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Ethnographic and Modeled Costs of Long-Distance, Big-Game Hunting

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Deanna N. Grimstead
Deanna N. Grimstead*
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85711 ([email protected])
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Abstract

Evolutionary ecology provides a rich pool of models from which archaeologists derive expectations about prehistoric human behavior. Signaling Theory (ST) has been applied successfully in ethnographic and certain archaeological contexts. Other applications have fallen prey to post-hoc explanation of aberrant archaeological patterns. This paper evaluates the claim that big-game hunting was a costly foraging behavior when traveling great distances, and therefore was undertaken as a form of costly signaling. The central place foraging model is used in conjunction with caloric expenditure formulae, derived from human energetics and locomotion research, to evaluate the cost of travel and transport versus the returns for large and small prey items. It is shown that big game continues to yield significant energetic returns even in situations where travel costs are comparatively high (i.e., 100-200 km round-trip). Small game hunting becomes energetically costly when a forager makes a procurement round-trip of more than ca.10 km. Large game animals are the highest return prey items even when procurement distances are comparatively great because humans are physiologically well-adapted for carrying objects over long distances. While the capture of big game animals may have bestowed prestige upon prehistoric hunters or served as some other signal of individual quality, these prey animals were not overly costly in terms of energetic efficiency—even under increased travel costs. These results emphasize the difficulty of separating social prestige from optimal foraging as the basis for big-game hunting in archaeological contexts.

Resumen

Resumen

La ecología evolucionista proporciona una fuente abundante de modelos utilizados por los arqueólogos al formular expectativas sobre el comportamiento humano prehistórico. La Teoría de Señales (ST, por sus siglas en inglés) se ha podido aplicar con éxito en ciertos contextos arqueológicos y etnográficos. En otros casos, su aplicación ha sufrido el invento de explicaciones post hoc de patrones arqueológicos aberrantes. Este trabajo evalúa la afirmación de que la cacería de presas grandes era un comportamiento de forraje costoso en viajes de larga distancia y que por eso se emprendía como forma costosa de señalar. Se emplea el modelo de forraje de sitio central, junto con formulas de gasto calórico que se derivan de la investigación de la energética y locomoción humana, para así evaluar el costo del viaje y del transporte versus los rendimientos de ítems de presa de la caza mayor y menor. Se demuestra que la caza de presas grandes produce rendimientos energéticos importantes aun en situaciones donde los costos de viaje sean relativamente altos (i.e., 100-200 km ida y vuelta). La caza de presas pequeñas se vuelve energéticamente costosa cuando un forrajero teórico complete un viaje de obtención de más de ca. 10 km. Los animales de cacería mayor representan el rendimiento más alto aun cuando las distancias de obtención sean relativamente grandes porque los humanos están bien adaptados fisiológicamente a cargar objetos a través de distancias largas. Mientras que la captura de animales de cacería mayor puede haber concedido prestigio a cazadores prehistóricos, o puede haber servido para señalar alguna otra cualidad personal, estas presas de cacería no eran demasiado costosas en términos de la eficacia energética, aun con mayores costos de viaje. Estos resultados enfatizan la dificultad de separar del prestigio social el forraje óptimo como base de la cacería mayor en contextos arqueológicos.

Type
Articles
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 75 , Issue 1 , January 2010 , pp. 61 - 80
Copyright
Copyright © Society for American Archaeology 2010

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