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Linking Bones and Stones: Regional Variation in Late Paleoindian Cody Complex Land Use and Foraging Strategies

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Edward J. Knell  and
Matthew E. Hill Jr.
Edward J. Knell
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, California State University, Fullerton, P.O. Box 6846, California 92834
Matthew E. Hill Jr.
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, University of Iowa, 114 Macbride Hall, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
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Abstract

Using lithic and faunal data from 33 Cody complex (10,000–8600 14C years B.P.) components from the northern Great Plains, this study explores how Paleoindian land use and foraging strategies varied in relation to resource structure at the regional scale. The analysis of regional-scale faunal and lithic data was undertaken to demonstrate how disparate but related datasets must be considered together to develop a more complete understanding of hunter-gatherer lifeways. Empirical observations from the Cody archaeological record were compared to an optimal foraging theory and temporal resource predictability theory-inspired land-use model. The model predicts, and the data support, a pattern whereby Cody groups in the resource-rich foothill-mountain zone employed a regionally restricted land-use strategy for a protracted portion of the year, made spatially limited movements during which they relied on local toolstone, and expanded diet breadth by hunting a mixture of dispersed bison herds and small-bodied animals. In the comparatively resource-poor plains grasslands and adjacent alluvial valleys, the model predicts and the data indicate that Cody groups employed a nonregionally restricted land-use strategy in which they rapidly moved through regions, relied on nonlocal toolstone sources, made many residential moves over vast areas, and relied on a narrow range ofbiotic resources (primarily bison).

Utilizando los datos de la lítica y fauna del complejo Cody 33 (10,000-8600 años AP, según C14) de componentes del norte de las Grandes Llanuras, este estudio explora cómo fue el uso de la tierra durante el Paleoindio, así como las estrategias de pastoreo variaron en relación con la estructura de los recursos a escala regional. El análisis de los datos faunísticos y líticos a escala regional, se llevó a cabo para demostrar cómo los conjuntos de diferentes datos, pero relacionados entre sí, deben ser considerados en su conjunto para desarrollar una comprensión más completa de la forma de vida de los cazadores-recolectores. Las observaciones empíricas de los registros arqueológicos del complejo Cody se compararon con una teoría de óptimo pastoreo y la previsión de los recursos temporales inspirada en la teoría del modelo de uso de la tierra. El modelo predice, con el apoyo de los datos, un patrón según el cual los grupos del complejo Cody aprovecharon los ricos recursos de las estribaciones de las montañas empleando una estrategia regional restringida al uso del suelo para una parte del año, haciendo movimientos espacialmente limitados durante los cuales emplearon herramientas de piedra local, y ampliaron su dieta por la caza mezclada de manadas dispersas de bisontes y animales de cuerpo pequeño. Comparativamente a los pobres recursos de las llanuras de pastizales adyacentes a los valles aluviales, el modelo predice y los datos indican que los grupos Cody emplearon una estrategia no regional de restricción del uso de la tierra en la cual se movieron rapidamente a través de regiones, basada en yacimientos de herramientas de piedra no locales, haciendo muchos movimientos residenciales a través de áreas extensas, y basada también en un estrecho rango de recursos bióticos (principalmente el bisonte).

Type
Articles
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 77 , Issue 1 , January 2012 , pp. 40 - 70
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for American Archaeology 2012

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