forbes, Jack D. 1957. The Janos, Jocomes, Mansos, and Sumas Indians. New Mexico Historical Review 32(4):319–334.Google Scholar
Forbes, Jack D. 1959. Unknown Athapaskans: The Identification of the Jano, Jocome, Jumano, Manso, Suma, and Other Indian Tribes of the Southwest. Ethnohistory 6(2):97–159.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forbes, Jack D. 1960. Apache, Navaho, and Spaniard. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Gagne, Frank R., Jr. 2003. Spanish Crossbow Boltheads of Sixteenth-Century North America: A Comparative Analysis. In The Coronado Expedition from the Distance of 460 Years, edited by Flint, Richard and Flint, Shirley Cushing, pp. 240–252. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Hammond, George P., and Rey, Agapito. 1940. Narratives of the Coronado Expedition, 1540–1542. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Harlan, Mark E. 2007. Historians and Archaeologists: Proposals for Connecting in a Common Past. New Mexico Historical Review 82(4):501–540.Google Scholar
Harlan, Mark E., and Seymour, Deni J.. 2017. Sobaipuri-O'odham and Mobile Group Relevance to Late Prehistoric Social Networks in the San Pedro Valley. In Fierce and Indomitable: The Protohistoric Non-Pueblo World in the American Southwest, edited by Seymour, Deni J., pp. 170–187. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Hartmann, William K. 2011. The Mystery of the “Port of Chichilticale.” In The Latest Word from 1540: People, Places, and Portrayals of the Coronado Expedition, edited by Flint, Richard and Flint, Shirley Cushing, pp. 194–213. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Hodge, Frederick W. 1895. The Early Navajo and Apache. American Anthropologist 8(3):223–240.Google Scholar
Hudson, Charles. 2006. The Historical Significance of the Soto Route. In The Hernando de Soto Expedition: History, Historiography, and “Discovery” in the Southeast, edited by Galloway, Patricia, pp. 313–326. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.Google Scholar
Ivey, James E., Rhodes, Diane Lee, and Sanchez, Joseph P.. 1991. The Coronado Expedition of 1540–1542: A Special History Report Prepared for the Coronado Trail Study. US Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Leone, Mark P., and Potter, Parker B. Jr. 1988. Introduction: Issues in Historical Archaeology. In The Recovery of Meaning: Historical Archaeology in the Eastern United States, edited by Leone, Mark P. and Potter, Parker B. Jr., pp. 1–22. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Mathers, Clay. 2011. Tangled Threads, Loose Ends, and Knotty Problems: The Place of Moho in Tiguex Archaeology, Geography, and History. In The Latest Word from 1540: People, Places, and Portrayals of the Coronado Expedition, edited by Flint, Richard and Flint, Shirley Cushing, pp. 367–397. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Mathers, Clay. 2020. Modeling Entradas: Sixteenth-Century Assemblages in North America. University of Florida Press, Gainesville.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mathers, Clay, and Haecker, Charles. 2009. Between Cibola and Tiguex: The 1540–1542 Vázquez de Coronado Expedition at El Morro National Monument (El Morro, New Mexico). Report prepared for the National Park Service, Santa Fe, New Mexico.Google Scholar
Nallino, Michel. 2014. One or Two Chichilticale? The Red House and The Expeditions of Niza, Díaz, Alarcón and Coronado. Electronic document, https://nallino.net/marc_fichiers/Chichilticale.pdf, accessed January 8, 2024.Google Scholar
Oblasser, Bonaventure. 1939. His Own Personal Narrative of Arizona Discovered by Fray Marcos de Niza Who in 1539 First Entered These Parts on His Quest for the Seven Cities of Cibola. Bonaventure Oblasser O.F.M., Topawa, Arizona.Google Scholar
Pilles, Peter J., Jr. 2017. Now You See ‘Em, Now You Don’t: In Search of Yavapai Structures in the Verde Valley. In Fierce and Indomitable: The Protohistoric Non-Pueblo World in the American Southwest, edited by Seymour, Deni J., pp. 256–280. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Potter, Samuel O. L. 1908. Chichilticalli. Bulletin of the American Geographical Society 40(5):257–276.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Railey, Jim A. 2007. A Possible Dugout Structure at a Coronado Entrada Campsite: Data Recovery Excavation of an Exposed Features at LA 54147, Sandoval County, New Mexico. SWCA Environmental Consultants, Albuquerque, New Mexico.Google Scholar
Reff, T. Daniel 1991. Anthropological Analysis of Exploration Texts: Cultural Discourse and the Ethnological Import of Fray Marcos de Niza's Journey to Cibola.American Anthropologist 93(3):636–655.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riley, Carroll L. 1976. Las Casas and the Golden Cities. Ethnohistory 23(1):19–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riley, Carroll L. 1985. The Location of Chichilticale. In Southwestern Culture History: Collected Papers in Honor of Albert H. Schroeder, edited by Lange, Charles H., pp. 153–162.Google Scholar
Sánchez, Joseph P., Érickson, Bruce A., and Gurulé, Jerry L.. 2001. Between Two Countries: The Story behind Coronado National Memorial. National Park Service History eLibrary. Electronic document, http://npshistory.com/publications/coro/adhi.pdf, accessed November 20, 2024.Google Scholar
Sauer, Carl, and Brand, Donald. 1930. Pueblo Sites in Southeastern Arizona. University of California Publications in Geography 3(7):415–458.Google Scholar
Schmader, Matthew F. 2017. “The Peace That Was Granted Had Not Been Kept”: Coronado in the Tiguex Province, 1540–1542. In New Mexico and the Pimeria Alta: The Colonial Period in the American Southwest, edited by Douglass, John G. and Graves, William M., pp. 49–74. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Schmader, Matthew F. 2019. One Battle, Many Cultures: Vázquez de Coronado and the “Tiguex War” of 1540–1542. In Fields of Conflict Conference, 2018, Pequot Museum, Conference Proceedings, Vol. 2, edited by Moreira, Nikita, Derderian, Michael, and Bissonnette, Ashley, pp. 18–35. Mashantucket Pequot Museum and Research Center, Mashantucket, Connecticut.Google Scholar
Schmader, Matthew F., and Vierra, Bradley J.. 2021. Coronado in Perspective: Reflections on the Past 35 Years of Investigation, 1985–2020. In A Friend of Kuaua: Papers in Honor of James Conder, edited by Brown, Emily J., Barbour, Matthew J., Boyer, Jeffrey L., and Head, Genevieve N., pp. 245–268. Papers Vol. 47. Archaeological Society of New Mexico, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Schroeder, Albert H. 1955. Fray Marcos de Niza, Coronado and the Yavapai. New Mexico Historical Review 30(4):265–296.Google Scholar
Seymour, Deni J. 1989. The Dynamics of Sobaipuri Settlement in the Eastern Pimería Alta. Journal of the Southwest 31(2):205–222.Google Scholar
Seymour, Deni J. 1990. Sobaipuri-Pima Settlement along the Upper San Pedro River: A Thematic Survey. Report submitted to the Bureau of Land Management, San Pedro field Office, Sierra Vista.Google Scholar
Seymour, Deni J. 2008. Despoblado or Athapaskan Heartland: A Methodological Perspective on Ancestral Apache Landscape Use in the Safford Area. In Crossroads of the Southwest: Culture, Identity, and Migration in Arizona's Safford Basin, edited by Purcell, David E., pp. 121–162. Cambridge Scholars, Newcastle, United Kingdom.Google Scholar
Seymour, Deni J. 2009a. Evaluating Eyewitness Accounts of Native Peoples along the Coronado Trail from the International Border to Cíbola. New Mexico Historical Review 84(3):399–435.Google Scholar
Seymour, Deni J. 2009b. The Canutillo Complex: Evidence of Protohistoric Mobile Occupants in the Southern Southwest. Kiva 74(4):421–446.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seymour, Deni J. 2009c. Nineteenth-Century Apache Wickiups: Historically Documented Models for Archaeological Signatures of the Dwellings of Mobile People. Antiquity 83(319):157–164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seymour, Deni J. 2011a. Where the Earth and Sky Are Sewn Together: Sobaipuri-O'odham Contexts of Contact and Colonialism. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Seymour, Deni J. 2011b. Data Recovery on Sobaipuri and Spanish Colonial Sites along the Middle and Lower San Pedro River on Bureau of Land Management Lands. On file at the Bureau of Land Management and Arizona State Museum, Tucson.Google Scholar
Seymour, Deni J. 2011c. Dating the Sobaípuri: A Case Study in Chronology Building and Archaeological Interpretation. Old Pueblo Archaeology Bulletin 67:1–13.Google Scholar
Seymour, Deni J. 2011d. Mats, Multiple Stories, and Terraces: Earliest Documentary Accounts of Indigenous Sonorans. In The Latest Word from 1540: People, Places, and Portrayals of the Coronado Expedition, edited by Flint, Richard and Flint, Shirley Cushing, pp. 154–193. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Seymour, Deni J. 2012a. Isolating a Pre-Differentiation Athapaskan Assemblage in the Southern Southwest: The Cerro Rojo Complex. In From the Land of Ever Winter to the American Southwest: Athapaskan Migrations, Mobility, and Ethnogenesis, edited by Seymour, Deni J., pp. 90–123. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seymour, Deni J. 2012b. Gateways for Athabascan Migration to the American Southwest. Plains Anthropologist 57(222):149–161.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seymour, Deni J. 2013. Platform Cache Encampments: Implications for Mobility Strategies and the Earliest Ancestral Apaches. Journal of Field Archaeology 38(2):161–172.Google Scholar
Seymour, Deni J. 2014. A Fateful Day in 1698: The Remarkable Sobaipuri-O'odham Victory over the Apaches and Their Allies. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Seymour, Deni J. 2015a. Mobile Visitors to the Eastern Frontier Pueblos: An Archaeological Example from Tabirá. Plains Anthropologist 60(233):4–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seymour, Deni J. 2015b. Sobaipuri-O'odham, Sonoita Creek Spanish Colonial Period Village Identified. Arizona Archaeological Council Newsletter 39(1):45–55.Google Scholar
Seymour, Deni J. 2015c. Behavioral Assessment of a Battlefield Signature: The Study of a Pompeii-Like Event. In Explorations in Behavioral Archaeology, edited by Walker, William H. and Skibo, James M., pp. 8–21. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Seymour, Deni J. 2016. Defining the Jocome and Their “Gifts of Little Value.” Kiva 82(2):137–172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seymour, Deni J. 2019. Pliant Communities: Commonalities between Snowbirds and Seasonal Mobile Group Visitation at the Eastern Frontier Pueblos. In Communities and Households in the Greater American Southwest: New Perspectives and Case Studies, edited by Stokes, Robert J., pp. 131–151. University Press of Colorado, Louisville.Google Scholar
Seymour, Deni J. 2020a. “A Distinction Without a Difference” at the Juh-Cushing Battle Site: Primary Narrative Texts in Historical Inquiry. In The Routledge Handbook of Global Historical Archaeology, edited by Orser, Charles E., Jr., Zarankin, Andrés, Funari, Pedro Paulo A., Lawrence, Susan, and Symonds, James, pp. 458–477. Routledge, London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seymour, Deni J. 2020b. “Submerges . . . Coming out Again and Then Flowing”: What Historical Documents Tell Us about the Character of the Santa Cruz River. Kiva 86(3):349–371.Google Scholar
Seymour, Deni J. 2020c. Land of the Buzzard Clan and Their Mobile Neighbors: Exploring the Protohistoric in the Southern Southwest. Journal of Arizona Archaeology 7(2):179–199.Google Scholar
Seymour, Deni J. 2022a. Artifacts That Indicate Vazquez de Coronado from the 1540s. YouTube, January 29. https://youtu.be/dEKBACRmHIY, accessed November 20, 2024.Google Scholar
Seymour, Deni J. 2022b. A Green Band in a Parched and Burning Land: Sobaipuri O'odham Landscapes. University Press of Colorado, Louisville.Google Scholar
Seymour, Deni J. 2022c. Unveiling Tucson's Namesake: The Sobaipuri O'odham Village of San Cosme del Tucsón. Journal of Arizona History 63(2):115–152.Google Scholar
Seymour, Deni J. 2023a. Paraje del Malpais (AZ FF:12:69, ASM): A Vázquez de Coronado Expedition Encampment in the San Bernardino Valley, Arizona. Kiva 89(2):208–240.Google Scholar
Seymour, Deni J. 2023b. Chichilticale: An Apache Place Name, Coronado Expedition Series. YouTube, November 11. https://youtu.be/oNLDW14pYGY?si=rOXeFXVtMZEcSSH9, accessed November 20, 2024.Google Scholar
Seymour, Deni J. 2023c. Castañeda's Thorny Forest, Coronado Expedition Series. YouTube, October 2. https://youtu.be/sLO0WH-8R8g?si=Ap5t1HP70FHKIuLo, accessed November 20, 2024.Google Scholar
Seymour, Deni J. 2023d. Sobaipuri O'odham Missionization, Colonization, and Uprisings. In Routledge Resources Online—The Renaissance World, edited by Poole, Kristen and Fredrick, Sharonah E.. Routledge, London. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780367347093-RERW88-1.Google Scholar
Seymour, Deni J. 2024. A Muted Legacy: O'odham Encounters with the Coronado Expedition. International Journal of Historical Archaeology 28(4):1137–1167.Google Scholar
Seymour, Deni J. 2025a. Extraordinary Claims, Extraordinary Evidence: The Coronado Expedition's 1541 Suya Settlement. American Antiquity, in press.Google Scholar
Seymour, Deni J. 2025b. Armas de la Tierra: Unconventional Weaponry of the Coronado Expedition. Kiva, in press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seymour, Deni J., and Rodriguez, Oscar. 2020. To the Corner of the Province: The 1780 Ugarte-Rocha Sonoran Reconnaissance and Implications for Environmental and Cultural Change. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Simmons, Marc, and Turley, Frank. 1980. Southwestern Colonial Ironwork: The Spanish Blacksmithing Tradition from Texas to California. Museum of New Mexico Press, Santa Fe.Google Scholar
Simpson, General J. H. 1869. Coronado's March in Search of the Seven Cities of Cibola and Discussion of their Probable Location. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Undreiner, George J. 1947. Fray Marcos de Niza and His Journey to Cibola. The Americas 3(4):415–486.Google Scholar
Vierra, Bradley J. 1989. A Sixteenth-Century Spanish Campsite in the Tiguex Province. Laboratory of Anthropology Note No. 475. Museum of New Mexico, Santa Fe.Google Scholar
Vierra, Bradley J. 1992. A Sixteenth-Century Spanish Campsite in the Tiguex Province: An Archaeologist's Perspective. In Current Research on the Late Prehistory and Early History of New Mexico, edited by Vierra, Bradley J. and Gualtieri, Clara, pp. 165–174. Special Publication No. 1. New Mexico Archaeological Council, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Winship, Georges P. 1896. The Coronado Expedition, 1540–1542. In Fourteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution 1892–1893, Part 1, edited by Powell, J. W., pp. 329–613. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Worth, John E., Benchley, Elizabeth D., Lloyd, Janet R., and Melcher, Jennifer A.. 2020. The Discovery and Exploration of Tristán de Luna y Arellano's 1559–1561 Settlement on Pensacola Bay. Historical Archaeology 54(2):472–501.Google Scholar
Wylie, Alison. 1993. A Proliferation of New Archaeologies: “Beyond Objectivism and Relativism.” In Archaeological Theory: Who Sets the Agenda ? edited by Yoffee, Norman and Sherratt, Andrew, pp. 20–27. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar