Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-v9fdk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-09T16:05:12.441Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Institutional Organization of Mississippian Religion

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Vernon James Knight Jr.*
Affiliation:
Office of Archaeological Research, University of Alabama, University, AL 35486

Abstract

Symbolic objects for ceremonial display, or sacra, tend to be systematically related in their representational content to the cult institutions that produce and manipulate them. Cult organization is normally pluralistic among preliterate complex societies. Mississippian sacra suggest a triad of coexisting types of cult institution: (1) a communal cult type emphasizing earth/fertility and purification ritual, (2) a chiefly cult type serving to sanctify chiefly authority, and (3) a priestly cult type mediating between the other two, supervising mortuary ritual and ancestor veneration.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Society for American Archaeology 1986

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References Cited

Brose, David S., and Percy, George R. 1978 Fort Walton Settlement Patterns. In Mississippian Settlement Patterns, edited by D. Smith, Bruce, pp. 81114. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Brown, James A. 1971 The Dimensions of Status in the Burials at Spiro. In Approaches to the Social Dimensions of Mortuary Practices, edited by A. Brown, James, pp. 92112. Society for American Archaeology, Memoirs, 25.Google Scholar
Brown, James A. 1976 A Reconsideration of the Southern Cult. Midcontinental Journal oj Archaeology 1 : 115135.Google Scholar
Caldwell, Joseph, and McCann, Catherine 1941 Irene Mound Site, Chatham County, Georgia. University of Georgia Press, Athens.Google Scholar
Cole, Gloria, Hill, Mary C., and Ensor, H. Blaine 1982 Bioarchaeological Comparisons of the Late Miller III and Summerville I Phases in the Gainesville Lake Area. In Archaeology of the Gainesville Lake Area : Synthesis, pp. 187250. The University of Alabama, Office of Archaeological Research, Report of Investigations 23, Moundville, Alabama.Google Scholar
Debo, Angie 1941 The Road to Disappearance. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Edmonson, Munro S. 1958 Status Terminology and the Social Structure of North American Indians. University of Washington Press, Seattle.Google Scholar
Eister, Allan W. 1974 Religious Institutions in Complex Societies : Difficulties in the Theoretic Specification of Functions. In The Social Meanings of Religion, edited by M. Newman, William, pp. 7179. Rand McNally, Chicago.Google Scholar
Emerson, Thomas E. 1982 Mississippian Stone Images in Illinois. Illinois Archaeological Survey, Circular 6.Google Scholar
Emerson, Thomas E., and Jackson, Douglas K. 1984 The BBB Motor Site (Il-Ms595). The University of Illinois Press, Urbana.Google Scholar
Fuller, Richard S., and Stowe, Noel R. 1982 A Proposed Typology for Late Shell Tempered Ceramics in the Mobile Bay/Mobile Tensaw Delta Region. In Archaeology of Southwestern Alabama : A Collection of Papers, edited by Curren, Cailup, pp. 4593. Alabama Tombigbee Regional Commission, Camden.Google Scholar
Gluckman, Max 1954 Rituals of Rebellion in South-East Africa. Manchester University Press, Manchester.Google Scholar
Griffin, James B. 1985 Changing Concepts of the Prehistoric Mississippian Cultures of the Eastern United States. In Alabama and the Borderlands : From Prehistory to Statehood, edited by Badger, R. Reid and Clayton, Lawrence A., pp. 4063. University of Alabama Press, University.Google Scholar
Hatch, James W. 1976 Status in Death : Principles of Ranking in Dallas Culture Mortuary Remains. Ph. D. dissertation, Pennsylvania State University. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Howard, James H. 1968 The Southeastern Ceremonial Complex and Its Interpretation. Missouri Archaeological Society, Memoirs 6. Columbia.Google Scholar
Hudson, Charles 1976 The Southeastern Indians. University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville.Google Scholar
Knight, Vernon James Jr., 1981 Mississippian Ritual. Ph. D. dissertation, University of Florida. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Knight, Vernon James Jr., 1984 Late Prehistoric Adaptation in the Mobile Bay Region. In Perspectives on Gulf Coast Prehistory, edited by D. Davis, Dave, pp. 198215. University of Florida Press, Gainesville.Google Scholar
Larson, Lewis H. 1971 Archaeological Implications of Social Stratification at the Etowah Site, Georgia. In Approaches to the Social Dimensions of Mortuary Practices, edited by A. Brown, James, pp. 5867. Society for American Archaeology, Memoirs 25.Google Scholar
Lincecum, Gideon 1904 Choctaw Traditions about Their Settlements in Mississippi and the Origin of Their Mounds. Publications of the Mississippi Historical Society 8 : 521542.Google Scholar
Muller, Jon D. 1966 Archaeological Analysis of Art Styles. Tennessee Archaeologist 22 : 2539.Google Scholar
Norbeck, Edward 1961 Religion in Primitive Society. Harper and Row, New York.Google Scholar
Norbeck, Edward 1963 African Rituals of Conflict. American Anthropologist 65 : 12541279.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nunez, Theron A. Jr., 1958 Creek Nativism and the Creek War of 1813-1814. Ethnohistory 5 : 1-47, 131175, 292301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peebles, Christopher S. 1974 Moundville : The Organization of a Prehistoric Community and Culture. Ph. D. dissertation, University of California-Santa Barbara. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Peebles, Christopher S. 1978 Moundville : The Form and Content of a Mississippian Society. Ms. in possession of author.Google Scholar
Phillips, Philip 1940 Middle American Influences on the Archaeology of the Southeastern United States. In The Maya and Their Neighbors, edited by Hay, C. L. and others, pp. 349367. D. Appleton-Century, New York.Google Scholar
Phillips, Philip, Ford, James A., and Griffin, James B. 1951 Archaeological Survey in the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley : 1940-1947. Harvard University, Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology Paper 25. Cambridge.Google Scholar
Phillips, Philip, and Brown, James A. 1978 Pre-Columbian Shell Engravings from the Craig Mound at Spiro, Oklahoma. Part 1. Paperback edition. Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Cambridge, Mass.Google Scholar
Prentice, Guy 1986 An Analysis of the Symbolism Expressed by the Birger Figurine. American Antiquity 51 : 239266.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schnell, Frank T., Knight, Vernon J. Jr., , and Schnell, Gail S. 1981 Cemochechobee : Archaeology of a Mississippian Ceremonial Center on the Chattahoochee River. University of Florida Press, Gainesville.Google Scholar
Sheldon, Craig T. 1974. The Mississippian-Historic Transition in Central Alabama. Ph. D. dissertation, University of Oregon. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Smith, Marvin T. 1984 Early Historic Period Vestiges of the Southern Cult. Paper presented at the Cottonlandia Museum conference on Southern Ceremonial Complex artifacts and analysis. Greenwood, Mississippi.Google Scholar
Speck, Frank G. 1907 Notes on Chicasaw Ethnology and Folk-Lore. Journal of American Folk-Lore 20 : 5058.Google Scholar
Spinden, Herbert J. 1931 Indian Symbolism. In Introduction to American Indian Art, pp. 927. Exposition of Indian Tribal Arts, Inc., New York.Google Scholar
Steponaitis, Vincas P. 1983 Ceramics, Chronology, and Community Patterns : An Archaeological Study at Moundville. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Swanton, John R. 1911 Indian Tribes of the Lower Mississippi Valley and Adjacent Coast of the Gulf of Mexico. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 43. Washington, D. C. Google Scholar
Swanton, John R. 1928a Social Organization and Social Usages of the Indians of the Creek Confederacy. 42nd Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, 1924-1925 : 23472. Washington, D. C. Google Scholar
Swanton, John R. 1928b Religious Beliefs and Medical Practices of the Creek Indians. 42nd Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, 1924-1925 : 473672. Washington, D. C. Google Scholar
Swanton, John R. 1928c The Interpretation of Aboriginal Mounds by Means of Creek Indian Customs. Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution, 1927 : 495507. Washington, D. C. Google Scholar
Swanton, John R. 1932 The Green Corn Dance. Chronicles of Oklahoma 10 : 170195.Google Scholar
Turner, Victor 1964 Betwixt and Between : The Liminal Period in Rites de Passage. Proceedings of the 1964 Annual Spring Meeting of the American Ethnological Society : Symposium on New Approaches to the Study of Religion, edited by Helm, June, pp. 420. University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
Turner, Victor 1969 The Ritual Process : Structure and Anti-Structure. Aldine, Chicago.Google Scholar
Van Doren, Mark (editor) 1955 Travels of William Bartram. Dover Publications, New York.Google Scholar
Wallace, Anthony F. C. 1966 Religion : An Anthropological View. Random House, New York.Google Scholar
Waring, Antonio J. Jr., 1968a. The Southern Cult and Muskhogean Ceremonial : General Considerations. In The Waring Papers. Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, edited by Williams, Stephen, 58 : 3069. Harvard University, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Waring, Antonio J. Jr., 1968b Some Recent Thoughts on the Cult. In The Waring Papers. Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, edited by Williams, Stephen, 58 : 8793. Harvard University, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Waring, Antonio J. Jr., , and Holder, Preston 1945 A Prehistoric Ceremonial Complex in the Southeastern United States. American Anthropologist 47 : 134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Willey, Gordon R. 1949 Archeology of the Florida Gulf Coast. Smithsonian Institution, Miscellaneous Collections 113. Washington.Google Scholar
Williams, S. C. (editor) 1930 Adair's History of the American Indians. Watauga Press, Johnson City, Tennessee.Google Scholar
Willoughby, Charles C. 1932 History and Symbolism of the Muskhogeans. In Etowah Papers, pp. 767. Phillips Academy, Andover.Google Scholar