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The Sourcing and Interpretation of Cahokia-Style Figurines in the Trans-Mississippi South and Southeast

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Thomas E. Emerson ,
Randall E. Hughes ,
Mary R. Hynes  and
Sarah U. Wisseman
Thomas E. Emerson
Affiliation:
Illinois Transportation Archaeological Research Program, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL 61820
Randall E. Hughes
Affiliation:
Illinois State Geological Survey, Champaign IL 61820
Mary R. Hynes
Affiliation:
Illinois Transportation Archaeological Research Program, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL 61820
Sarah U. Wisseman
Affiliation:
Program on Ancient Technologies and Archaeological Materials, University of Illinois, Urbana, 61801
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Abstract

Exchange of preciosities is often considered an integral factor in the emergence of Mississippian chiefdoms, and the rise of Cahokia has been linked to such long-distance trade. We know that Cahokia was the center of production for large flint clay figurines and effigy pipes (Emerson and Hughes 2000). Similar Cahokia-style figures have been found in the Trans-Mississippi South and the Southeast. We investigated the material used.to make these figures using a newly developed nondestructive PIMA SP™ spectroscopic technology to identify the stone and to determine their source location. These analyses proved that the figures were made of Missouri flint clay from quarries near St. Louis. We submit that Cahokia was the twelfth-century source for the production of these Cahokia-style figures. Outside of Cahokia the flint clay figures were primarily found in Caddoan mortuaries, reinforcing earlier evidence of a strong Cahokia-Caddoan connection. The available chronological and contextual information indicates the flint clay figures left Cahokia after it began to decline in the late thirteenth-century, through various mechanisms of extra-local exchange rather than as part of any systematic prestige-goods network. The association of these highly symbolic figures with Cahokia allows us to reevaluate the indigenous iconography and propose that many of the themes (e.g., fertility and warfare) that later appear in Eastern Woodlands native cosmology such as the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex were first codified here in the twelfth-century.

Résumé

Résumé

El intercambio de objetos preciosos generalmente es considerado como un factor esencial en el surgimiento de los cacicazgos del Mississippi. El surgimiento de Cahokia ha sido ligado a tal intercambio a larga distancia. Sabemos que Cahokia fue el centro de producción de grandes figurillas de arcilla de pedernal (flint clay) y pipas efigie (Emerson y Hughes 2000). Figurillas con un estilo similar al Cahokia han sido encontradas en el Sur y Sudoeste del Trans-Mississippi. Hemos investigado la naturaleza del material de estas figurillas usando la tecnología espectroscópica PIMA (Analizador Infrarojo Portátil de Minerales) no destructiva para identificar la piedra y determinar su lugar de origen. Tales análisis han demostrado que el arcilla de pedernal de estas figurillas proviene de las canteras cercanas a St. Louis, MO. Sostenemos que Cahokia fue, durante el Siglo XII, la fuente para la producción de estas figurillas de estilo Cahokia. Fuera de Cahokia las figurillas de arcilla de pedernal fueron encontradas principalmente en los cementerios de la tradición Caddo, apoyando así la evidencia anterior que indica una relación bastante fuerte entre Cahokia-Caddo. La información cronológica y contextual disponible indica que las figurillas de arcilla de pedernal salieron de Cahokia, despues de su ocaso en el Siglo XIII tardío, a través de varios mecanismos de intercambio externo en vez de formar parte de alguna red sistemática de bienes de prestigio. La asociación de estas figurillas altamente simbó licas con Cahokia nos ha pemitido reevaluar la iconografía indígena y proponer que muchos de los temas (p.e., fertilidad y guerra) que aparecen más tarde en la cosmología de los indígenas de los grandes Bosques del Este (como el Complejo Ceremonial del Sureste) fueron originalmente codificados en Cahokia en el Siglo XII.

Type
Articles
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 68 , Issue 2 , April 2003 , pp. 287 - 313
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for American Archaeology 2003

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