Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-fbnjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-08T12:22:15.432Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Monitoring Mississippian Homestead Occupation Span and Economy Using Ceramic Refuse

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Timothy R. Pauketat
Timothy R. Pauketat*
Affiliation:
Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Occupation spans of small late prehistoric sites in the American Bottom of southwestern Illinois are estimated through consideration of the formation of ceramic refuse. Archaeological and ethnographic data inform a model which takes the form of both a computer simulation and a quantitative transform. Critical variables include a behavioral assemblage, a disposal assemblage, vessel use life, and breakage and replacement rates. A number of factors may have influenced settlement duration, but a preliminary examination does not reveal a significant correlation between environmental features and occupation span. The relation of these lower-order settlements to higher-order centers in the American Bottom settlement hierarchy may not have necessitated maximizing the economic potential of a given rural catchment.

Type
Articles
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 54 , Issue 2 , April 1989 , pp. 288 - 310
Copyright
Copyright © Society for American Archaeology 1989

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Reference Cited

Ahlstrom, R. V. N. 1985 The Interpretation of Archaeological Tree-Ring Dates. Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson.Google Scholar
Arnold, D. E. 1985 Ceramic Theory and Cultural Process. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.Google Scholar
Bareis, C. J., and Porter, J. W. 1984 Research Design. In American Bottom Archaeology, edited by Bareis, C. J. and Porter, J. W., pp. 1-14. University of Illinois Press, Urbana and Chicago.Google Scholar
Binford, L. R. 1977 General Introduction. In For Theory Building in Archaeology, edited by Binford, L. R., pp. 1-10. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Braun, D. P. 1980 Experimental Interpretation of Ceramic Vessel Use on the Basis of Rim and Neck Formal Attributes. In The Navajo Project Archaeological Investigations Page to Phoenix 500KV Southern Transmission Line, edited by Fiero, D., Munson, R. W., McClain, M. T., Wilson, F. M., and Vier, A. H., pp. 171-231. Research Paper 11. Museum of Northern Arizona, Flagstaff.Google Scholar
Bronitsky, G. 1986 The Use of Materials Science Techniques in the Study of Pottery Construction and Use. In Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory, vol. 8, edited by Schiffer, M. B., pp. 209-276. Academic Press, Orlando, Florida.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chase, P. G. 1985 Whole Vessels and Sherds : An Experimental Investigation of Their Quantitative Relationship. Journal of Field Archaeology 12 : 213–218.Google Scholar
Clarke, D. 1973 Archaeology : A Loss of Innocence. Antiquity 47 : 6–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cook, S. F. 1972 Can Pottery Residues be Used as an Index to Population? In Miscellaneous Papers on Archaeology. University of California Archaeological Research Facility Contributions 14 : 17–39.Google Scholar
Cowgill, G. 1970 Some Sampling and Reliability Problems in Archaeology. In Archeologie et Calculateurs : Problemes Semiologiques et Mathematiques, edited by Gardin, M. J. -M., pp. 161-175. Colloque Internationaux du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris.Google Scholar
Cross, P. G. 1983 Vertebrate Faunal Remains from the Turner and DeMange Sites. In The Turner and DeMange Sites, by Milner, G. R., pp. 201-212. University of Illinois Press, Urbana and Chicago.Google Scholar
Cross, P. G. 1984 Vertebrate Faunal Remains from the Julien Site. In The Julien Site, by Milner, G. R., pp. 223-243. University of Illinois Press, Urbana and Chicago.Google Scholar
David, N. 1972 On the Life-Span of Pottery, Type Frequencies and Archaeological Inference. American Antiquity 37 : 141–142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
David, N., and Henning, H. 1972 The Ethnography of Pottery : A Fulani Case Seen in Archaeological Perspective. Module 21. McCaleb Modules in Anthropology, Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Davy, D. M. 1982 Proximity and Human Behavior : Settlement Locational Pattern Change in Prehistoric Illinois. Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale.Google Scholar
Deal, M. 1983 Pottery Ethnoarchaeology Among the Tzeltal Maya. Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia.Google Scholar
Deal, M. 1985 Household Pottery Disposal in the Maya Highlands : An Ethnoarchaeological Interpretation. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 4 : 243–291.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dean, J. S. 1978 Independent Dating in Archaeological Analysis. In Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory, vol. 1, edited by Schiffer, M. B., pp. 223-255. Academic Press, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Barros, P. L. F. 1982 The Effects of Variable Site Occupation Span on the Results of Frequency Seriation. American Antiquity 47 : 291–315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DeBoer, W. R. 1974 Ceramic Longevity and Archaeological Interpretation : An Example from the Upper Ucayali, Peru. American Antiquity 39 : 335–342.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DeBoer, W. R. 1983 The Archaeological Record as Preserved Death Assemblage. In Archaeological Hammers and Theories, edited by Moore, J. A. and Keene, A. S., pp. 19-36. Academic Press, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DeBoer, W. R. 1985 Pots and Pans Do Not Speak Nor Do They Lie : The Case for Occasional Reductionism. In Decoding Prehistoric Ceramics, edited by Nelson, B. A., pp. 347-357. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale and Edwardsville.Google Scholar
DeBoer, W. R., and Lathrap, D. W. 1979 The Making and Breaking of Shipibo-Conibo Ceramics. In Ethnoarchaeology : Implications of Ethnography for Archaeology, edited by Kramer, C., pp. 102-138. Columbia University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Earle, T. K. 1977 A Reappraisal of Redistribution : Complex Hawaiian Chiefdoms. In Exchange Systems in Prehistory, edited by Earle, T. K. and Ericson, J. E., pp. 213-229. Academic Press, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Emerson, T. E., and Jackson, D. K. 1984 The BBB Motor Site. University of Illinois Press, Urbana and Chicago.Google Scholar
Finney, F. A. 1985 The Carbon Dioxide Site. University of Illinois Press, Urbana and Chicago.Google Scholar
Flannery, K. V. 1983 The Tierras Largas Phase and the Analytical Units of the Early Oaxacan Village. In The Cloud People, edited by Flannery, K. V. and Marcus, J., pp. 43-45. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Fortes, M. 1958 Introduction. In The Developmental Cycle in Domestic Groups, edited by Goody, J. R., pp. 1-13. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.Google Scholar
Fortier, A. C. 1985 The Robert Schneider Site. University of Illinois Press, Urbana and Chicago.Google Scholar
Foster, G. M. 1960 Life Expectancy of Utilitarian Pottery in Tzintzuntzan, Michoacan, Mexico. American Antiquity 25 : 606–609.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fowler, M. L. 1974 Cahokia : Ancient Capitol of the Midwest. Addison-Wesley Module in Anthropology 48. Reading, Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Fowler, M. L. 1978 Cahokia and the American Bottom : Settlement Archaeology. In Mississippian Settlement Patterns, edited by Smith, B. D., pp. 455-478. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Fowler, M. L., and Hall, R. L. 1978 Late Prehistory of the Illinois Area. In Northeast, edited by Trigger, B. G., pp. 560-568. Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 15, Sturtevant, W. C., general editor. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. Google Scholar
Fuson, R. H. 1964 House Types of Panama. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 52(2) : 190–208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Griffin, J. B. 1949 The Cahokia Ceramic Complexes. In Proceedings of the Fifth Plains Conference for Archaeology, edited by Champe, J. L., pp. 44-58. Notebook No. 1. Laboratory of Anthropology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln.Google Scholar
Gross, D. R. 1983 Village Movement in Relation to Resources in Amazonia. In Adaptive Responses of Native Amazonians, edited by Hames, R. B. and Vickers, W. T., pp. 429-449. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Hagstrum, M. B. 1986 Ceramic Production and Information Exchange : An Ethnoarchaeological Example from the Central Andes, Peru. Paper presented at the 85th Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Hally, D. J. 1983a The Interpretive Potential of Pottery from Domestic Contexts. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 8 : 163–196.Google Scholar
Hally, D. J. 1983b Use Alteration of Pottery Vessel Surfaces : An Important Source of Evidence for the Identification of Vessel Function. North American Archaeologist 4 : 3–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hally, D. J. 1984 Vessel Assemblages and Food Habits : A Comparison of Two Aboriginal Southeastern Vessel Assemblages. Southeastern Archaeology 3 : 46–64.Google Scholar
Hally, D. J. 1986 The Identification of Vessel Function : A Case Study from Northwest Georgia. American Antiquity 51 : 267–295.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hames, R. B. 1983 The Settlement Pattern of a Yanamamo Population Bloc : A Behavioral Ecological Interpretation. In Adaptive Responses of Native Amazonians, edited by Hames, R. B. and Vickers, W. T., pp. 393-427. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Hantman, J. L. 1983 Social Networks and Stylistic Distributions in the Prehistoric Plateau Southwest. Ph. D. dissertation, Arizona State University. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Harn, A. D. 1983 Subsistence, Seasonality, and Site Function at Upland Camps in the Larson Community : A View from the Other End of the Telescope, Paper presented at the Preconference Mississippian Symposium at the 28th Annual Midwest Archaeological Conference, Iowa City, Iowa.Google Scholar
Hassan, F. A. 1981 Demographic Archaeology. Academic Press, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hatch, J. W., Whittington, S. L., and Dyke, B. 1982 A Simulation Approach to the Measurement of Change in Ceramic Frequency Sedation. North American Archaeologist 3 : 333–350.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayden, B., and Cannon, A. 1983 Where the Garbage Goes : Refuse Disposal in the Mayan Highlands. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 2 : 117-163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henrickson, E. F., and McDonald, M. 1983 Ceramic Form and Function : An Ethnographic Search and an Archaeological Application. American Anthropologist 85 : 630–643.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johannessen, S. 1984 Plant Remains from the Julien Site. In The Julien Site, by Milner, G. R., pp. 224-273. University of Illinois Press, Urbana and Chicago.Google Scholar
Kelly, J. E. 1980 Formative Developments at Cahokia and the Adjacent American Bottom : A Merrell Tract Perspective. Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin, Madison.Google Scholar
Kelly, J. E. 1989 Emergence of Mississippian Culture in the American Bottom Region. In The Mississippian Emergence, edited by Smith, B. D., Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C., in press.Google Scholar
Kelly, L. S. 1979 Animal Resource Exploitation by Early Cahokia Populations on the Merrell Tract. Circular 4. Illinois Archaeological Survey, Urbana.Google Scholar
Kelly, L. S., and Cross, P. G. 1984 Zooarchaeology. In American Bottom Archaeology, edited by Bareis, C. J. and Porter, J. W., pp. 215-232. University of Illinois Press, Urbana and Chicago.Google Scholar
Kent, S. 1984 Analyzing Activity Areas : An Ethnoarchaeological Study of the Use of Space. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Kohler, T. A. 1978 Ceramic Breakage Rate Simulation : Population Size and the Southeastern Chiefdom. Newsletter of Computer Archaeology 14 : 1–20.Google Scholar
Kohler, T. A., and Blinman, E. 1987 Solving Mixture Problems in Archaeology : Analysis of Ceramic Materials for Dating and Demographic Reconstruction. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 6 : 1–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Longacre, W. A. 1981 Kalinga Pottery : An Ethnoarchaeological Study. In Pattern of the Past : Studies in Honour of David Clarke, edited by Hodder, I., Isaac, G., and Hammond, N., pp. 49-66. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.Google Scholar
Longacre, W. A. 1985 Pottery Use-life Among the Kalinga, Northern Luzon, the Philippines. In Decoding Prehistoric Ceramics, edited by Nelson, B. A., pp. 334-346. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale and Edwardsville.Google Scholar
Mehrer, M. W. 1982 A Mississippian Community at the Range Site (ll-S-47), St. Clair County, Illinois. Unpublished Master's thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.Google Scholar
Milner, G. R. 1983 The Turner and DeMange Sites. University of Illinois Press, Urbana and Chicago.Google Scholar
Milner, G. R. 1984a The Julien Site. University of Illinois Press, Urbana and Chicago.Google Scholar
Milner, G. R. 1984b The Robinson's Lake Site. University of Illinois Press, Urbana and Chicago.Google Scholar
Milner, G. R. 1984c Social and Temporal Implications of Variation Among American Bottom Mississippian Cemeteries. American Antiquity 49 : 468–488.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milner, G. R. 1986 Mississippian Period Population Density in a Segment of the Central Mississippi Valley. American Antiquity 51 : 227–238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milner, G. R., Emerson, T. E., Mehrer, M. W., Williams, J. A., and Esarey, D. 1984 Mississippian and Oneota Period. In American Bottom Archaeology, edited by Bareis, C. J. and Porter, J. W., pp. 158-186. University of Illinois Press, Urbana and Chicago.Google Scholar
Morse, D. F., and Morse, P. A. 1983 Archaeology of the Central Mississippi Valley. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Murray, P. 1980 Discard Location : The Ethnographic Data. American Antiquity 45 : 490–502.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nelson, B. A. 1981 Ethnoarchaeology and Paleodemography : A Test of Turner and Lofgren's Hypothesis. Journal of Anthropological Research 37 : 107–129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nelson, B. A. 1985 Reconstructing Ceramic Vessels and Their Systemic Contexts. In Decoding Prehistoric Ceramics, edited by Nelson, B. A., pp. 310-329. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale and Edwardsville.Google Scholar
Norris, F. T. 1978 Excavation at the Lily Lake Site : 1975 Season. Reports in Contract Archaeology 4. Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville.Google Scholar
O' Brien, P. J. 1972 A Formal Analysis ofCahokia Ceramic from the Powell Tract. Monograph 3. Illinois Archaeological Survey, Urbana.Google Scholar
Oliver, D. L. 1955 A Soloman Island Society. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pastron, A. G. 1974 Preliminary Ethnoarchaeological Investigations Among the Tarahumara. In Ethnoarchaeology, edited by Donnan, C. B. Jr., , pp. 93-114. Monograph 4. Archaeological Survey, Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Pauketat, T. R. 1986 Predicting Occupation Span from Ceramic Refuse : A Case Study from the American Bottom. Unpublished Master's thesis, Department of Anthropology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale.Google Scholar
Pauketat, T. R. 1987a A Burned Domestic Dwelling at Cahokia. Wisconsin Archeologist 68 : 212–237.Google Scholar
Pauketat, T. R. 1987b A Functional Consideration of a Mississippian Domestic Vessel Assemblage. Southeastern Archaeology 6 : 1–15.Google Scholar
Pauketat, T. R. 1987c Mississippian Domestic Economy and Formation Processes : A Response to Prentice. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 12 : 77–88.Google Scholar
Pauketat, T. R. 1987d A Turbo-Pascal Simulation of Pot Breakage. Ms. in possession of author.Google Scholar
Peebles, C. S., and Kus, S. M. 1977 Some Archaeological Correlates of Ranked Societies. American Antiquity 42 : 421–448.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Porter, J. W. 1964 Thin Section Descriptions of Some Shell Tempered Prehistoric Ceramics from the American Bottoms. Research Report 7. Southern Illinois University Museum Lithic Laboratory, Carbondale.Google Scholar
Powell, S. L. 1980 Material Culture and Behavior : A Prehistoric Example for the American Southwest. Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Arizona State University, Tempe.Google Scholar
Prentice, G. 1985 Economic Differentiation Among Mississippian Farmsteads. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 10 : 77–122.Google Scholar
Prentice, G., and Mehrer, M. 1981 The Lab Woofie Site (1 l-S-346) : An Unplowed Mississippian Site in the American Bottom Region of Illinois. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 6 : 33–53.Google Scholar
Reid, K. C. 1984 Fire and Ice : New Evidence for the Production and Preservation of Late Archaic Fiber-Tempered Pottery in the Middle-Latitude Lowlands. American Antiquity 49 : 55–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roper, D. C. 1979 The Method and Theory of Site Catchment Analysis : A Review. In Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory, vol. 2, edited by Schiffer, M. B., pp. 119-140. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Schiffer, M. B. 1972 Archaeological Context and Systemic Context. American Antiquity 37 : 156–165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schiffer, M. B. 1975 The Effects of Occupation Span on Site Content. In The Cache River Archaeological Project : An Experiment in Contract Archaeology, assembled by Schiffer, M. B. and House, J. H., pp. 265-269. Research Series 8. Arkansas Archeological Survey, Fayetteville.Google Scholar
Schiffer, M. B. 1976 Behavioral Archaeology. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Schiffer, M. B. 1985 Is There a “Pompeii Premise” in Archaeology? Journal of Anthropological Research 41 : 18–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schiffer, M. B. 1987 Formation Processes of the Archaeological Record. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Schiffer, M. B., Downing, T. E., and McCarthy, M. 1981 Waste Not, Want Not : An Ethnoarchaeological Study of Reuse in Tucson, Arizona. In Modern Material Culture : The Archaeology of Us, edited by Gould, R. and Schiffer, M. B., pp. 67-86. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Shapiro, G. 1984 Ceramic Vessels, Site Permanence, and Group Size : A Mississippian Example. American Antiquity 49 : 696–712.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, B. D. 1975 Middle Mississippi Exploitation of Animal Populations. Anthropological Papers 57. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, B. D. 1978 Prehistoric Patterns of Human Behavior : A Case Study in the Mississippi Valley. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Smith, M. E. 1987 Household Possessions and Wealth in Agrarian States : Implications for Archaeology. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 6 : 297–335.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, M. F. 1985 Toward an Economic Interpretation of Ceramics : Relating Vessel Size and Shape to Use. In Decoding Prehistoric Ceramics, edited by Nelson, B. A., pp. 254-309. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale and Edwardsville.Google Scholar
Stanislawski, M. B. 1969 What Good is a Broken Pot? An Experiment in Hopi-Tewa Ethnoarchaeology. Southwestern Lore 35(1) : 11–18.Google Scholar
Steponaitis, V. P. 1978 Location Theory and Complex Chiefdoms : A Mississippian Example. In Mississippian Settlement Patterns, edited by Smith, B. D., pp. 417-453. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Steponaitis, V. P. 1983 Ceramics, Chronology and Community Patterns : An Archaeological Study at Moundville. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Stevenson, M. G. 1982 Toward an Understanding of Abandonment Behavior : Evidence from Historic Mining Camps in the Southwest Yukon. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 1 : 237–265.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sullivan, A. P. 1978 Inference and Evidence in Archaeology : A Discussion of the Conceptual Problems. In Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory, vol. 1, edited by Schiffer, M. B., pp. 183-222. Academic Press, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swanton, J. R. 1946 The Indians of the Southeastern United States. Bulletin 137. Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution, Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. Google Scholar
Turner, C. G., and Lofgren, L. 1966 Household Size of Prehistoric Western Pueblo Indians. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 22 : 117–132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watts, R., and Watts, B. 1980 Trashpit, Campfire, or Kiln? Central States Archaeological Journal 27(2) : 57–58.Google Scholar
Weigand, P. C. 1969 Modern Huichol Ceramics. University Museum Mesoamerican Studies. Southern Illinois University, Carbondale.Google Scholar
Welch, P. D. 1986 Models ofChiefdom Economy : Prehistoric Moundville as a Case Study. Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Whalley, L. A. 1983 Plant Remains from the Turner Site. In The Turner and DeMange Sites, by Milner, G. R., pp. 213-233. University of Illinois Press, Urbana and Chicago.Google Scholar
Whalley, L. A. 1984 Plant Remains from the Stirling Phase. In The BBB Motor Site, by Emerson, T. E. and Jackson, D. K., pp. 321-335. University of Illinois Press, Urbana and Chicago.Google Scholar
Winter, M. C. 1976 The Archaeological Household Cluster in the Valley of Oaxaca. In The Early Mesoamerican Village, edited by Flannery, K. V., pp. 25-31. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Wright, H. T. 1984 Prestate Political Formations. In On the Evolution of Complex Societies— Essays in Honor of Harry Hoijer 1982, by Sanders, W., Wright, H., and Adams, R. M., edited by Earle, T., pp. 41-77. Regents University of California. Undena Publications, Malibu, California.Google Scholar
Wright, H. T., Miller, N., and Redding, R. 1980 Time and Process in an Uruk Rural Center. In L' Archeologie de I'lraq : Perspectives et Limites de VInterpretation Anthropologique des Documents, edited by Barrelet, M. -T., pp. 265-284. Colloque Internationaux du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 580. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris.Google Scholar
Yanagisako, S. J. 1979 Family and Household : The Analysis of Domestic Groups. Annual Review of Anthropology 8 : 161–205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yerkes, R. W. 1980 The Mississippian Component. In Investigations at the Labras Lake Site, vol. 1, by Phillips, J. L., Hall, R. L., and Yerkes, R. W., pp. 143-180. Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois, Chicago.Google Scholar
Yerkes, R. W. 1987 Prehistoric Life on the Mississippi Floodplain— Stone Tool Use, Settlement Organization and Subsistence Practices at the Labras Lake Site, Illinois. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar