Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-lnqnp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T07:01:55.692Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Evolution of “Tribal” Social Networks: Theory and Prehistoric North American Evidence

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

David P. Braun  and
Stephen Plog
David P. Braun
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901
Stephen Plog
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This paper addresses two topics central to the study of nonhierarchical, regional social networks, sometimes termed “tribal” social networks: (1) alternative models of the evolution of regional integration; and (2) the archaeological determination of characteristics of such regional networks. Problems in previous ethnological and archaeological studies are identified, and an alternative model is proposed. This is based on a more general theory of organizational processes in nonhierarchical social systems. Data from the prehistoric North American Southwest and Midwest are shown to support the more general model, which treats such networks as organizational responses to increasing environmental uncertainty occasioned by either cultural or physical ecological factors, or both.

Type
Research Article
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 47 , Issue 3 , July 1982 , pp. 504 - 525
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for American Archaeology 1982

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References Cited

Adams, Richard N. 1975 Energy and structure: a theory of social power. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Allen, William L., and James, B. Richardson III 1971 The reconstruction of kinship from archaeological data: the concepts, the methods, and the feasibility. American Antiquity 36:41–53.Google Scholar
Asch, David L., Farnsworth, Kenneth B., and Asch, Nancy B. 1979 Woodland subsistence and settlement in west central Illinois. In Hopewell archaeology: the Chillicothe Conference, edited by Brose, D. and Greber, N., pp. 80–85. Kent State University Press, Kent, Ohio.Google Scholar
Asch, Nancy B., and Asch, David L. 1981 Archeobotany of Newbridge, Carlin, and Weitzer sites—the White Hall components. Appendix B in Faunal exploitation and resource selection, by Bonnie Styles, W., pp. 275–291. Northwestern University Archaeological Program, Scientific Papers 3. Evanston, Illinois.Google Scholar
Ashby, W. Ross 1968 Variety, constraint, and the law of requisite variety. In Modern systems research for the behavioral scientist, edited by Buckley, W., pp. 129–136. Aldine, Chicago.Google Scholar
Baldwin, S. J. 1975 Archaeological reconstruction of social structure: a critical evaluation of two examples from the Southwest. Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 4:1–22.Google Scholar
Barth, Fredrik 1967 On the study of social change. American Anthropologist 69:661–669.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bender, Barbara 1978 Gatherer-hunter to farmer: a social perspective. World Archaeology 10:204–222.Google Scholar
Bender, Margaret M., Baerreis, David A., and Steventon, Raymond L. 1981 Further light on carbon isotopes and Hopewell agriculture. American Antiquity 46:346–353.Google Scholar
Bentz, Charles 1980 Late Woodland occupations in the American Bottom area. Paper presented at the annual workshop of the Illinois Archaeological Survey, Normal, Illinois.Google Scholar
Black, Deborah B. 1979 Adena and Hopewell relations in the lower Hocking valley. In Hopewell archaeology: the Qullicothe Conference, edited by Brose, D. and Greber, N., pp. 19–26. Kent State University Press, Kent, Ohio.Google Scholar
Blau, Peter M. 1970 A formal theory of differentiation in organizations. American Sociological Review 35(2):201–218.Google Scholar
Braun, David P. 1977 Middle Woodland—early Late Woodland social change in the prehistoric centra) midwestern U.S. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Michigan. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Braun, David P. 1979 Illinois Hopewell burial practices and social organization: a reexamination of the Klunk-Gibson mound group. In Hopewell archaeology: the Chillicothe Conference, edited by Brose, D. and Greber, N., pp. 66–79. Kent State University Press, Kent, Ohio.Google Scholar
Adovasio, J. M. 1980a On the appropriateness of the ‘Woodland’ concept in northeastern archaeology. In Proceedings of the Conference on Northeastern Archaeology, edited by Moore, J., pp. 93–108. University of Massachusetts Department of Anthropology, Research Reports 19. Amherst.Google Scholar
Adovasio, J. M. 1980b Neolithic regional cooperation: a midwestern example. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Adovasio, J. M. 1981a Ceramic decorative diversity and Illinois Woodland regional integration. Ms. submitted for inclusion in Measurement and explanation of ceramic variation: some current examples, edited by Nelson, B. A.. Book ms. in preparation.Google Scholar
Adovasio, J. M. 1981b A critique of some recent North American mortuary studies. American Antiquity 46:398–416.Google Scholar
Adovasio, J. M. 1981c Radiographic analysis of temper in ceramic vessels: goals and initial methods. Journal of Field Archaeology, in press.Google Scholar
Adovasio, J. M. 1981d Pots as tools. In The hammer theory of archaeological research, edited by Keene, A. and Moore, J.. Academic Press, New York, in press.Google Scholar
Brose, David S. 1979 A speculative model of the role of exchange in the prehistory of the Eastern Woodlands. In Hopewell archaeology: the Chillicothe Conference, edited by Brose, D. and Greber, N., pp. 3–8. Kent State University Press, Kent, Ohio.Google Scholar
Brown, James A. 1979 Charnel houses and mortuary crypts: Disposal of the dead in the Middle Woodland period. In Hope- . well archaeology: the Chillicothe Conference, edited by Brose, D. and Greber, N., pp. 211–219. Kent State University Press, Kent, Ohio.Google Scholar
Buikstra, Jane E. 1976 Hopewell in the lower Illinois Valley: a regional study of human biological variability and prehistoric mortuary behavior. Northwestern University Archaeological Program, Scientific Papers 2. Evanston, Illinois.Google Scholar
Buikstra, Jane E. 1977 Biocultural dimensions of archaeological study: a regional perspective. In Biocultural adaptation in prehistoric America, edited by Robert, L. Blackely. Southern Anthropological Society Proceedings 11:67–84.Google Scholar
Bunzel, Ruth 1929 The Pueblo potter. Columbia University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Cancian, Frank 1980 Risk and uncertainty in agricultural decision making. In Agricultural decision making, edited by Barlett, P. F., pp. 161–176. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Carneiro, R. 1970 A theory of the origin of the state. Science 169:733–738.Google Scholar
Carneiro, R. 1972 From autonomous village to the state: a numerical estimation. In Population growth: anthropological implications, edited by Spooner, B., pp. 64–77. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.Google Scholar
Cashdan, E. A. 1979 Trade and reciprocity among the river Bushmen of northern Botswana. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico.Google Scholar
Chagnon, Napoleon A. 1968 Yanomamo, the fierce people. Holt, Rinehart & Winston, New York.Google Scholar
Childe, V. Gordon 1951 Man makes himself. New American Library of World Literature, New York.Google Scholar
Chmurny, William W. 1973 The ecology of the Middle Mississippi occupation of the American Bottom. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois, Urbana.Google Scholar
Cohen, Mark N. 1977 The food crisis in prehistory. Yale University Press, New Haven.Google Scholar
Conkey, Margaret W. 1978 Style and information in cultural evolution: toward a predictive model for the Paleolithic. In Social archaeology: beyond subsistence and dating, edited by Redman, C., Berman, M., Curtin, E., Langhorne, W. Jr., Versaggi, N., and Wanser, J., pp. 61–85. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Conkey, Margaret W. 1980 Context, structure, and efficacy in Paleolithic art and design. In Symbol as sense, edited by Foster, M. L. and Brandes, S. H., pp. 225–248. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Cordell, Linda 1979 Prehistory: Eastern Anasazi. In Southwest, edited by Ortiz, A., pp. 131–151. Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 9. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Cordell, Linda, and Plog, F. 1979 Escaping the confines of normative thought: a reevaluation of Puebloan prehistory. American Antiquity 44:405–429.Google Scholar
Deetz, James, and Dethlefsen, Edwin 1965 The Doppler effect and archaeology: a consideration of the spatial aspects of seriation. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 21:196–206.Google Scholar
Diener, Paul, Nonini, Donald, and Robkin, Eugene E. 1980 Ecology and evolution in cultural anthropology. Man 15:1–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dirks, Robert 1980 Social responses during severe food shortages and famine. Current Anthropology 21:21–44.Google Scholar
Douglas, C. L. 1972 Analysis of faunal remains from Black Mesa: 1968-1970 excavations. In Archaeological investigations on Black Mesa: The 1968-1970 seasons, by Gumerman, G. J., Westfall, D., and Weed, C. S., pp. 225–238. Prescott College Studies in Anthropology 4.Google Scholar
Dragoo, Don W. 1976 Some aspects of eastern North American prehistory: a review 1975. American Antiquity 41:3–27.Google Scholar
Dumond, Don E. 1972 Population growth and political centralization. In Population growth: anthropological implications, edited by Spooner, B., pp. 286–310. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass. Google Scholar
Dyson-Hudson, Rada, and Eric, A. Smith 1978 Human territoriality: an ecological reassessment. American Anthropologist 80:21–41.Google Scholar
Eckles, David 1978 Sources of bias in the analysis of faunal remains from Black Mesa, Arizona. Unpublished master's thesis, Department of Anthropology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale.Google Scholar
Emery, F. E. and Trist, E. L. 1965 The causal texture of organizational environments. Human Relations 18:21–31.Google Scholar
Engelbrecht, William 1978 Ceramic patterning between New York Iroquois sites. In The spatial organization of culture, edited by Hodder, I., pp. 141–152. University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh.Google Scholar
Fernstrom, Katharine W. 1980 The e//ect of ecological fluctuations on exchange networks, Black Mesa, Arizona. Unpublished masters's thesis, Department of Anthropology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale.Google Scholar
Flannery, Kent V. 1972 The cultural evolution of civilizations. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 3:399–426.Google Scholar
Adovasio, J. M. 1972a Barter, gift, or violence: an analysis of Tewa intertribal exchange. In Social exchange and interaction, edited by Wilmsen, E. N., pp. 21–45. University of Michigan, Museum of Anthropology, Anthropological Papers 46. Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Adovasio, J. M. 1972b An ecological perspective on the eastern pueblos. In New perspectives on the pueblos, edited by Ortiz, A., pp. 1–17. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Ford, Richard I. 1974 Northeastern archaeology: past and future directions. Annual Review of Anthropology 3:385–413.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ford, Richard I. 1977 Evolutionary ecology and the evolution of human ecosystems: a case study from the midwestern U.S.A. In Explanation of prehistoric change, edited by Hill, J. N., pp. 153–184. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Ford, Richard I. 1979 Gathering and gardening: trends and consequences of Hopewell subsistence strategies. In Hopewell archaeology: the Chilhcothe Conference, edited by Brose, D. and Greber, N., pp. 234–238. Kent State University Press, Kent, Ohio.Google Scholar
Fried, Morton H. 1966 On the concept of ‘tribe’ and ‘tribal’ society. Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences, Series II 28:527–540.Google Scholar
Ford, Richard I. 1967 The evolution of political society. Random House, New York.Google Scholar
Ford, Richard I. 1975 The notion of tribe. Benjamin-Cummings, Menlo Park, Calif.Google Scholar
Friedrich, Margaret Hardin 1970 Design structure and social interaction: archaeological implications of an ethnographic analysis. American Antiquity 35:332–343.Google Scholar
Garrett, Elizabeth M. 1980 A petrographic analysis of Black Mesa, Arizona, ceramics. Ms. on file, Center for Archaeological Investigations, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale.Google Scholar
Gasser, R. E. 1978 A reappraisal of plant food staples in Anasazi diet. Unpublished ms., Museum of Northern Arizona, Flagstaff.Google Scholar
Gibbon, Guy E. 1972 Cultural dynamics and the development of the Oneota life-way in Wisconsin. American Antiquity 37:166–185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glassow, Michael A. 1972 The evolution of early agricultural facilities systems in the northern Southwest. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Glassow, Michael A. 1977 Population aggregation and systemic change: examples from the American Southwest. In Explanation of prehistoric change, edited by Hill, J. N., pp 185–214. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Gluckman, Max 1962 Les rites de passage. In Essays on the ritual of social relations, edited by Gluckman, M., pp. 1–52. Manchester University Press, Manchester, England.Google Scholar
Gluckman, Max 1965 Politics, law, and ritual in tribal society. Aldine, Chicago.Google Scholar
Goodenough, Ward H. 1965 Rethinking ‘status’ and ‘role': toward a general model of the cultural organization of social relationships. In The relevance of models for social anthropology, edited by Michael, Banton, pp. 1–24. Anthropological Society of America, Monograph 1.Google Scholar
Gould, Peter R. 1969 Man against his environment: a game theoretic framework. In Environment and cultural behavior, edited by Vayda, A. P., pp. 234–251. Natural History Press, New York.Google Scholar
Gramly, Richard M. 1977 Deerskins and hunting territories: competition for a scarce resource of the northeastern Woodlands. American Antiquity 42:601–605.Google Scholar
Graves, Michael W. 1980 Kalinga intercommunity ceramic design differentiation. Paper presented at the 45th annual meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Gumerman, George J. 1975 Alternative cultural models for demographic change. In Population studies in archaeology and biological anthropology, edited by Swedlund, A., pp. 104–115. Memoirs of the Society for American Archae ology 30.Google Scholar
Hack, J. T. 1942 The changing physical environment of the Hopi Indians of Arizona. Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University 35(1). Cambridge, Mass.Google Scholar
Hantaan, Jeffrey L., and Plog, Stephen 1981 The relationship of stylistic similarity to patterns of material exchange. In The contextual analysis of prehistoric exchange systems, edited by Ericson, J. and Earle, T.. Academic Press, New York, in press.Google Scholar
Harding, Thomas G. 1967 Voyagers of the Vitiaz Strait. University of Washington Press, Seattle.Google Scholar
Hardy, Kathryn, Plante, Patricia, and Plog, Stephen 1980 The structure of prehistoric Southwestern U.S. exchange systems: a Black Mesa case study. Paper presented at the 45th annual meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Hastorf, Christine A. 1980 Changing resource use in subsistence agricultural groups of the prehistoric Mimbres River Valley, New Mexico. In Modeling change in prehistoric subsistence economies, edited by Earle, T. K. and Christenson, A. L., pp. 79–120. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Hill, James N. 1970 Broken K Pueblo: prehistoric social organization in the American Southwest. Anthropological Papers of the University of Arizona 18. Tucson.Google Scholar
Hill, James N. 1977 Systems theory and the explanation of change. In Explanation of prehistoric change, edited by Hill, J. N., pp. 59–103. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque. Google Scholar
Hodder, Ian 1977 The distribution of material culture items in the Baringo district, western Kenya. Man 12:239–269.Google Scholar
Hill, James N. 1979 Economic and social stress and material culture patterning. American Antiquity 44:446–454.Google Scholar
Isbell, William H. 1978 Environmental perturbations and the origin of the Andean state. In Social archaeology: beyond subsistence and dating, edited by Redman, C., Berman, M., Curtin, E., Langhorne, W. Jr., Versaggi, N., and Wanser, J., pp. 303–313. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Johnson, Alfred E. 1979 Kansas City Hopewell. In Hopewell archaeology: the Chillicothe Conference, edited by Brose, D. and Greber, N., pp. 86–93. Kent State University Press, Kent, Ohio.Google Scholar
Johnson, Allen 1971 Security and risk taking among poor peasants: a Brazilian case. In Studies in economic anthropology, edited by Dalton, G., pp. 144–152. Anthropological Studies 7. American Anthropological Association.Google Scholar
Johnson, Gregory A. 1978 Information sources and the development of decision-making organizations. In Social archaeology: beyond subsistence and dating, edited by Redman, C., Berman, M., Curtin, E., Langhorne, W. Jr., Versaggi, N., and Wanser, J., pp.87–112. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Kaplan, Lawrence, and Shirley L., Maina 1977 Archaeological botany of the Apple Creek site, Illinois. Journal of Seed Technology 2:40–53.Google Scholar
Keesing, Roger M., and Keesing, Felix M. 1971 New perspectives in cultural anthropology. Holt, Rinehart & Winston, New York.Google Scholar
Kelly, John E., Linder, Jean R., and Cartmell, Theresa J. 1979 The archaeological intensive survey of the proposed FAI-270 alignment in the American Bottom region of southern Illinois. Illinois Transportation Archaeology Scientific Reports 1. Illinois Department of Transportation, Springfield.Google Scholar
King, Frances B., and Roper, Donna C. 1976 Floral remains from two Middle to early Late Woodland sites in central Illinois and their implications. Wisconsin Archaeologist 57:142–151.Google Scholar
King, Thomas F. 1974 The evolution of status ascription around San Francisco Bay. In ‘Antap: California Indian political and economic organization, edited by Lowell Bean, J. and Thomas, F. King, pp. 35–53. Ballena Press, Ramona, California.Google Scholar
King, Thomas F. 1978 Don't that beat the band? Nonegalitarian political organization in prehistoric central California. In Social archaeology: beyond subsistence and dating, edited by Redman, C., Berman, M., Curtin, E., Langhorne, W. Jr., Versaggi, N., and Wanser, J., pp. 225–248. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Kintigh, Keith W. 1979 Social structure, the structure of style and stylistic patterns in Cibola pottery. Unpublished preliminary paper, Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Kroeber, Alfred L. 1963 Style and civilization. Cornell University Press, Ithaca.Google Scholar
Kuttruff, L. Carl 1974 Late Woodland settlement and subsistence in the lower Kaskaskia river valley. Ph.D. dissertation, Southern Illinois University. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Layhe, Robert L. 1977 A multivariate approach for estimating prehistoric population change. Unpublished masters's thesis, Department of Anthropology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale.Google Scholar
Leach, Edmund 1976 Culture and communication: the logic by which symbols are connected. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.Google Scholar
Leone, Mark 1968 Neolithic economic autonomy and social distance. Science 162:1150–1151.Google Scholar
Lewontin, Richard C. 1978 Adaptation. Scientific American 239(3):212–230.Google Scholar
Lipe, William D. 1970 Anasazi communities in the Red Rock Plateau, southeastern Utah. In fleconstructing prehistoric pueblo societies, edited by Longacre, W. A., pp. 84–139. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Longacre, William A. 1970 Archaeology as anthropology: a case study. Anthropological Papers of the University of Arizona 17. Tucson.Google Scholar
March, J. G., and Simon, H. A. 1958 Organizations. Wiley, New York.Google Scholar
Matson, R. G., and Lipe, William D. 1978 Settlement patterns on Cedar Mesa: boom and bust on the northern periphery. In Investigations of the Southwestern Anthropological Research Group: the proceedings of the 1976 conference, edited by Euler, R. C. and Gumerman, G. J., pp. 1–12. Museum of Northern Arizona Press, Flagstaff.Google Scholar
McDermott, R. P., and David, R. Roth 1978 The social organization of behavior: interactional approaches. Annual Review of Anthropology 7: 321–345.Google Scholar
McGregor, John C. 1958 The Pool and Irving villages. University of Illinois Press, Urbana.Google Scholar
Middleton, J., and Tait, D. (editors) 1958 Tribes without rulers: studies in African segmentary systems. Routledge & Kegan Paul, London.Google Scholar
Miller, James G. 1978 Living systems. McGraw-Hill, New York.Google Scholar
Minnis, Paul E. 1981 Economic and organizational responses to food stress by non-strati/ied societies: an example from prehistoric New Mexico. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Muller, Jon D. 1977 Individual variation in art styles. In The individual in prehistory: studies of variability in style in prehistoric technologies, edited by Hill, J. N. and Gunn, J., pp. 23–39. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Munson, Patrick J., and Harn, Alan D. 1971 An archaeological survey of the American Bottoms and Wood River Terrace. Illinois State Museum, Reports of Investigations 21. Springfield.Google Scholar
Nelson, Ben A. 1980 Cultural responses to population change: comparison of two prehistoric occupations of the Mimbres Valley, New Mexico. Ph.D. dissertation, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Pattee, Howard H. 1973 The physical basis and origin of hierarchical control. In Hierarchy theory, edited by Pattee, H. H., pp. 71–108. Braziller, New York.Google Scholar
Perino, Gregory 1973 The Late Woodland component at the Pete Klunk site, Calhoun County, Illinois; The Late Woodland component at the Schild sites, Greene County, Illinois; The Koster mounds, Greene County, Illinois. In Late Woodland site archaeology in Illinois, I: Investigations in south-central Illinois. Illinois Archaeological Survey Bulletin 9:58–210.Google Scholar
Adovasio, J. M. 1974a Settlement patterns and social history. In Frontiers in anthropology, edited by Leaf, M. J., pp. 69–91. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.Google Scholar
Adovasio, J. M. 1974b The study of prehistoric change. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Adovasio, J. M. 1977a Modeling economic exchange. In Exchange systems in prehistory, edited by Earle, T. K. and Ericson, J., pp. 127–140. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Adovasio, J. M. 1977b Explaining change. In Explanation of prehistoric change, edited by Hill, J. N., pp. 17–57. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Plog, Fred T. 1978 The Keresan Bridge: an ecological and archaeological account. In Social archaeology: beyond subsistence and dating, edited by Redman, C., Berman, M., Curtin, E., Langhorne, W. Jr., Versaggi, N., and Wanser, J., pp. 349–372. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Adovasio, J. M. 1979a Alternative models of prehistoric change. In Trans/ormations: mathematical approaches to culture change, edited by Renfrew, C. and Cooke, K. L., pp. 221–236. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Adovasio, J. M. 1979b Prehistory: Western Anasazi. In Southwest, edited by Ortiz, A., pp. 108–130. Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 9. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Plog, Fred T., and Garrett, Cheryl K. 1972 Explaining variability in prehistoric Southwestern water control systems. In Contemporary archaeology, edited by Leone, M., pp. 280–288. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale.Google Scholar
Plog, Stephen 1976 Measurement of prehistoric interaction between communities. In The early Mesoamerican village, edited by Flannery, K. V., pp. 255–272. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Adovasio, J. M. 1978a Social interaction and stylistic similarity: a reanalysis. Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory 1:144–182. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Adovasio, J. M. 1978b Black Mesa research design. In Excavation on Black Mesa, 1977: a preliminary report, edited by Klesert, A. L., pp. 21–42. Southern Illinois University, Center for Archaeological Investigations, Research Paper 1. Carbondale.Google Scholar
Adovasio, J. M. 1980a The evolution of social networks in the American Southwest. Paper presented at the 45th annual meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Adovasio, J. M. 1980b Stylistic variation in prehistoric ceramics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.Google Scholar
Adovasio, J. M. 1980c Village autonomy in the American Southwest: an evaluation of the evidence. SAA Papers 1: 135–146.Google Scholar
Powell, Shirley L. 1980 Material culture and behavior: an example for the prehistoric Southwest. Ph.D. dissertation, Arizona State University. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Rackerby, Frank 1968 Carlyle Reservoir archaeology: final season. Southern Illinois University Museum Research Records, Southern Illinois Studies, Series ‘68S(1)A.Google Scholar
Radcliffe-Brown, A. R. 1952 Structure and /unction in primitive society. Free Press Edition (1965). Free Press, New York.Google Scholar
Rappaport, Roy A. 1968 Pigs for the ancestors. Yale University Press, New Haven.Google Scholar
Adovasio, J. M. 1971a Ritual, sanctity, and cybernetics. American Anthropologist 73:59–76.Google Scholar
Adovasio, J. M. 1971b The sacred in human evolution. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 2:23–44.Google Scholar
Rappaport, Roy A. 1979 Ecology, meaning, and religion. North Atlantic Books, Richmond, Calif.Google Scholar
Reher, Charles A. 1977 Settlement and subsistence along the lower Chaco River. In Settlement and subsistence along the lower Chaco River: the CGP survey, edited by Reher, C. A., pp. 7–11. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Roe, Peter G. 1980 Art and residence among the Shipibo Indians of Peru: a study in microacculturation. American Anthropologist 82:42–71.Google Scholar
Roper, Donna C. 1979 Archaeological survey and settlement pattern models in central Illinois. MidcontinentoJ Journal of Archaeology Special Paper 2.Google Scholar
Sahlins, Marshall D. 1968 Tribesmen. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.Google Scholar
Sahlins, Marshall D. 1972 Stone age economics. Aldine, Chicago.Google Scholar
Sahlins, Marshall D. 1976 Culture and practical reason. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Sanders, William T., and Webster, David 1978 Unilinealism, multilinealism and the evolution of complex societies. In Social archaeology: beyond subsistence and dating, edited by Redman, C., Berman, M., Curtin, E., Langhorne, W. Jr., Versaggi, N., and Wanser, J., pp. 249–302. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Schiffer, Michael B. 1976 Behavioral archaeology. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Scott, Linda J. 1979 Dietary inference from Hoy House coprolites: a palynological interpretation. The Kiva 44:257–281.Google Scholar
Scott, William G. 1961 Organization theory: an overview and appraisal. Journal of the Academy of Management 4:7–26.Google Scholar
Seeman, Mark F. 1979 The Hopewell Interaction Sphere: the evidence for interregional trade and structural complexity. Indiana Historical Society, Prehistory Research Series, 5(2). Indianapolis.Google Scholar
Seme, Michele M. 1981 Methodology in archaeological faunal analysis, an example from Black Mesa, Arizona. Unpublished masters's thesis, Department of Anthropology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale.Google Scholar
Service, Elman R. 1971 Primitive social organization (second ed.). Random House, New York.Google Scholar
Service, Elman R. 1975 Origins of the state and civilization. Norton, New York.Google Scholar
Simon, Herbert A. 1973 The organization of complex systems. In Hierarchy theory, edited by Pattee, H. H., pp. 1–27. Braziller, New York.Google Scholar
Slobodkin, Lawrence, B., and Anatol, Rapoport 1974 An optimal strategy of evolution. Quarterly Review of Biology 49:181–200.Google Scholar
Stanislawski, Michael B. 1969 The ethno-archaeology of Hopi pottery making. Plateau 42:27–33.Google Scholar
Stanislawski, Michael B. 1973 Review of Archaeology as anthropology, by William, A. Longacre. American Antiquity 38:117–121.Google Scholar
Stanislawski, Michael B., and Stanislawski, Barbara B. 1978 Hopi and Hopi-Tewa ceramic tradition networks. In The spatial organization of culture, edited by Hodder, I., pp. 61–76. University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh.Google Scholar
Stiger, Mark A. 1977 Anasazi diet: the coprolite evidence. Unpublished masters's thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Stiger, Mark A. 1979 Mesa Verde subsistence patterns from Basketmaker to Pueblo III. The Kiva 44:133–144.Google Scholar
Strathern, Andrew 1971 The rope of Moka: big-men and ceremonial exchange in Mount Hagen, New Guinea. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.Google Scholar
Styles, Bonnie W. 1981 Faunal exploitation and resource selection: early Late Woodland subsistence in the lower Illinois valley. Northwestern University Archaeological Program, Scientific Papers 3. Evanston.Google Scholar
Suttles, Wayne 1968 Coping with abundance: subsistence on the Northwest Coast. In Man the hunter, edited by Lee, R. and DeVore, I., pp. 56–68. Aldine, Chicago.Google Scholar
Synenki, Alan, T. and David, P. Braun 1980 Organizational theory and social in/erence. Paper presented at the 45th annual meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Tainter, Joseph A. 1977 Woodland social change in west-central Illinois. MidcontinentaJ Journal of Archaeology 2:67–98.Google Scholar
Trigger, Bruce G. 1976 The children of Aataentsic: a history of the Huron people to 1660. McGill-Queens University Press, Montreal.Google Scholar
Tuck, James A. 1978 Northern Iroquoian prehistory. In Northeast, edited by Trigger, B., pp. 322–333. Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 15. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Tuggle, H. David 1970 Prehistoric community relations in east-central Arizona. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Arizona. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Turner, Jonathan H., and Maryanski, Alexandra 1979 Functionalism. Benjamin/Cummings, Menlo Park, Calif.Google Scholar
Vayda, Andrew P. 1967 Pomo trade feasts. In Tribal and peasant economies, edited by Dalton, G., pp. 494–500. Natural History Press, New York.Google Scholar
Vayda, Andrew P., and McCay, B. J. 1975 New directions in ecology and ecological anthropology. Annual fleview of Anthropology 4:293–306.Google Scholar
Voss, Jerome A. 1980 Tribal emergence during the Neolithic of northwestern Europe. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Michigan. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Whallon, Robert E. 1968 Investigations of late prehistoric social organization in New York State. In New perspectives in archaeology, edited by and Binford, S. L., pp. 223–244. Aldine, Chicago.Google Scholar
Wiessner, Polly W. 1977 Hxaro: a regional system of reciprocity for reducing risk among the .'Kung San. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Michigan. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Wiley, Carole 1971 Social interaction and economic exchange in the Hay Hollow valley, 900-1200 A.D. Ms. on file, Department of Anthropology, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago.Google Scholar
Wilmsen, Edwin N. 1973 Interaction, spacing behavior, and the organization of hunting bands. Journal of Anthropological Research 29:1–31.Google Scholar
Winterhalder, Bruce 1980 Environmental analysis in human evolution and adaptational research. Human Ecology 8:135–170.Google Scholar
Wobst, H. Martin 1974 Boundary conditions for paleolithic social systems: a simulation approach. American Antiquity 39: 147–178.Google Scholar
Wobst, H. Martin 1976 Locational relationships in Paleolithic society. In The demographic evolution of human populations , edited by Ward, R. H. and Weiss, K. M., pp. 49–58. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Wobst, H. Martin 1977 Stylistic behavior and information exchange. In For the director: research essays in honor of James B. Griffin, edited by Cleland, C., pp. 317–342. University of Michigan, Museum of Anthropology, Anthropological Papers 61. Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Wobst, H. Martin 1978 The archaeo-ethnology of hunter-gatherers or the tyranny of the ethnographic record in archaeology. American Antiquity 43:303–309.Google Scholar
Wray, Donald E., and MacNeish, Richard S. 1961 The Hopewellian and Weaver occupations of the Weaver site, Fulton County, Illinois. Illinois State Museum, Scientific Papers 7(2). Springfield.Google Scholar
Yengoyan, Aram A. 1968 Demographic and ecological influences on Aboriginal Australian marriage sections. In Man the hunter, edited by Richard, Lee and Irven, DeVore, pp. 185–199. Aldine, Chicago.Google Scholar
Yengoyan, Aram A. 1976 Structure, event and ecology in Aboriginal Australia. In Tribes and boundaries in Australia, edited by Peterson, N., pp. 121–132. Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, Social Anthropology Series 10. Canberra.Google Scholar
Zubrow, Ezra B. W. 1975 Prehistoric carrying capacity: a model. Cummings, Menlo Park, Calif.Google Scholar