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Streamflow and Population Change in the Lower Salt River Valley of Central Arizona, ca. A.D. 775 to 1450

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Scott E. Ingram
Scott E. Ingram*
Affiliation:
School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Box 872402, Tempe, AZ 85287-2402 ([email protected])
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Abstract

Floods and droughts and their effects on Hohokam canal systems and irrigation agriculture play a prominent role in many cultural-historical interpretations of the Hohokam trajectory in the lower Salt River valley (modern-day Phoenix, Arizona metropolitan area). Catastrophic floods and associated geomorphic stream channel changes may have contributed to settlement and population changes and the substantial depopulation of the lower Salt River valley ca. A.D. 1450 or later. In this study, archaeological data on Hohokam domestic architecture is used to infer changes in prehistoric population growth rates from ca. A.D. 775 through 1450 in the most thoroughly documented canal system in the Salt River valley. Changes in growth rates are compared to the retrodictions of annual streamflow discharge volumes derived from tree-ring records. Contrary to expectations, population growth rates increased as the frequency, magnitude, and duration of inferred flooding, drought, and variability increased. These results challenge existing assumptions regarding the relationship among floods and droughts, conditions for irrigation agriculture, and population change in the lower Salt River valley.

Résumé

Résumé

Las inundaciones y las sequías, así como sus efectos en los sistemas de canales Hohokam y en la agricultura de riego figuran de manera importante en muchas de las interpretaciones culturales históricas sobre la trayectoria de la cultura Hohokam, en la cuenca inferior del Río Salado (Phoenix, Arizona, EE.UU.). Las inundaciones catastróficas y los cambios geomorfológicos asociados con los cauces del río pueden haber contribuido a los cambios en el patrón de asentamientos a través del tiempo y a la despoblación significativa de la cuenca mencionada (ca. 1450 d.C. o después). En este estudio, se deducen cambios en las tasas de crecimiento de la población prehistórica por medio de datos arqueológicos sobre la arquitectura habitacional Hohokam, desde 775 d.C. hasta 1450 d.C., asociados con el sistema de canales de riego más minuciosamente documentado en la cuenca del Río Salado. Se comparan los cambios demográficos con las estimaciones retrospectivas de los volúmenes anuales del caudal derivadas del registro de anillos de crecimiento de los árboles. Contrariamente a lo que se esperaba, la tasa de crecimiento demográfico aumentó al igual que la frecuencia, la magnitud, la duración y la variabilidad de las inundaciones y las sequías deducidas. Estos resultados cuestionan las suposiciones actuales acerca de la relación entre las inundaciones y las sequías, las condiciones para agricultura de riego y los cambios demográficos en la cuenca inferior del Río Salado.

Type
Reports
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 73 , Issue 1 , January 2008 , pp. 136 - 165
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for American Archaeology 2008

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