Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-ndw9j Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-19T17:44:50.274Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Hunter-Gatherer Occupation of the Central Colorado Plateau during the Pleistocene-Holocene Transition

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 May 2020

Jesse W. Tune Open the ORCID record for Jesse W. Tune [Opens in a new window]
Jesse W. Tune*
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, Fort Lewis College, 1000 Rim Drive, Durango, CO81301, USA
*
([email protected], corresponding author)
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The central Colorado Plateau contains an exceptional density of cultural resources. Historically, however, archaeological investigations have overlooked the late Pleistocene and early Holocene record of this region. As such, there is currently a biased understanding of the earliest human occupations and adaptations. The regional Paleoindian record is reviewed here to assess the nature of initial human occupation of the area. Projectile point typologies, toolstone selection, and site distributions are used to characterize the land use patterns used by the region's earliest inhabitants. Results suggest that as early as circa 13,000 cal BP Clovis groups were familiar with the lithic landscape and habitually made use of local materials. Subsequent Paleoindian populations maintained relatively consistent levels of occupation throughout the Pleistocene-Holocene transition. Finally, the presence of classic Southwest, High Plains, and Great Basin–related lithic technologies suggests that the central Colorado Plateau was part of early interregional land use strategies.

La meseta central de Colorado es conocida por su excepcional densidad en recursos culturales. Sin embargo, históricamente las investigaciones arqueológicas han pasado por alto el registro del Pleistoceno tardío y el Holoceno temprano en esta región. De esta manera, la comprensión actual sobre las primeras ocupaciones y adaptaciones humanas es parcial. En este estudio se realiza una revisión del registro paleoindio regional para evaluar la naturaleza de las primeras ocupaciones en el área. Con la finalidad de caracterizar los patrones de uso de la tierra implementados por los primeros habitantes de la región se estudiaron los tipos de puntas de proyectiles, las herramientas de piedras que utilizaban y la distribución de sitios. Los resultados sugieren que ya circa 13.000 cal BP, los grupos de Clovis estaban familiarizados con el paisaje lítico y habitualmente utilizaban materiales locales. Las poblaciones paleoindias posteriores mantuvieron niveles relativamente constantes de ocupación durante la transición del Pleistoceno-Holoceno. Finalmente, la presencia de tecnologías líticas clásicas relacionadas con el Altiplano y las Grandes Cuencas, sugiere que la meseta central de Colorado fue parte de las primeras estrategias interregionales de uso de la tierra.

Keywords

PaleoindianColorado PlateauPleistocene-Holocene transitionland uselithic technological organizationPaleoindioMeseta de Coloradotransición del Pleistoceno-Holocenouso del sueloorganización tecnológica lítica
Type
Reports
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 85 , Issue 3 , July 2020 , pp. 573 - 590
Copyright
Copyright © 2020 by the Society for American Archaeology

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References Cited

Agenbroad, Larry D., and Mead, Jim I. 1987 Late Pleistocene Alluvium and Megafauna Dung Deposits of the Central Colorado Plateau. In Geologic Diversity of Arizona and Its Margins: Excursions to Choice Areas, edited by Davis, George H. and VandenDolder, Evelyn M., pp. 68–84. Field-Trip Guidebook, 100th Annual Meeting, the Geological Society of America, Phoenix, Arizona, October 26–29, 1987. Geological Special Branch Special Paper 5. Arizona Bureau of Geology and Mineral Technology, Tucson.Google Scholar
Agenbroad, Larry D., and Mead, Jim I. 1989 Quaternary Geochronology and Distribution of Mammuthus on the Colorado Plateau. Geology 17:861–864.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amick, Daniel S. 1995 Patterns of Technological Variation among Folsom and Midland Projectile Points in the American Southwest. Plains Anthropologist 40:23–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amick, Daniel S. 1996 Regional Patterns of Folsom Mobility and Land Use in the American Southwest. World Archaeology 27:411–426.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amick, Daniel S. 1999 Using Lithic Artifacts to Explain Past Behavior. In Models for the Millennium: Great Basin Anthropology Today, edited by Beck, Charlotte, pp. 161–170. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Anderson, David G. 1990 Paleoindian Colonization of Eastern North America: A View from the Southeastern United States. In Early Paleoindian Economies of Eastern North America, edited by Tankersley, Kenneth and Isaac, Barry, pp. 163–216. Research in Economic Anthropology Supplement 5. JAI Press, Greenwich, Connecticut.Google Scholar
Anderson, David G. 1995 Paleoindian Interaction Networks in the Eastern Woodlands. In Native American Interaction: Multiscalar Analyses and Interpretations in the Eastern Woodlands, edited by Nassaney, Michael S. and Sassaman, Kenneth E., pp. 1–26. University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville.Google Scholar
Anderson, David G., and Gillam, J. Christopher 2000 Paleoindian Colonization of the Americas: Implications from an Examination of Physiography, Demography, and Artifact Distribution. American Antiquity 65:43–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, David G., Goodyear, Albert C., Kennett, James, and West, Allen 2011 Multiple Lines of Evidence for Possible Human Population Decline/Settlement Reorganization during the Early Younger Dryas. Quaternary International 242:570–583.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, David G., Shane Miller, D., Yerka, Stephen J., Gillam, Christopher, Johanson, Erik N., Anderson, Derek T., Goodyear, Albert C., and Smallwood, Ashley M. 2010 PIDBA (Paleoindian Database of the Americas) 2010: Current Status and Findings. Archaeology of Eastern North America 38:63–90.Google Scholar
Andrews, Brian N. 2010 Folsom Adaptive Systems in the Upper Gunnison Basin, Colorado: An Analysis of the Mountaineer Site. PhD dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas.Google Scholar
Andrews, Brian N., LaBelle, Jason M., and Seebach, John D. 2008 Spatial Variability in the Folsom Archaeological Record: A Multi-scalar Approach. American Antiquity 73:464–490.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ballenger, Jesse A. M., Holliday, Vance T., Kowler, Andrew L., Reitze, William T., Prasciunas, Mary M., Shane Miller, D., and Windingstad, Jason D. 2011 Evidence for Younger Dryas Global Climate Oscillation and Human Response in the American Southwest. Quaternary International 242:502–519.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bamforth, Douglas B. 2015 The Mahaffy Cache (Boulder County) and Paleoindian Bifacial Cores. Southwestern Lore 81(2–3):138–149.Google Scholar
Beck, Charlotte, and Jones, George T. 2010 Clovis and Western Stemmed: Population Migration and the Meeting of Two Technologies in the Intermountain West. American Antiquity 75:81–116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Betancourt, Julio L. 1984 Late Quaternary Plant Zonation and Climate in Southeastern Utah. Great Basin Naturalist 44:1–35.Google Scholar
Black, Kevin D. 1991 Archaic Continuity in the Colorado Rockies: The Mountain Tradition. Plains Anthropologist 36:1–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boldurian, Anthony T., and Cotter, Jon L. 1999 Clovis Revisited: New Perspectives on Paleoindian Adaptations from Blackwater Draw, New Mexico. University Museum, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bousman, C. Britt, and Vierra, Bradley J. (editors) 2012 From the Pleistocene to the Holocene: Human Organization and Cultural Transformations in Prehistoric North America. Texas A&M University Press, College Station.Google Scholar
Bronk Ramsey, C. 2009 Bayesian Analysis of Radiocarbon Dates. Radiocarbon 51:337–360.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buchanan, Briggs 2003 The Effects of Sample Bias on Paleoindian Fluted Point Recovery in the United States. North American Archaeologist 24:311–338.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buchanan, Briggs, Andrews, Brian, Kilby, J. David, and Eren, Metin I. 2019 Settling into the Country: Comparison of Clovis and Folsom Lithic Networks in Western North America Shows Increasing Redundancy of Toolstone Use. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 53:32–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Byers, David A. 2012 The Dawson Site: A Paleoindian Camp in the San Rafael Desert. Utah Archaeology 25:1–14.Google Scholar
Coats, Larry L., Cole, Kenneth L., and Mead, Jim I. 2008 50,000 Years of Vegetation and Climate History on the Colorado Plateau, Utah and Arizona, USA. Quaternary Research 70:322–338.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collard, Mark, Buchanan, Briggs, Hamilton, Marcus J., and Michael J. O'Brien 2010 Spatiotemporal Dynamics of the Clovis-Folsom Transition. Journal of Archaeological Science 37:2513–2519.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Copeland, James M., and Fike, Richard E. 1988 Fluted Projectile Points in Utah. Utah Archaeology 1:5–28.Google Scholar
Davis, William E. 1985 The Montgomery Folsom Site. Current Research in the Pleistocene 2:11–12.Google Scholar
Davis, William E. 1989 The Lime Ridge Clovis Site. Utah Archaeology 2:66–76.Google Scholar
Davis, William E., and Till, Jonathan D. 2014 The Lime Ridge Clovis Site: Old and New Data. Archaeology Southwest Magazine 28(3–4):23–24.Google Scholar
Dudash, Stephanie, and Harrison, Abbie L. 2014 Geomorphological Profile at Eagle Rock Shelter Site 5DT813, Delta County, Colorado. Alpine Archaeological Consultants, Montrose, Colorado.Google Scholar
Duke, Phillip 1996 The Foragers in the Forest. In The Western San Juan Mountains: Their Geology, Ecology, and Human History, edited by Blair, Rob, pp. 193–200. University Press of Colorado, Niwot.Google Scholar
Eddy, Frank W., Kane, Allen E., and Nickens, Paul R. 1984 Southwest Colorado Prehistoric Context: Archaeological Background and Research Directions. Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Colorado Historical Society, Denver.Google Scholar
Elias, Scott A., Mead, Jim I., and Agenbroad, Larry D. 1992 Late Quaternary Arthropods from the Colorado Plateau, Arizona and Utah. Great Basin Naturalist 52:59–67.Google Scholar
Frison, George C. 1988 Paleoindian Subsistence and Settlement during Post-Clovis Times on the Northwestern Plains, the Adjacent Mountain Ranges, and Intermontane Basins. In Americans before Columbus: Ice-Age Origins, edited by Carlisle, Ronald C., pp. 83–106. Ethnography Monographs 12. University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.Google Scholar
Geib, Phil R., and Davidson, Dale 1994 Anasazi Origins: A Perspective from Preliminary Work at Old Man Cave. Kiva 60:191–202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goebel, Ted, and Keene, Joshua L. 2014 Are Great Basin Stemmed Points as Old as Clovis in the Intermountain West? A Review of the Geochronological Evidence. In Archaeology in the Great Basin and Southwest: Papers in Honor of Don. D. Fowler, edited by Parezo, Nancy J. and Janetski, Joel C., pp. 35–60. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Goebel, Ted, Waters, Michael R., and O'Rourke, Dennis H. 2008 The Late Pleistocene Dispersal of Modern Humans in the Americas. Science 319:1497–1502.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goodyear, Albert C. 1989 A Hypothesis for the Use of Crypto-crystalline Raw Materials among Paleoindian Groups of North America. In Eastern Paleoindian Lithic Resource Use, edited by Ellis, Christopher and Lothrop, Jonathan, pp. 1–10. Westview, Boulder, Colorado.Google Scholar
Graf, Kelly E., and Schmitt, Dave N. 2007 Paleoindian or Paleoarchaic? Great Basin Human Ecology at the Pleistocene/Holocene Transition. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Hall, Stephen A. 2018 Paleoenvironments of the American Southwest. In The Archaic Southwest: Foragers in an Arid Land, edited by Vierra, Bradley J., pp. 16–30. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Hamilton, Marcus J., Buchanan, Briggs, Huckell, Bruce B., Holliday, Vance T., Shackley, M. Steven, and Hill, Matthew E. 2013 Clovis Paleoecology and Lithic Technology in the Central Rio Grande Rift Region, New Mexico. American Antiquity 78:248–265.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hartman, Amanda J. 2019 Identifying Cultural Migration in Western North America through Morphometric Analysis of Early Holocene Projectile Points. Master's thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada, Reno.Google Scholar
Haynes, Gary, Anderson, David G., Reid Ferring, C., Fiedel, Stuart J., Grayson, Donald K., Vance Haynes, C. Jr., Holliday, Vance T., Huckell, Bruce B., Kornfeld, Marcel, Meltzer, David J., Morrow, Juliet, Surovell, Todd, Waguespack, Nicole M., Wigand, Peter, and Yohe, Rober M. II 2007 Comment on “Redefining the Age of Clovis: Implications for the Peopling of the Americas.” Science 317:320b.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hill, Matthew G. 2005 Late Paleoindian (Allen/Frederick Complex) Subsistence Activities at the Clary Ranch Site, Ash Hollow, Garden County, Nebraska. Plains Anthropologist 50:249–263.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hill, Matthew E., Jr., and Knell, Edward J. 2013 Cody in the Rockies: The Mountain Expression of a Plains Culture Complex? In Paleoindian Lifeways of the Cody Complex, edited by Knell, Edward J. and Muñiz, Mark P., pp. 188–214. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Holen, Steven R. 2004 Long Distance Movement of a Clovis Obsidian Projectile Point. Current Research in the Pleistocene 21:44–45.Google Scholar
Holliday, Vance T. 2000 The Evolution of Paleoindian Geochronology and Typology on the Great Plains. Geoarchaeology 15:227–290.3.0.CO;2-A>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holliday, Vance T., Johnson, Eileen, and Miller, D. Shane 2017 Stratigraphic Context and Chronology of Plainview Sites on the Southern Great Plains. In Plainview: The Enigmatic Paleoindian Artifact Style of the Great Plains, edited by Holliday, Vance T., Johnson, Eileen, and Knudson, Ruthann, pp. 79–102. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Irwin-Williams, Cynthia 1973 The Oshara Tradition: Origins of Anasazi Culture. Paleo-Indian Institute, Eastern New Mexico University, Portales.Google Scholar
Janetski, Joel C., Bodily, Mark L., Newbold, Bradley A., and Yoder, David T. 2012 The Paleoarchaic to Early Archaic Transition on the Colorado Plateau: The Archaeology of North Creek Shelter. American Antiquity 77:125–159.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Judge, W. James 1973 Paleoindian Occupation of the Central Rio Grande Valley. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Karpinski, Emil, Mead, Jim I., and Poinar, Hendrik N. 2017 Molecular Identification of Paleofeces from Bechan Cave, Southeastern Utah, USA. Quaternary International 443:140–146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelly, Robert L., and Todd, Larry C. 1988 Coming into the Country: Early Paleoindian Hunting and Mobility. American Antiquity 53:231–244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knell, Edward J., and Muñiz, Mark P. (editors) 2013 Paleoindian Lifeways of the Cody Complex. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Kropf, Manny, Mead, Jim I., and Scott Anderson, R. 2007 Dung, Diet, and the Paleoenvironment of the Extinct Shrub-Ox (Euceratherium collinum) on the Colorado Plateau, USA. Quaternary Research 67:143–151.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LaBelle, Jason M. 2005 Hunter-Gatherer Foraging Variability during the Early Holocene of the Central Plains of North America. PhD dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas.Google Scholar
Larson, Mary Lou 2012 The Paleoindian to Archaic Transition: The Northwestern Plains and Central Rocky Mountains. In From the Pleistocene to the Holocene: Human Organization and Cultural Transformations in Prehistoric North America, edited by Bousman, C. Britt and Vierra, Bradley J., pp. 149–170. Texas A&M University Press, College Station.Google Scholar
Lassen, Robert 2015 The Folsom-Midland Component of the Gault Site, Central Texas: Context, Technology, and Typology. Plains Anthropologist 60:150–171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, Craig M., Lee, Jennifer B., and Turnbull, Jocelyn C. 2011 Refining the Chronology of the Agate Basin Complex: Radiocarbon Dating the Frazier Site, Northeastern Colorado. Plains Anthropologist 56:243–258.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loebel, Thomas J. 2012 Pattern or Bias? A Critical Evaluation of Midwestern Fluted Point Distributions Using Raster Based GIS. Journal of Archaeological Science 39:1205–1217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loebig, Doug, Thompson, Ian Geoffrey, and Fluder, Paula 2016 An Intensive Cultural Resources Inventory for the Disappointment Creek North Project on BLM Tres Rios Field Office Lands in Dolores County, Colorado. BLM Report No. TR16038/OAHP Report No. DL.LM.R117. Stratified Environmental & Archaeological Services, Ignacio, Colorado.Google Scholar
Lohse, E. S., and Schou, C. 2008 The Southern Columbia Plateau Projectile Point Sequence: An Informatics-Based Approach. In Projectile Point Sequences in Northwestern North America, edited by Carlson, Roy L. and Magne, Martin P. R., pp. 187–208. Archaeology Press, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.Google Scholar
Louderback, Lisbeth A., and Pavlik, Bruce M. 2017 Starch Granule Evidence for the Earliest Potato Use in North America. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 114:7606–7610. DOI:10.1073/pnas.1705540114.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Matson, Richard G. 1991 The Origins of Southwestern Agriculture. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Matson, Richard G., Lipe, William D., and Curewitz, Diane 2015 Dynamics of the Thirteenth-Century Depopulation of the Northern San Juan: The View from Cedar Mesa. Kiva 80:324–349.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matson, Richard G., Lipe, William D., and Haase, William R. 1988 Adaptational Continuities and Occupational Discontinuities: The Cedar Mesa Anasazi. Journal of Field Archaeology 15:245–263.Google Scholar
Mead, Jim I., and Agenbroad, Larry D. 1992 Isotope Dating of Pleistocene Dung Deposits from the Colorado Plateau, Arizona and Utah. Radiocarbon 34:1–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meltzer, David J., and Bever, Michael R. 1995 Paleoindians of Texas: An Update on the Texas Clovis Fluted Point Survey. Bulletin of the Texas Archeological Society 66:17–51.Google Scholar
Miller, D. Shane 2016 Modeling Clovis Landscape Use and Recovery Bias in the Southeastern United States Using the Paleoindian Database of the Americas (PIDBA). American Antiquity 81:697–716.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, D. Shane, Holliday, Vance T., and Bright, Jordon 2013 Clovis across the Continent. In Paleoamerican Odyssey, edited by Graf, Kelly E., Ketron, Caroline V., and Waters, Michael R., pp. 207–220. Texas A&M University Press, College Station.Google Scholar
Miller, Kye W., Tumelaire, Jacob D., Flavin, Kasey M., Smiley, Francis E., Stewart, Brendan D., and Pawlowicz, Leszek 2016 Badger Springs: Evidence for a Late Paleoindian Angostura Occupation on the Southwestern Colorado Plateau. Kiva 82:51–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morgan, Brooke M. 2015 Folsom Settlement Organization in the Southern Rocky Mountains: An Analysis of Dwelling Space at the Mountaineer Site. PhD dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas.Google Scholar
Newbold, Bradley A. 2009 Paleoindian Lifeways of Paleoarchaic Peoples: A Faunal Analysis of Early Occupations at North Creek Shelter, Utah. Master's thesis, Department of Anthropology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah.Google Scholar
Nyers, Alex J. 2019 X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Obsidian Artifacts from Fort Lewis College, Durango, Colorado. Report 2019-81. Northwest Research Obsidian Studies Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon.Google Scholar
Pitblado, Bonnie L. 1998 Peak to Peak in Paleoindian Time: Occupation of Southwest Colorado. Plains Anthropologist 43:333–348.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pitblado, Bonnie L. 2003 Late Paleoindian Occupation of the Southern Rocky Mountains: Early Holocene Projectile Points and Land Use in the High Country. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Pitblado, Bonnie L. 2007 Angostura, Jimmy Allen, Foothills-Mountain: Clarifying Terminology for Late Paleoindian Southern Rocky Mountain Spear Points. In Frontiers in Colorado Paleoindian Archaeology: From the Dent Site to the Rocky Mountains, edited by Brunswig, Robert H. and Pitblado, Bonnie L., pp. 311–337. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Pitblado, Bonnie L., and Brunswig, Robert H. 2007 That Was Then, This Is Now: Seventy-Five Years of Paleoindian Research in Colorado. In Frontiers in Colorado Paleoindian Archaeology: From the Dent Site to the Rocky Mountains, edited by Brunswig, Robert H. and Pitblado, Bonnie L., pp. 39–84. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Prasciunas, Mary M. 2011 Mapping Clovis: Projectile Points, Behavior, and Bias. American Antiquity 76:107–126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosencrance, Richard L. 2019 Assessing the Chronological Variation within Western Stemmed Tradition Projectile Points. Master's thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada, Reno.Google Scholar
Sanchez, Gabriel M., Erlandson, Jon M., and Tripcevich, Nicholas 2016 Quantifying the Association of Chipped Stone Crescents with Wetlands and Paleoshorelines of Western North America. North American Archaeologist 38:107–137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sanchez, Guadalupe, Holliday, Vance T., Gaines, Edmund P., Arroyo-Cabrales, Joaquín, Martínez-Tagüeña, Natalia, Kowler, Andrew, Lange, Todd, Hodgins, Gregory W. L., Mentzer, Susan M., and Sanchez-Morales, Ismael 2014 Human (Clovis)-Gomphothere (Cuvieronius sp.) Association ~13,390 Calibrated yBP in Sonora, Mexico. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America 111:10972–10977.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schroedl, Alan R. 1991 Paleo-Indian Occupation in the Eastern Great Basin and Northern Colorado Plateau. Utah Archaeology 4:1–15.Google Scholar
Shott, Michael J. 2002 Sample Bias in the Distribution and Abundance of Midwestern Fluted Bifaces. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 27:89–123.Google Scholar
Shott, Michael J. 2013 Human Colonization and Late Pleistocene Lithic Industries of the Americas. Quaternary International 285:150–160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smallwood, Ashley M. 2012 Clovis Technology and Settlement in the American Southeast: Using Biface Analysis to Evaluate Dispersal Models. American Antiquity 77:689–713.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smallwood, Ashley M., Jennings, Thomas A., Anderson, David G., and Ledbetter, Jerald 2015 Testing for Evidence of Paleoindian Responses to Environmental Changes during the Younger Dryas Chronozone in Georgia. Southeastern Archaeology 34:23–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smiley, Francis E., and Robins, Michael R. 2005 Help for the Looted Rockshelters of the Colorado Plateau in a New Century of Archaeology: New Basketmaker II Research on the Great Comb Ridge. In The Colorado Plateau II: Biophysical, Socioeconomic, and Cultural Research, edited by van Riper, Charles III, and Mattson, David J., pp. 319–332. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Smiley, Francis E., and Smiley, Susan G. 2007 A Century of Basketmaker II Rockshelter Research in the American Southwest: The Archaeology of the Transition to Farming across the Colorado Plateau. In On Shelter's Ledge: Histories, Theories, and Methods of Rockshelter Research, edited by Kornfeld, Marcel, Vasil'ev, Sergey, and Miotti, Laura, pp. 61–68. BAR International Series 1655. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.Google Scholar
Smith, Felisa A., and Betancourt, Julio L. 1998 Response of Bushy-Tailed Woodrats (Neotoma cinerea) to Late Quaternary Climatic Change in the Colorado Plateau. Quaternary Research 50:1–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, Geoffrey M., Pattee, Donald D., Pellegrini, Evan, Finley, Judson B., and Fagan, John L. 2014 A Flaked Stone Crescent from a Stratified, Radiocarbon-Dated Site in the Northern Great Basin. North American Archaeologist 35:257–276.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spangler, Jerry D., Yentsch, Andrew T., and Green, Rachelle 2010 Farming and Foraging on the Southwestern Frontier: An Overview of Previous Research of the Archaeological and Historical Resources of the Great Cedar Mesa Area. Antiquities, Utah Division of State History, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Stiger, Mark 2008 Hunter-Gatherer Archaeology of the Colorado High Country. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Surovell, Todd A., Boyd, Joshua R., Vance Haynes, C. Jr., and Hodgins, Gregory W. L. 2016 On the Dating of the Folsom Complex and Its Correlation with the Younger Dryas, the End of Clovis, and Megafaunal Extinction. PaleoAmerica 2:81–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thoms, Alston V. 1993 Knocking Sense from Old Rocks: Typologies and the Narrow Perspective of the Angostura Point Type. Lithic Technology 18:16–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tune, Jesse W. 2016 The Clovis-Cumberland-Dalton Succession: Settling into the Midsouth United States during the Pleistocene to Holocene Transition. PaleoAmerica 2:261–273.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tune, Jesse W., and Fox, Jon M. 2020 A Crescent Biface from Southeastern Utah. PaleoAmerica 6:204–206. DOI:10.1080/20555563.2019.1710425.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vance, Meghann M. 2011 Stones without Bones: Reconstructing the Lime Ridge Clovis Site. Master's thesis, Department of Anthropology, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff.Google Scholar
Vierra, Bradley, Jodry, Margaret A., Shackley, M. Steven, and Dilley, Michael J. 2012 Late Paleoindian and Early Archaic Foragers in the Northern Southwest. In From Pleistocene to Holocene: Human Organization and Cultural Transformations in Prehistoric North America, edited by Bousman, C. Britt and Vierra, Bradley J., pp. 171–195. Texas A&M University Press, College Station.Google Scholar
Waters, Michael R., and Stafford, Thomas W. Jr. 2007 Redefining the Age of Clovis: Implications for the Peopling of the Americas. Science 315:1122–1126.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waters, Michael R., and Stafford, Thomas W. Jr. 2014 Redating the Mill Iron Site, Montana: A Reexamination of Goshen Complex Chronology. American Antiquity 79:541–548.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Willig, Judith A. 1989 Paleo-Archaic Broad Adaptations at the Pleistocene-Holocene Boundary in Far Western North America. PhD dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Oregon.Google Scholar
Withers, Kim, and Mead, Jim I. 1993 Late Quaternary Vegetation and Climate in the Escalante River Basin on the Central Colorado Plateau. Great Basin Naturalist 53:145–161.Google Scholar
Yohe, Robert M. III, and Bamforth, Douglas B. 2013 Late Pleistocene Protein Residues from the Mahaffy Cache, Colorado. Journal of Archaeological Science 40:2337–2343.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
York, Robert 1991 Evidence for Paleoindians in the San Juan National Forest, Southwest Colorado. Southwestern Lore 57(2):5–22.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Tune supplementary material

Tune supplementary material
Download Tune supplementary material(File)
File 19.5 KB