Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-b6zl4 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-02-04T17:50:14.637Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Sight Communities: The Social Significance of Shared Visual Landmarks

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Wesley Bernardini  and
Matthew A. Peeples
Wesley Bernardini
Affiliation:
University of Redlands, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, 1200 E. Colton Avenue, Redlands, CA 92373 ([email protected])
Matthew A. Peeples
Affiliation:
Archaeology Southwest, 300 N. Ash Alley, Tucson, AZ 85701 ([email protected])
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Research in psychology has established that humans organize spatial information into “cognitive maps” oriented around visual landmarks. Much of this research focuses on individual cognitive processes such as orienteering and wayfinding. We extend this research to the level of social groups, exploring the degree to which cognitive maps are shared among near and distant neighbors and the social implications of common, overlapping, or discrete cognitive maps. We develop the concept of “sight communities” —populations which shared similar cognitive maps—and then propose methodologies to (1) identify visual anchors and quantify their visual prominence from different vantage points, and (2) detect and analyze connections among the populations which were able to see visual anchors, with a special focus on tools from social network analysis.

Résumé

Résumé

Investigatión en psicología ha establecido que los seres humanos organizan la información espacial en “mapas cognitivos” orientados con referenda a puntos visuales. Gran parte de tal investigatión se centra en individuates, los procesos cognitivos tales como orientatión y letreros de orientatión. En nuestra investigación, extendemos el concepto de mapas cognitivos al nivel de grupos sociales, a averiguar si los mapas cognitivos son compartidos entre los vecinos cercanos y lejanos y la importancia de los mapas cognitivos comunes, superpuestos, o discretas. Desarrollamos el concepto de “comunidades de vista” — las poblaciones que comparten mapas cognitivos similares—y luego proponemos metodologias para (1) identificar las anclas visuales y cuantificar su importancia visual desde distintos puntos de vista, y (2) detector y analizar las conexiones entre las poblaciones que eran capaces de ver anclas visuales, con enfoque especial en las herramientas de andlisis de redes sociales.

Type
Articles
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 80 , Issue 2 , April 2015 , pp. 215 - 235
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for American Archaeology 2015

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References Cited

Adams, E. Charles 2002 Homol'ovi: An Ancient Hopi Settlement Cluster. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Allen, Gary L. 1999 Spatial Abilities, Cognitive Maps, and Wayfinding: Bases for Individual Differences in Spatial Cognition and Behavior. In Wayfinding Behavior: Cognitive Mapping and Other Spatial Processes, edited by Reginald G. Golledge, pp. 46–80. Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore.Google Scholar
Allen, Gary L., and Kirasic, Kathleen C. 1985 Effects of Cognitive Organization on Route Knowledge on Judgement of Macrospatial Distances. Memory and Cognition 13:218–227.Google Scholar
Arnold, David 1985 Ceramic Theory and Cultural Process. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Barnes, John A. 1954 Class and Committees in a Norwegian Island Parish. Human Relations 7:39–58.Google Scholar
Basso, Keith 1996 Wisdom Sits in Places: Landscape and Language among the Western Apache. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Bennett, Andrew T. 1996 Do Animals Have Cognitive Maps? The Journal of Experimental Biology 199:219–224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bender, Barbara 1999 Subverting the Western Gaze: Mapping Alternative Worlds. In The Archaeology and Anthropology of Landscape, edited by Peter Ucko and Robert Layton, pp. 31–45. Routledge, London.Google Scholar
Bernardini, Wesley 2004 Hopewell Geometric Earthworks: A Case Study in the Referential and Experiential Meaning of Monuments. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 23:331–356.Google Scholar
Bernardini, Wesley 2005 Hopi Oral Tradition and the Archaeology of Identity. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Bernardini, Wesley 2007 Jeddito Yellow Ware and Hopi Ethnogenesis. Kiva 72:295–328.Google Scholar
Bernardini, Wesley 2008 Identity as History: Hopi Clans and the Curation of Oral Tradition. Journal of Anthropological Research 64:483–509.Google Scholar
Bernardini, Wesley, and Fowles, Severin 2011 Becoming Hopi, Becoming Tewa: Two Pueblo Histories of Movement. In Movement, Connectivity, and Landscape Change in the Ancient Southwest, edited by Margaret Nelson and Colleen Strawhacker, pp. 253–274. University Press of Colorado, Denver.Google Scholar
Bernardini, Welsey, Barnash, Alicia, Kumler, Mark, and Wong, Martin 2013 Quantifying Visual Prominence in Social Landscapes. Journal of Archaeological Science 49:3946–3954.Google Scholar
Borgatti, Stephen P., and Halgin, Daniel S. 2011 On Network Theory. Journal of Organization Science 22:1157–1167.Google Scholar
Breiger, Ronald L. 1974 The Duality of Persons and Groups. Social Forces 53:181–190.Google Scholar
Brughmans, Tom 2010a Networks of Networks: A Citation Network Analysis of the Adoption, Use, and Adaptation of Formal Network Techniques in Archaeology. Literary and Linguistic Computing 28:538–562.Google Scholar
Brughmans, Tom 2010b Connecting the Dots: Towards Archaeological Network Analysis. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 29:277–303.Google Scholar
Brughmans, Tom 2013 Thinking Through Networks: A Review of Formal Network Methods in Archaeology. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 20:623–662.Google Scholar
Brughmans, Tom, Keay, Simon, and Earl, Graham 2014 Introducing Exponential Random Graph Models for Visibility Networks. Journal of Archaeological Science 49:442–454.Google Scholar
Canuto, Marcello-Andrea, and Yaeger, Jason (editors) 2000 The Archaeology of Communities: A New World Perspective. Routledge, London.Google Scholar
Carrington, Peter J., Scott, John, and Wasserman, Stanley 2005 Models and Methods in Social Network Analysis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Childe, V. Gordon 1929 The Danube in Prehistory. Clarendon Press, Oxford.Google Scholar
Couclelis, Helen, Golledge, Reginald G., Gale, Nathan, and Tobler, Waldo 1987 Exploring the Anchor-Point Hypothesis of Spatial Cognition. Journal of Environmental Psychology 7:99–122.Google Scholar
Deloria, Vine Jr. 1994 God is Red: A Native View of Religion. Fulcrum, Golden, Colorado.Google Scholar
Downs, Roger M., and Stea, David 1977 Maps in Minds: Reflections on Cognitive Mapping. Harper and Row, New York.Google Scholar
Emirbayer, Mustafa, and Goodwin, Jeff 1994 Network Analysis, Culture, and the Problem of Agency. American Journal of Sociology 99:1411–1454.Google Scholar
Fisher, Peter, Farrelly, Chris, Maddocks, Adrian, and Ruggles, Clive 1997 Spatial Analysis of Visible Areas from the Bronze Age Cairns of Mull. Journal of Archaeological Science 24:581–592.Google Scholar
Ferguson, Thomas J., and Richard Hart, E. 1985 A Zuni Atlas. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Fowles, Severin M. 2010 The Southwest School of Landscape Archaeology. Annual Review of Anthropology 39:453–468.Google Scholar
Fowles, Severin M. 2013a An Archaeology of Doings: Secularism and the Study of Pueblo Religion. School of Advanced Research Press, Santa Fe.Google Scholar
Fowles, Severin M. 2013b On Pueblo Emergence. Paper presented at the 79th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Honolulu.Google Scholar
Fox, James A. 1997 Genealogy and Topogeny: Towards an Ethnography of Rotinese Ritual Place Names.” In The Poetic Power of Place: Comparative Perspectives on Austronesian Ideas of Locality, edited by James J. Fox, pp. 89–100. Australian National University Press, Canberra.Google Scholar
Freeman, Linton C. 2005 Graphic Techniques for Exploring Social Network Data. In Models and Methods in Social Network Analysis, edited by Peter J. Carrington, John Scott and Stanley Wasserman, pp. 248–269. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Gillings, M. 2009 Visual Affordance, Landscape and the Megaliths of Alderney. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 28:335–356.Google Scholar
Goldman, Irving 1940 Cosmological Beliefs of the Cubeo Indians. Journal of American Folklore 53:292–297.Google Scholar
Golitko, Mark, Meierhoff, James, Feinman, Gary M., and Williams, Patrick Ryan 2012 Complexities of Collapse: The Evidence of Maya Obsidian as Revealed by Social Network Graphical Analysis. Antiquity 86:507–523.Google Scholar
Golledge, Reginald 1976 Methods and Methodological Issues in Environmental Cognition Research. In Environmental Knowing, edited by Gary T. Moore and Reginald G. Golledge, pp. 300–313. Dowden, Hutchinson, and Ross, Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania.Google Scholar
Golledge, Reginald 1978 Representing, Interpreting, and Using Cognized Environments. Papers of the Regional Science Association 41(1):168–204.Google Scholar
Goodnough, Abby 2010 For Cape Cod Wind Farm, New Hurdle is Spiritual. New York Times. 4 January:A11. New York.Google Scholar
Harrington, John P. 1916 The Ethnogeography of the Tewa Indians. Annual Report No. 29, pp. 29–618. Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Hart, John P., and Engelbrecht, William 2012 Northern Iroquoian Ethnic Evolution: A Social Network Analysis. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 19:322–349.Google Scholar
Helms, Mary W. 1988 Ulysses’ Sail: An Ethnographic Odyssey of Power, Knowledge, and Geographical Distance. Princeton University Press, Princeton.Google Scholar
Herr, Sarah A. 2001 Beyond Chaco: Great Kiva Communities on the Mogollon Rim Frontier. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Higuchi, Tadahiko 1983 Visual and Spatial Structure of Landscapes. MIT Press, Boston.Google Scholar
Hill, J. Brett, Clark, Jeffery J., Doelle, William H., and Lyons, Patrick D. 2004 Prehistoric Demography in the Southwest: Migration, Coalescence and Hohokam Population Decline. American Antiquity 69:689–716.Google Scholar
Hill, J. Brett, Wilcox, David R., Doelle, William H., and Robinson, William J. 2012 Coalescent Communities GIS Database Version 2.0: Archaeology Southwest, Museum of Northern Arizona. Manuscript on file, Archaeology Southwest, Tucson.Google Scholar
Hill, Jane H. 2007 The Zuni Language in Southwestern Areal Context. In Zuni Origins: Toward a New Synthesis of Southwestern Archaeology, edited by David Gregory and David Wilcox, pp. 22–38. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Hirtle, Stephen C. 1998 The Cognitive Atlas: Using GIS as a Metaphor for Memory. In Spatial and Temporal Reasoning in Geographic Information Systems, edited by Max Egenhofer and Reginald Golledge, pp. 263–271. Oxford University Press, Oxford.Google Scholar
Hoffman, James E. 1998 Visual Attention and Eye Movements. In Attention, edited by Harold Pashler, pp. 119–154. University College London Press, London.Google Scholar
Holyoak, Keith J., and Mah, Wesley A. 1982 Cognitive Reference Points in Judgments of Symbolic Magnitude. Cognitive Psychology 14:328–352.Google Scholar
Holyoak, Keith J., and Mah, Wesley A. 1979 From the Milk River: Spatial and Temporal Processes in Northwest Amazonia. Cambridge University Press, London.Google Scholar
Ingold, Timothy 2000 The Perception of the Environment: Essays on Livelihood, Dwelling and Skill. Routledge, London.Google Scholar
Irwin-Williams, C. 1977 A Network Model for the Analysis of Prehistoric Trade. In Exchange Systems in Prehistory, edited by Timothy K. Earle and Jonathan Ericson, pp. 141–151. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Jett, Stephen C. 1992 An Introduction to Navajo Sacred Places. Journal of Cultural Geography 13(1):29–39.Google Scholar
Jones, Eric 2006 Using Viewshed Analysis to Explore Settlement Choice: A Case Study of the Onondaga Iroquois. American Antiquity 71:523–538.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kendall, David G. 1969 Incidence Matrices, Interval Graphs and Seriation in Archaeology. Pacific Journal of Mathematics 28:565–570.Google Scholar
Kitchin, Rob M. 1994 Cognitive Maps–What Are They and Why Study Them. Journal of Environmental Psychology 14:1–19.Google Scholar
Knappett, Carl 2011 An Archaeology of Interaction: Network Perspectives on Material Culture and Society. Oxford University Press, Oxford.Google Scholar
Landau, Barbara, and Jackendoff, Ray 1993 “What” and “Where” in Spatial Language and Cognition. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 16:17–65.Google Scholar
Llobera, Marcos 2001 Building Past Perceptions with GIS: Understanding Topographic Prominence. Journal of Archaeological Science 28:1005–1014.Google Scholar
Llobera, Marcos 2003 Extending GIS-Based Visual Analysis: The Concept of Visualscapes. International Journal of Geographical Information Science 17:25–48.Google Scholar
Llobera, Marcos 2007 Reconstructing Visual Landscapes. World Archaeology 39:51–69.Google Scholar
Lloyd, Robert 1989 Cognitive Maps: Encoding and Decoding Information. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 79:101–124.Google Scholar
Lloyd, Robert, and Heivly, Christopher 1987 Systematic Distortions in Urban Cognitive Maps. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 77:191–207.Google Scholar
Lynch, Kevin 1960 The Image of the City. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
MacEachren, Alan M. 1992 Application of Environmental Learning Theory to Spatial Knowledge Acquisition from Maps. Annals Association of American Geographers 82:245–274.Google Scholar
McNamara, Timothy P., and Diwadkar, Vaibhav A. 1997 Symmetry and Asymmetry of Human Spatial Memory. Cognitive Psychology 34:160–190.Google Scholar
Mahoney, Nancy M. 2000 Redefining the Scale of Chacoan Communities. In Great House Communities across the Chacoan Landscape, edited by John Kantner and Nancy M. Mahoney, pp. 17–27. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Malville, J. McKim, and Malville, Nancy 2001 Pilgrimage and Periodic Festivals as Processes of Social Integration in Chaco Canyon. Kiva 66:327–344.Google Scholar
Mark, David M., Freksa, Christian, Hirtle, Stephen C., Lloyd, Robert, and Tversky, Barbara 1999 Cognitive Models of Geographical Space. International Journal of Geographical Information Science 13:747–774.Google Scholar
Mead, Margaret 1928 Coming of Age in Samoa: A Psychological Study of Primitive Youth for Western Civilization. William Morrow, New York.Google Scholar
Mills, Barbara J., Clark, Jeffery J., Peeples, Matthew A., Haas, J. Jr., Roberts, John M. Jr., Brett Hill, William R., Huntley, Deborah L., Borck, Lewis, Breiger, Ronald L., Clauset, Aaron, and Steven Shackley, M. 2013a Transformation of Social Networks in the Late Pre-Hispanic U.S. Southwest. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110:5785–5790.Google Scholar
Mills, Barbara J., Roberts, Jeffery J. Jr., Clark, John M., Randall Haas, Deborah Jr., Huntley, William R., Peeples, Matthew A., Borck, Lewis, Ryan, Susan C., Trowbridge, Meaghan A., and Breiger, Ronald L. 2013b The Dynamics of Social Networks in the Late Pre-hispanic U.S. Southwest. In Network Analysis in Archaeology: New Approaches to Regional Interaction, edited by Carl Knappett, pp. 181–202. Oxford University Press, Oxford.Google Scholar
Mitchell, J. Clyde 1969 Social Networks in Urban Situations: Analyses of Personal Relationships in Central African Towns. Manchester University Press, Manchester.Google Scholar
Mizoguchi, Koji 2009 Nodes and Edges: A Network Approach to Hierar-chisation and State Formation in Japan. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 28:14–26.Google Scholar
Montello, David R. 1997 The Perception and Cognition of Environmental Distance: Direct Source of Information. In Spatial Information Theory: A Theoretical Basis for GIS, edited by Stephen C. Hirtle and Andrew U. Frank, pp. 297–311. Lecture Notes in Computer Science No. 1329. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg.Google Scholar
Nadel, Siegfried F. 1957 The Theory of Social Structure. Cohen and West, London.Google Scholar
Naranjo, Tessie 1995 Thoughts on Migration by Santa Clara Pueblo. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 14:247–250.Google Scholar
Newman, Mark E. J. 2004 Coauthorship Networks and Patterns of Scientific Collaboration. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101:5200–5205.Google Scholar
Ogburn, Dennis E. 2006 Assessing the Level of Visibility of Cultural Objects in Past Landscapes. Journal of Archaeological Science 33:405–413.Google Scholar
Ortiz, Alfonso 1972 The Tewa World. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Ortman, Scott G. 2012 Winds from the North: Tewa Origins and Historical Anthropology. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Ortman, Scott G., and Cameron, Catherine M. 2011 A Framework for Controlled Comparisons of Ancient Southwestern Movement. In Movement, Connectivity, and Landscape Change in the Ancient Southwest, edited by Margaret Nelson and Colleen Strawhacker, pp. 233–252. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Pailes, Matthew C. 2014 Social Network Analysis of Early Classic Hohokam Corporate Group Inequality. American Antiquity 79:465–486.Google Scholar
Peeples, Matthew A. 2011 Identity and Social Transformation in the Prehispanic Cibola World: A.D. 1150–1325. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Arizona State University, Tempe.Google Scholar
Peeples, Matthew A., and Haas, William R. Jr. 2013 Brokerage and Social Capital in the Prehispanic U.S. Southwest. American Anthropologist 115:232–246.Google Scholar
Peeples, Matthew A., and Roberts, John M. Jr. 2013 To Binarize or Not to Binarize: Relational Data and the Construction of Archaeological Networks. Journal of Archaeological Science 40:3001–3010.Google Scholar
Pick, Herbert, Montello, Daniel R., and Somerville, Susan 2011 Landmarks and the Coordination and Integration of Spatial Information. British Journal of Developmental Psychology 6:372–375.Google Scholar
Podobnikar, Tomaz 2012 Detecting Mountain Peaks and Delineating Their Shapes Using Digital Elevation Models, Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems Using Autometric Methodological Procedures. International Journal of Remote Sensing 4:784–809.Google Scholar
Presson, Clark C., and Montello, Daniel R. 1988 Points of Reference in Spatial Cognition: Stalking the Elusive Landmark. British Journal of Developmental Psychology 6:378–381.Google Scholar
Sadalla, Edward. K., Jeffrey Burroughs, W., and Staplin, Lorin J. 1980 Reference Points in Spatial Cognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory 6:516–528.Google Scholar
Shanon, Benny 1983 Answers to Where-questions. Discourse Processes 6:319–352.Google Scholar
Stankiewicz, Brian, and Kalia, Amy 2007 Acquisition of Structural versus Object Landmark Knowledge. Journal of Experimental Psychology 33:378–390.Google Scholar
Stone, Glen Davis 1991 Agricultural Territories in a Dispersed Settlement System. Current Anthropology 32:343–353.Google Scholar
Thomas, Julian 1993 The Politics of Vision and Archaeologies of Landscape. In Landscape: Politics and Perspectives, edited by B. Bender, pp. 19–48. Berg, Oxford.Google Scholar
Thornton, Robert J. 1980 Space, Time and Culture among the Iraqw of Tanzania. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Tolman, Edward C. 1948 Cognitive Maps in Rats and Men. Psychological Review 55:189–208.Google Scholar
Tuan, Yi-Fu 1974 Topophilia: A Study of Environmental Perception, Attitudes, and Values. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.Google Scholar
Tversky, Barbara 1993 Cognitive Maps, Cognitive Collages, and Spatial Mental Models. In Spatial Information Theory: A Theoretical Basis for GIS, edited by Andrew U. Frank and Irene Campari, pp. 14–24. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.Google Scholar
Tversky, Barbara 2000 Levels and Structures of Spatial Knowledge. In Cognitive Mapping: Past, Present, and Future, edited by Rob Kitchin and Scott Freundschuh, pp. 24–43. Routledge, London.Google Scholar
U.S. Forest Service 1995 Landscape Aesthetics: A Handbook for Scenery Management. Agriculture Handbook No. 701. U.S.D.A. Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Van Dyke, Ruth 2007 The Chaco Experience: Landscape and Ideology at the Center Place. School for Advanced Research Press, Santa Fe.Google Scholar
Varien, Mark D. 1999 Sedentism and Mobility in a Social Landscape. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Wagner, Mark 2006 The Geometries of Visual Space. Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah, New Jersey.Google Scholar
Wagner, Mark 2008 Comparing the Psychophysical and Geometric Characteristics of Spatial Perception and Cognitive Maps. Cognitive Studies 15:6–21.Google Scholar
Wasserman, Stanley, and Faust, Katherine 1994 Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Wheatley, David 1995 Cumulative Viewshed Analysis: A GIS-Based Method for Investigating Intervisibility, and its Archaeological Application. In Archaeology and Geographical Information Systems: A European Perspective, edited by Gary Lock and Zoran Stancic, pp. 171–186. Taylor and Francis, London.Google Scholar
Wheatley, David, and Gillings, Mark 2000 Vision, Perception and GIS: Developing Enriched Approaches to the Study of Archaeological Visibility. In: Beyond the Map: Archaeology and Spatial Technologies, edited by Gary Lock pp. 1–27. IOS Press, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Whiteley, Peter 2004 Social Formations in the Pueblo IV Southwest: An Ethnological View. In The Protohistoric Pueblo World: AD. 1275–1600, edited by E. Charles Adams and Andrew I. Duff, pp. 144–155. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Whiteley, Peter 2011 Hopi Place Value: Translating a Landscape. In Born in the Blood: On Native American Translation, edited by Brian Swann, pp. 84–108. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.Google Scholar
Wilcox, David R., Doelle, William H., Brett Hill, J., and Holmlund, James P. 2003 Coalescent Communities GIS Database: Museum of Northern Arizona, Center for Desert Archaeology (Archaeology Southwest), Western Mapping, Inc. Manuscript on file, Archaeology Southwest, Tucson, Arizona.Google Scholar
Wobst, H. Martin 1974 Boundary Conditions for Paleolithic Social Systems: A Simulation Approach. American Antiquity 39:147–178.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: PDF

Bernardini and Peeples Supplementary Material

Figure S1

Download Bernardini and Peeples Supplementary Material(PDF)
PDF 222 KB
Supplementary material: PDF

Bernardini and Peeples Supplementary Material

Figure S2

Download Bernardini and Peeples Supplementary Material(PDF)
PDF 260.6 KB
Supplementary material: PDF

Bernardini and Peeples Supplementary Material

Figure S3

Download Bernardini and Peeples Supplementary Material(PDF)
PDF 220.6 KB
Supplementary material: PDF

Bernardini and Peeples Supplementary Material

Figure S4

Download Bernardini and Peeples Supplementary Material(PDF)
PDF 201.9 KB
Supplementary material: PDF

Bernardini and Peeples Supplementary Material

Figure S5

Download Bernardini and Peeples Supplementary Material(PDF)
PDF 175.9 KB
Supplementary material: PDF

Bernardini and Peeples Supplementary Material

Figure S6

Download Bernardini and Peeples Supplementary Material(PDF)
PDF 170 KB
Supplementary material: PDF

Bernardini and Peeples Supplementary Material

Figure S7

Download Bernardini and Peeples Supplementary Material(PDF)
PDF 165.7 KB
Supplementary material: PDF

Bernardini and Peeples Supplementary Material

Figure S8

Download Bernardini and Peeples Supplementary Material(PDF)
PDF 158.6 KB
Supplementary material: PDF

Bernardini and Peeples Supplementary Material

Figure S9

Download Bernardini and Peeples Supplementary Material(PDF)
PDF 154.5 KB
Supplementary material: PDF

Bernardini and Peeples Supplementary Material

Figure S10

Download Bernardini and Peeples Supplementary Material(PDF)
PDF 151.7 KB