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Climate Change and the Archaic to Woodland Transition (3000–2500 Cal B.P.) in the Mississippi River Basin

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Tristram R. Kidder
Tristram R. Kidder*
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130 ([email protected])
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Abstract

Archaeologists frequently assume the cultural transition from Archaic to Woodland (ca. 3000–2500 cal B.P.) in the Mississippi River basin is a gradual process. In the lower Mississippi Valley, however, there is an abrupt gap in the archaeological sequence at this time and pronounced differences between Late Archaic and Early Woodland archaeological remains. Elsewhere in the basin, this transition is marked by an occupation hiatus or decline and is accompanied by significant changes in settlement and material culture organization. In most parts of the floodplain of the Mississippi River and its tributaries there are few sites dating to this interval suggesting the river bottom was abandoned for several hundred years as a location for sustained habitation. High-resolution climate data demonstrates an episode of rapid global climate change involving significant alterations in temperature and precipitation in the period ca. 3000–2600 cal B.P. The proximate cause of this global climate occurrence is change in galactic cosmic ray intensity and solar irradiation possibly amplified by variations in the earth"s geomagnetic field. Global climate changes led to greatly increased flood frequencies and magnitudes in the Mississippi River watershed during the shift from Late Archaic to Early Woodland. In northeast Louisiana, increased flooding led to major fluvial reorganization that caused settlement abandonment and is associated with the demise of Poverty Point culture. Climate change and associated flooding is implicated as one cause of major cultural reorganization at the end of the Archaic throughout much of eastern North America.

Los arqueólogos frecuentemente asumen que la transición del periodo Arcaico hacia el Woodland (ca. 3000–2500 cal A. P.) en la cuenca del río Mississippi fue un proceso gradual. Sin embargo, en el Valle Bajo del Mississippi se observa un abrupto corte en la secuencia arqueológica durante este momento, además de una pronunciada diferenciación entre los restos arqueológicos del Arcaico Tardío y Woodland Temprano. En otras partes de la cuenca, esta transición se encuentra marcada por un hiato o descenso en la ocupación, acompañada por cambios significativos en los asentamientos y la organización de la cultura material. Esto sugiere que las partes bajas del río fueron abandonadas por varios cientos de años como un lugar de asentamiento sostenido. Datos climáticos de alta resolución muestran un episodio de rápido cambio climático global que a su vez produjeron alteraciones significativas en la temperatura y precipitación fluvial durante el periodo ca. 3000–2600 cal. A.P. La causa probable de este evento se encuentra en el cambio de la intensidad de los rayos cósmicos y la radiación solar, posiblemente amplificados por las variaciones en el campo geomagnético de la Tierra. Estos cambios produjeron un notable aumento en la frecuencia y magnitud de las inundaciones en el área de drenaje del río Mississippi durante la transición del Arcaico Tardío al Woodland temprano. En el noreste de Louisiana, estos fenómenos llevaron a una reorganización fluvial considerable con el consecuente abandono de asentamientos y se encuentra probablemente asociado con la desaparición de la cultura de Poverty Point. El cambio climático y las inundaciones asociadas a éste son presentados como una de las causas importantes de la reorganización cultural al final del periodo Arcaico en muchas partes del oriente norteamericano.

Type
Articles
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 71 , Issue 2 , April 2006 , pp. 195 - 231
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for American Archaeology 2006

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