Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-v9fdk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-02T22:40:40.045Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Culture Sequences in Central California Archaeology

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 January 2017

Richard K. Beardsley*
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan

Extract

An analysis of the archaeology of two coastal areas of Central California gives strong support to the sequence of three culture periods proposed in 1939 for the prehistoric archaeology of the lower and middle Sacramento River Valley. For one area, the ocean coast of Marin County just north of San Francisco Bay, the first intensive excavations were made by archaeological field parties from the University of California during the summers of 1940 and 1941 ;.the data and conclusions have not been published previously. For the second area, around the shores of San Francisco Bay, few additions have been made to the artifact collections and field data since the latest full site report was made in 1926.3 However, the interpretation presented here comes from reappraisal of the original artifacts and notes from the limited number of published sites, and from study of museum collections from a greater number of smaller sites which have not yet been described in print.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for American Archaeology 1948

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Works Cited

Beauchamp, William M. 1897. “Polished Stone Artifacts used by the New York Aborigines before and during European Occupation.Bulletin, New York State Museum, Vol. 4, No. 18. Albany.Google Scholar
Bird, Junius 1943. “Excavations in Northern Chile.Anthropological Papers, American Museum of Natural History, Vol. 38, No. 4. New York.Google Scholar
Byers, Douglas, and Johnson, Frederick 1940. “Two Sites on Martha's Vineyard.Papers of the Robert S. Peabody Foundation for Archaeology, Vol. 1, No. 1. Andover, Mass.Google Scholar
Caldwell, Joseph R. n.d. “The Archaeology of Eastern Georgia and South Carolina.” In Eastern United States Archaeology, edited by Griffin, J. B.. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (In press.)Google Scholar
Claflin, W. H. Jr. 1931. “The Stallings Island Mound, Columbia County, Georgia.Papers, Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, Vol. 14, No. 1. Cambridge, Mass.Google Scholar
Cole, Fay Cooper, and Deuel, Thorne 1937. Rediscovering Illinois. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Collins, Henry B. 1937. “Archaeology of St. Lawrence Island, Alaska.Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Vol. 96, No. 1. Washington.Google Scholar
Cook, S. F. 1943. “The Conflict between the California Indian and White Civilization: II, The Physical and Demographic Reaction of the Non-Mission Indians in Colonial and Provincial California.” Ibero-Americana, No. 22. Berkeley: University of California.Google Scholar
Cook, S. F. 1946. “A Reconsideration of Shellmounds with Respect to Population and Nutrition.American Antiquity, Vol. 12, pp. 50-3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cook, S. F., and Heizer, R. F. 1947. “The Quantitative Investigation of Aboriginal Sites: Analysis of Human Bone.American Journal of Physical Anthropology, n.s., Vol. 5, pp. 201-20. Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Culin, Stewart 1907. “Games of the North American Indians.” Annual Report, Bureau of American Ethnology, No. 24. Washington.Google Scholar
Debooy, Theodoor 1916. “Notes on the Archaeology of Margarita Island, Venezuela.Contributions, Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, Vol. 2, No. 5. New York.Google Scholar
Eckholm, Gordon F. 1946. “Wheeled Toys in Mexico.American Antiquity, Vol. 11, pp. 222-7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fenenga, Franklin 1940. “The Elk Antler Adze.New Mexico Anthropologist, Vol. 3, pp. 24-6. Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Ford, James A., and Quimby, George I. Jr. 1945. “The Tchefuncte Culture, an Early Occupation of the Lower Mississippi Valley.” MEMOIRS, SOCIETY FOR AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY, NO. 2.Google Scholar
Ford, James A., and Willey, Gordon R. 1941. “An Interpretation of the Prehistory of the Eastern United States.American Anthropologist, n.s., Vol. 43, pp. 325-63. Menasha.Google Scholar
Fowler, William S. 1947. “Stone Eating Utensils of Prehistoric New England.American Antiquity, Vol. 13, pp. 146-63.Google Scholar
Gifford, E. W. 1916. “Composition of California Shellmounds.University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology, Vol. 12, pp. 129. Berkeley.Google Scholar
Gifford, E. W. 1936. “California Balanophagy.” Essays in Anthropology Presented to A. L. Kroeber, pp. 8798. Berkeley.Google Scholar
Gifford, E. W., and Egbert Schenck, W. 1926. “Archaeology of the Southern San Joaquin Valley.University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology, Vol. 23, pp. 1122. Berkeley.Google Scholar
Gladwin, Harold S., and Others 1937. “Excavations at Snaketown. Part I: Material Culture.” Medallion Papers, No. 25. Globe, Arizona: Gila Pueblo.Google Scholar
Griffin, James B. 1946. “Cultural Change and Continuity in Eastern United States Archaeology.” In “Man in NortheasternNorthAmerica,“ edited by Johnson, Frederick. Papers of the Robert S. Peabody Foundation for Archaeology, Vol. 3, pp. 3795. Andover, Mass.Google Scholar
Hadlock, Wendell S. 1941. “Observations Concerning the ‘Rett Paint Culture.' American Antiquity, Vol. 7, pp. 156-61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hadlock, Wendell S. 1943. “Bone Implements from Shell Heaps around Frenchman's Bay, Maine.American Antiquity, Vol. 8, pp. 341-54.Google Scholar
Haag, William D. 1942. “Early Horizons in the Southeast.American Antiquity, Vol. 7, pp. 209-22.Google Scholar
Heizer, Robert F. 1937. “Baked-CIay Objects of the Lower Sacramento Valley, California.American Antiquity, Vol. 3, pp. 3450.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heizer, Robert F. 1941a. “The Direct-Historical Approach in California Archaeology.American Antiquity, Vol. 7, pp. 98122.Google Scholar
Heizer, Robert F. 1941b. “Archaeological Evidence of Sebastian Rodriguez Cermeno's California Visit in 1595.California Historical Society Quarterly, Vol. 20, No. 4. San Francisco.Google Scholar
Heizer, Robert F. 1946. “The Occurrence and Significance of Southwestern Grooved Axes in California.American Antiquity, Vol. 11, pp. 187-93.Google Scholar
Heizer, Robert F. 1947. “Francis Drake and the California Indians, 1579.University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology, Vol. 42, pp. 251302. Berkeley.Google Scholar
Heizer, Robert F., and Beardsley, Richard K. 1942. “Fired Clay Figurines in Central and Northern California.American Antiquity, Vol. 9, pp. 199207.Google Scholar
Heizer, Robert F., and Fenenga, Franklin 1939. “Archaeological Horizons in Central California.American Anthropologist, n.s., Vol. 41, pp. 378-99. Menasha.Google Scholar
Heizer, Robert F., and Hewes, Gordon W. 1940. “Animal Ceremonialism in Central California in the Light of Archaeology.American Anthropologist, n.s., Vol. 42, pp. 587603. Menasha.Google Scholar
Johnson, E. N. 1942. “Stone Mortars of Contra Costa County, California.American Antiquity, Vol. 7, pp. 322-6.Google Scholar
Kidder, A. V., and Guernsey, S. J. 1919. “Archaeological Explorations in Northeastern Arizona.Bulletin, Bureau of American Ethnology, No. 65. Washington.Google Scholar
Krieger, Alex D. 1946. “Some Suggestions on Archaeological Terms.“ Bulletin, Texas Archaeological and Paleontological Society, No. 16. Abilene.Google Scholar
Kroeber, Alfred L. 1911. “Shell Mounds at San Francisco and San Mateo.Records of the Past, Vol. 10, pp. 227-8. Washington.Google Scholar
Kroeber, Alfred L. 1925. “Handbook of the Indians of California.” Bulletin, Bureau of American Ethnology, No. 78. Washington.Google Scholar
Kroeber, Alfred L. 1932. “The Patwin and their Neighbors.University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology, Vol. 29, pp. 253423. Berkeley.Google Scholar
Kroeber, Alfred L. 1936a. “Prospects in California Prehistory.American Antiquity, Vol. 2, pp. 108-16.Google Scholar
Kroeber, Alfred L. 1936b. “Culture Element Distributions: III, Area and Climax.University of California Publications in American Ethnology and Archaeology, Vol. 37, pp. 101-15, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Kroeber, Alfred L. 1937. Review of J. B. Lillard and W. K. Purves, “Archaeology of the Deer Creek-Cosumnes Area, California.American Anthropologist, n.s., Vol. 39, p. 144. Menasha.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, T. M. N., and Kneberg, Madeline 1947. “The Archaic Horizon in Western Tennessee.Tennessee Anthropological Papers, Vol. 1, No. 2. Knoxville.Google Scholar
Lillard, Jeremiah B., Heizer, Robert F., and Fenenga, Franklin 1939. “An Introduction to the Archaeology of Central California.Bulletin, Sacramento Junior College, Department of Anthropology, No. 2. Sacramento.Google Scholar
Lillard, Jeremiah B., and Purves, W. K. 1936. “The Archaeology of the Deer Creek-Cosumnes Area, California.” Bulletin, Sacramento Junior College, Department of Anthropology, No. 1. Sacramento.Google Scholar
Loeb, Edwin M. 1926. “Pomo Folkways.University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology, Vol. 19, pp. 149405. Berkeley.Google Scholar
Loud, Llewellyn L. 1918. “Ethnography and Archaeology of the Wiyot Territory.University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology, Vol. 14, pp. 221436. Berkeley.Google Scholar
Loud, Llewellyn L. 1924. “The Stege Mounds at Richmond, California.University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology, Vol. 17, pp. 355-72. Berkeley.Google Scholar
Martin, Paul; Quimby, George I. Jr.; and Collier, Donald 1946. Indians Before Columbus. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Mcgregor, John C. 1941. Southwestern Archaeology. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Google Scholar
Mckern, W. C. 1938. “An Hypothesis for the Asiatic Origin of the Woodland Culture Pattern.American Antiquity, Vol. 3, pp. 138-43.Google Scholar
Miller, Rex K. 1941. “McCain Site, Dubois County, Indiana.Prehistory Research Series, Indiana Historical Society, Vol. 2, No. 1. Indianapolis.Google Scholar
Moore, Clarence B. 1913. “Some Aboriginal Sites in Louisiana and Arkairsas.Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Vol. 16, No. 1. Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Nelson, Nels C. 1909. “Shellmounds of the San Francisco Bay Region.University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology, Vol. 7, pp. 309-48. Berkeley.Google Scholar
Nelson, Nels C. 1910. “The Ellis Landing Shellmound.University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology, Vol. 7, pp. 357426. Berkeley.Google Scholar
Newkumet, Phil J. 1940. “Preliminary Report of Excavation of Williams Mound, Leflore County, Oklahoma.Oklahoma Prehistorian, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 210. Norman.Google Scholar
NordenskiöLd, Erland 1924. “The Ethnography of South America as Seen from Mojos in Bolivia.Comparative Ethnographic Studies, No. 3. Göteborg.Google Scholar
NordenskiöLd, Erland 1930. “Modifications of Indian Culture through Inventions and Loans.” Comparative Ethnographic Studies, No. 8. Goteborg.Google Scholar
Olson, Ronald L. 1930. “Chumash Prehistory.University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology, Vol. 28, pp. 121. Berkeley.Google Scholar
Patterson, J. T. 1937. “Boat Shaped Artifacts of the Gulf Southwest States.Anthropological Papers, University of Texas, Vol. 1, No. 2. Austin.Google Scholar
Pennypacker, Samuel W. 1938. “The Problem of the Plummet Stone.American Antiquity, Vol. 4, pp. 142-6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ritchie, W. A. 1944. Pre-Iroquoian Occupations of New York State. Rochester: Rochester Museum of Arts and Sciences.Google Scholar
Rogers, David B. 1929. Prehistoric Man of the Santa Barbara Coast. Santa Barbara: Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History.Google Scholar
Rogers, Malcolm J. 1939. “Early Lithic Industries of the Lower Basin of the Colorado River and Adjacent Desert Areas.“ San Diego Museum Papers, No. 3. San Diego.Google Scholar
Schenck, W. Egbert 1926. “The Emeryville Shellmound: Final Report.University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology, Vol. 23, pp. 147282. Berkeley.Google Scholar
Schenck, W. Egbert, and Dawson, Elmer J. 1929. “Archaeology of the Northern San Joaquin Valley.University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology, Vol. 25, pp. 289413. Berkeley.Google Scholar
Serrano, Antonio 1946. “The Sambaquis of the Brazilian Coast.” In “Handbook of South American Indians,” edited by Steward, Julian H.. Bulletin, Bureau of American Ethnology, No. 143, Vol. 1, “The Marginal Tribes,” pp. 401-7. Washington.Google Scholar
Spaulding, Albert 1946. “Northeastern Archaeology and General Trends in the Northern Forest Zone.” In “Man in Northeastern North America,” edited by Johnson, Frederick. Papers of the Robert S. Peabody Foundation for Archaeology, Vol. 3, pp. 143-67. Andover, Mass.Google Scholar
Stirling, Matthew W. 1935. “Smithsonian Archaeological Projects Conducted under the Federal Employment Relief Act in 1933-34.Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution for 1934, pp. 371400. Washington.Google Scholar
Uhle, Max 1907. “The Emeryville Shellmound.University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology, Vol. 7, pp. 1106. Berkeley.Google Scholar
Walker, Edwin F. 1947. Excavation of a Yokuts Indian Cemetery. Bakersfield (California): Kern County Historical Society.Google Scholar
Webb, Clarence H. 1944. “Stone Vessels from a Northeast Louisiana Site.American Antiquity, Vol. 9, pp. 38694.Google Scholar
Webb, William S. 1946. “Indian Knoll.Reports in Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Kentucky, Vol. 4, No. 3, Part 1. Lexington.Google Scholar
Webb, William S., and Dejarnette, D. L. 1942. “An Archaeological Survey of Pickwick Basin in the Adjacent Parts of the States of Alabama, Mississippi and Tennessee.Bulletin, Bureau of American Ethnology, No. 129. Washington.Google Scholar
Webb, William S., and Haao, William G. 1940. “The Cypress Creek Village Sites 11 and 12, McLean County, Kentucky.Reports in Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Kentucky, Vol. 4, Part 2. Lexington.Google Scholar
Webb, William S., and Haao, William G. 1947. “Archaic Sites in McLean County, Kentucky.Reports in Anthropology, University of Kentucky, Vol. 7, Part 1. Lexington.Google Scholar
Webb, William S., and Snow, Charles G. 1945. “The Adena People.Reports in Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Kentucky, Vol. 6. Lexington.Google Scholar
Wedel, Waldo R. 1941. “Archaeological Excavations at Buena Vista Lake, Kern County, California.” Bulletin, Bureau of American Ethnology, No. 130. Washington.Google Scholar
Willoughby, Charles C. 1935. Antiquities of the New England Indians. Cambridge: Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology.Google Scholar