Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-ndw9j Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-12T13:59:48.760Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Prey Body Size and Ranking in Zooarchaeology: Theory, Empirical Evidence, and Applications from the Northern Great Basin

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Jack M. Broughton ,
Michael D. Cannon ,
Frank E. Bayham  and
David A. Byers
Jack M. Broughton
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, 270 S. 1400 E., Room 102, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 ([email protected])
Michael D. Cannon
Affiliation:
SWCA Environmental Consultants, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
Frank E. Bayham
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, California State University, Chico, California 85929-0400
David A. Byers
Affiliation:
Department of Sociology, Anthropology and Criminology, Missouri State University, Springfield, Missouri
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The use of body size as an index of prey rank in zooarchaeology has fostered a widely applied approach to understanding variability in foraging efficiency. This approach has, however, been critiqued—most recently by the suggestion that large prey have high probabilities of failed pursuits. Here, we clarify the logic and history of using body size as a measure of prey rank and summarize empirical data on the body size-return rate relationship. With few exceptions, these data document strong positive relationships between prey size and return rate. We then illustrate, with studies from the Great Basin, the utility of body size-based abundance indices (e.g., the Artiodactyl Index) when used as one component of multidimensional analyses of prehistoric diet breadth. We use foraging theory to derive predictions about Holocene variability in diet breadth and test those predictions using the Artiodactyl Index and over a dozen other archaeological indices. The results indicate close fits between the predictions and the data and thus support the use of body size-based abundance indices as measures of foraging efficiency. These conclusions have implications for reconstructions of Holocene trends in large game hunting in western North America and for zooarchaeological applications of foraging theory in general.

Resumen

Resumen

El uso del tamaño del cuerpo como un índice de rango presa en zooarqueológico aplicaciones de la teoría del forrajeo ha fomentado un enfoque ampliamente aplicado a la variabilidad de la comprensión en la eficiencia de forrajeo y amplitud de la dieta. Este enfoque ha sido criticado periódicamente, con una preocupación más recientes derivados de los datos etnográficos que sugieren que la presa de gran tamaño puede estar asociado con altas probabilidades de actividades y por lo tanto no las tasas de retorno bajo. En este documento, clarificar la logica y la historia de la utilización de tamaño corporal como una medida de rango de presas y resumir los datos empíricos sobre el tamaño de la relación cuerpo-la tasa de retorno, haciendo hincapié en los artiodáctilos y los lagomorfos. Estos documento de datos fuertes relaciones positivas entre el tamaño de Ias presas y tasa de retorno, con excepciones limitadas a los casos que no incluyen los artiodáctilos, y que se caracterizan por estrechos márgenes de tamaño de Ias presas. A continuación, ilustran con Estudios de caso de Ia cuenca del norte de la Gran la utilidad del tamaño corporal basado en los índices de abundancia (por ejemplo, el índice de Artiodáctilo: ∑ NISP Artiodáctilo/∑[NISP Lagomorfos + Artiodáctilos]) cuando se utilizacomo un componente de análisis multidimensionales de amplitud de Ia dieta prehistórica. En estos Estudios de caso, utilizamos modelos de Ia teoria de forrajeo para obtener predicciones sobre Ia variabilidad del Holoceno en la amplitud de Ia dieta de Ia hipótesis de clima tendências determinadas en la densidad de artiodáctilos. A continuación, prueba de Ias predicciones utilizando el índice de artiodáctilos y más de una docena de otros índices derivados de Ia fauna arqueológica, floral, y ensamblajes de Ia herramienta. Los resultados indican una estrecha encaja entre Ias predicciones y los datos empíricos y con ello proporcionar un fuerte apoyo para la utilización del tamaño corporal basado en los índices de abundância como medidas de eficiência de forrajeo. Estas conclusiones tienen implicaciones de largo alcance no sólo para Ias reconstrucciones de Ias tendencias recientes del Holoceno en la caza mayor y la variabilidad del comportamiento relacionados en el oeste de América del Norte, pero para las aplicaciones de la teoria delforrajeo zooarqueológico en general.

Type
Articles
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 76 , Issue 3 , July 2011 , pp. 403 - 428
Copyright
Copyright © Society for American Archaeology 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References Cited

Aikens, C. Melvin 1970 Hogup Cave. University of Utah Anthropological Papers 93. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Alvard, Michael 1993 Testing the “Ecologically Noble Savage” Hypothesis: Interspecific Prey Choice by Piro Hunters of Amazonian Peru. Human Ecology 21:355–387.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bartelink, Eric, J. 2006 Resource Intensification in Pre-Contact Central California: A Bioarchaeological Perspective on Diet and Health Patterns among Hunter-Gatherers from the Lower Sacramento Valley and San Francisco Bay. Ph. D. Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Bayham, Frank. E. 1977 Analysis of Faunal Remains and Animal Exploitation in Copper Basin. In Archaeology in Copper Basin, Yavapai County, Arizona: Model Building for the Prehistory of the Prescott Region, edited by Marvin D. Jeter, pp. 339–367. Anthropological Research paper No. 11. Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona.Google Scholar
Bayham, Frank. E. 1979 Factors Influencing the Archaic Pattern of Animal Utilization. Kiva 44:219–235.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bayham, Frank. E. 1982 A Diachronic Analysis of Prehistoric Animal Exploitation at Ventana Cave. Ph. D. Dissertation. Department of Anthropology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Bayham, Frank. E. 1986 Middle Archaic Animal Utilization in South Central Arizona. In Prehistoric Hunter Gatherers of South Central Arizona: The Picacho Reservoir Archaic Project, edited by Frank E. Bayham, D. H. Morris, and M. S. Shackley, pp. 315–340. Arizona State University Anthropological Field Studies 13. Tempe, Arizona.Google Scholar
Bayham, Frank. E. 2010 Effects of a Sedentary Lifestyle on the Utilization of Animals in the Prehistoric Southwest. In Evolutionary Ecology and Archaeology: Applications to Problems in Human Evolution and Prehistory, edited by Jack M. Broughton and Michael D. Cannon, pp. 159–171. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City,Google Scholar
Beaton, John, M. 1973 The Nature of Aboriginal Exploitation of Mollusk Populations in Southern California. Master’s thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Beck, R. Kelly 2010 The Molecular Genetics of Prey Choice: Using Ancient DNA to Infer Prehistoric Population Histories. California Archaeology 1:253–268.Google Scholar
Betts, Matthew W., and Max Friesen, T. 2006 Declining Foraging Returns from an Inexhaustible Resource? Abundance Indices and Beluga Whaling in the Western Canadian Arctic. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 25:59–81.Google Scholar
Bird, Douglas W., Bird, Rebecca Bliege, and Codding, Brian F. 2009 In Pursuit of Mobile Prey: Martu Hunting Strategies and Archaeofaunal Interpretation. American Antiquity 74:3–30.Google Scholar
Bird, Douglas W., and O’Connell, James F. 2006 Behavioral Ecology and Archaeology. Journal of Archaeological Research 14:143–188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bright, Jason, Ugan, Andrew, and Hunsaker, Lori 2002 The Effect of Handling Time on Subsistence Technology. World Archaeology 34:164–181.Google Scholar
Broughton, Jack, M. 1994a Late Holocene Resource Intensification in the Sacramento Valley, California: The Vertebrate Evidence. Journal of Archaeological Science 21:501–514.Google Scholar
Broughton, Jack, M. 1994b Declines in Mammalian Foraging Efficiency During the Late Holocene, San Francisco Bay. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 13:371–401.Google Scholar
Broughton, Jack, M. 1995 Resource Depression and Intensification During the Late Holocene, San Francisco Bay: Evidence from the Emeryville Shellmound Vertebrate Fauna. Ph. D. Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Washington. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Broughton, Jack, M. 1999 Resource Depression and Intensification during the Late Holocene, San Francisco Bay: Evidencefmm the Emeryville Shellmound Vertebrate Fauna. University of California Publications, Anthropological Records 32. Berkeley, California.Google Scholar
Broughton, Jack, M. 2002 Prey Spatial Structure and Behavior Affect Archaeological Tests of Optimal Foraging Models: Examples from the Emeryville Shellmound Vertebrate Fauna. World Archaeology 34:60–83.Google Scholar
Broughton, Jack, M. 2004 Prehistoric Human Impacts on California Birds: Evidence from the Emeryville Shellmound Avifauna. Ornithological Monographs 56. Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Broughton, Jack, M., and Bayham, Frank E. 2002 Showing Off, Foraging Models, and the Ascendance of Large Game Hunting in the California Middle Archaic. American Antiquity 68:783–789.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broughton, Jack M., Byers, David, Bryson, Reid, Eckerle, William, and Madsen, David B. 2008 Did Climatic Seasonality Control Late Quaternary Artiodactyl Densities in Western North America? Quaternary Science Reviews 37:1916–1937.Google Scholar
Broughton, Jack M., and Cannon, Michael D. (Editors) 2010 Evolutionary Ecology and Archaeology: Applications to Prohlems in Human Evolution and Prehistory. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Broughton, Jack M., Cannon, Michael D., and Bartelink, Eric J. 2010 Evolutionary Ecology, Resource Depression, and Niche Construction Theory in Archaeology: Applications to Central California Hunter-Gatherers and Mimbres-Mogollon Agriculturalists. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 17:371–21.Google Scholar
Broughton, Jack M., and Grayson, Donald K. 1993 Diet Breadth, Adaptive Change and the White Mountains Faunas. Journal of Archaeological Science 20:331–336.Google Scholar
Broughton, Jack M., Mullins, Daniel, and Ekker, Tamara 2006 Avian Resource Depression or Intertaxonomic Variation in Bone Density? A Test with San Francisco Bay Avifaunas. Journal of Archaeological Science 34:374–391.Google Scholar
Broughton, Jack M., and O’Connell, James F. 1999 On Evolutionary Ecology, Selectionist Archaeology and Behavioral Archaeology. American Antiquity 64:153–165.Google Scholar
Butler, L. Virginia 2000 Resource Depression on the Northwest Coast of North America. Antiquity 74:649–661.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butler, Virginia, L., and Campbell, Sarah K. 2002 Resource Intensification and Resource Depression in the Pacific Northwest of North America: a Zooarchaeological Review. Journal of World Prehistory 18:327–05.Google Scholar
Byers, David A., and Broughton, Jack M. 2004 Holocene Environmental Change, Artiodactyl Abundances, and Human Hunting Strategies in the Great Basin. American Antiquity 69:235–255.Google Scholar
Byers, David A., and Hill, Brenda L. 2009 Pronghorn Dental Age Profiles and Holocene Hunting Strategies at Hogup Cave, Utah. American Antiquity 74:299–322.Google Scholar
Byers, David A., and Smith, Criag S. 2007 Ecosystem Controls and the Archaeofaunal Record: An Example from the Wyoming Basin, U.S.A. The Holocene 17:1171–1184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Byers, David A., Smith, Criag S., and Broughton, Jack M. 2005 Holocene Artiodactyl Population Histories and Large Game Hunting in the Wyoming Basin, USA. Journal of Archaeological Science 32: 125–142.Google Scholar
Cannon, Michael D. 2000 Large Mammal Relative Abundance in Pithouse and Pueblo Period Archaeofaunas From Southwestern New Mexico: Resource Depression among the Mimbres-Mogollon? Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 19:317–347.Google Scholar
Cannon, Michael D. 2003 A Model of Central Place Forager Prey Choice and an Application to Faunal Remains from the Mimbres Valley, New Mexico. Journal of Archaeological Science 22:1–25.Google Scholar
Cannon, Michael D. 2004 Geographic Variability in North American Mammal Community Richness during the Terminal Pleistocene. Quaternary Science Reviews 23:1099–1123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cannon, Michael D. 2010 A Revised Research Context for the Prehistoric Archaeology of the Little Boulder Basin Area, North-central Nevada. SWCA Cultural Resources Report No. 2009–87 SWCA Environmental Consultants, Salt Lake City. Submitted to U.S. Bureau of Land Management, Elko District, Tuscarora Field Office, Elko, NV. BLM Project No. BLM 1–2505. Forthcoming in BLM Nevada Cultural Resource Series (http://www.blm.gov/nv/st/en/prog/more-programs/cultural−resources/reports.html).Google Scholar
Cannon, Michael D., and Broughton, Jack M. 2010 Evolutionary Ecology and Archaeology: An Introduction. In Evolutionary Ecology and Archaeology: Applications to Problems in Human Evolution and Prehistory, edited by Jack M. Broughton and Michael D. Cannon, pp. 1–12. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Carpenter, Kimberly 2004 Terrestrial Faunal Remains. In Archaeological Excavations at Pie Creek and Tide Valley Shelters, Elko County, Nevada, edited by Kelly R. McGuire, Michael G. Delacorte, and Kimberly Carpenter, pp. 105–110. Nevada State Museum Anthropological Papers No. 25. Carson City, Nevada.Google Scholar
Durrant, Stephen, D. 1970 Faunal Remains as Indicators of Neothermal Climates at Hogup Cave. In Hogup Cave edited by C. Melvin Aikens, pp. 241–245. University of Utah Anthropological Papers, Number 93. Salt Lake City, Utah.Google Scholar
Elston, Robert G., and Budy, Elizabeth E. 1990 The Archaeology of James Creek Shelter. University of Utah Anthropological Papers No. 115. Salt Lake City, Utah.Google Scholar
Emery, Kitty F. 2007 Assessing the Impact of Ancient Maya Animal Use. Journal for Nature Conservation 15:184–195.Google Scholar
Etnier, Michael A. 2007 Defining and Identifying Sustainable Harvests of Resources: Archaeological Examples of Pinniped Harvests in the Eastern North Pacific. Journal for Nature Conservation 15:196–207.Google Scholar
Faith, Tyler J. 2007 Changes in Reindeer Body Part Representation at Grotte XVI, Dordogne, France. Journal of Archaeological Science 34:2003–2011.Google Scholar
Fitzhugh, Ben 2003 The Evolution of Complex Hunter-Gatherers: Archaeological Evidence from the North Pacific. Plenum, New York.Google Scholar
Garland, Theodore Jr., 1983 The Relation Between Maximal Running Speed and Body Mass in Terrestrial Mammals. Journal of Zoology 199:157–170.Google Scholar
Garland, Theodore Jr., and Janis, Christine M. 1993 Does Metatarsal/Femur Ratio Predict Maximal Running Speed in Cursorial Mammals? Journal of Zoology 229:133–151.Google Scholar
Grayson, Donald K. 1974 The Riverhaven No. 1 Vertebrate Fauna: Comments on Methods in Faunal Analysis and on Aspects of the Subsistence Potential of Prehistoric New York. Man in the Northeast 8:23–39.Google Scholar
Grayson, Donald K. 1984 Quantitative Zooarchaeology. Academic Press, Orlando.Google Scholar
Grayson, Donald K. 1990 The James Creek Shelter Mammals. In The Archaeology of James Creek Shelter, edited by Robert G. Elston and Elizabeth E. Budy, pp. 87–98. University of Utah Anthropological Papers No. 115. Salt Lake City, Utah.Google Scholar
Grayson, Donald K. 1991 Alpine Faunas from the White Mountains, California: Adaptive Change in the Late Prehistoric Great Basin? Journal of Archaeological Science 18:483–506.Google Scholar
Grayson, Donald K. 1993 The Desert’s Past: A Natural Prehistory of the Great Basin. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Grayson, Donald K. 2001 The Archaeological Record of Human Impacts on Animal Populations. World Prehistory 15:1–68.Google Scholar
Grayson, Donald K. 2006 The Late Quaternary Biogeographic Histories of some Great Basin Mammals (western USA. Quaternary Science Reviews 25:2964–2991.Google Scholar
Grayson, Donald, K., and Delpech, Francoise 1998 Changing Diet Breadth in the Early Paleolithic of Southwestern France. Journal of Archaeological Science 25:1119–1129.Google Scholar
Griffiths, David 1975 Prey Availability and the Food of Predators. Ecology 56:1209–1214.Google Scholar
Grimstead, Deanna N. 2005 Tracking Artiodactyl Hunting Across Late Period Northern California: An Assessment of Traditional and Geo-chemical Methods. Masters thesis, Department of Anthropology, California State University, Chico.Google Scholar
Grimstead, Deanna N. 2009 Contradictions and Compliments: The Use of Geochemistry and Body Part Utility Analysis to Detect Non-Local Procurement Strategies during the Late Holocene in Northern California. In Understanding California Prehistory: Deriving Meaning from Shells, Bones, and Other Remains, edited by Michael A. Glassow and Terry L. Joslin, in Press.Google Scholar
Grimstead, Deanna N. 2009 Ethnographic and Modeled Costs of Long-distance, Big-Game Hunting. American Antiquity 75:61–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hawkes, Kristen, Hill, Kim, and O’Connell, James F. 1982 Why Hunters Gather: Optimal Foraging and the Ache of Eastern Paraguay. American Ethnologist 9:379–398.Google Scholar
Hildebrandt, William R., and Jones, Terry L. 2002 Depletion of Prehistoric Pinniped Populations along the California and Oregon Coasts: Were Humans the Cause? In Wilderness and Political Ecology: Aboriginal Influences and the Original State of Nature, edited by Charles E. Kay, and Randall T. Simmons, pp. 72–110. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Hildebrandt, William R., and McGuire, Kelly R. 2002 The Ascendance of Hunting During the California Middle Archaic: An Evolutionary Perspective. American Antiquity 67:231–256.Google Scholar
Hill, Kim, and Hawkes, Kristen 1983 Neotropical Hunting among the Ache of Eastern Paraguay. In Adaptive Responses of Native Amazonians, edited by R. Hames and William Vickers, pp. 139–188. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Hill, Kim, Kaplan, Hillard, Hawkes, Kristen, and Magdalena Hurtado, A. 1987 Foraging Decisions among the Ache Hunter-gatherers: New Data and Implications for Optimal Foraging Models. Ethology and Sociobiology 8:1–36.Google Scholar
Hockett, Brian S. 1993 Taphonomy of the Leporid Bones from Hogup Cave, Utah: Implications for Cultural Continuity in the Eastern Great Basin. Ph. D. Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada, Reno. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Hockett, Brian S. 1994 A Descriptive Analysis of the Leporid Bones from Hogup Cave, Utah. Journal of California and Great Basin Archaeology 16:106–117.Google Scholar
Hockett, Brian S. 2005 Middle and Late Holocene Hunting in the Great Basin: A Critical Review of the Debate and Future Prospects. American Antiquity 70:713–731.Google Scholar
Holsworth, William N. 1973 Hunting Efficiency and White-tailed Deer Density. Journal of Wildlife Management 37:336–342.Google Scholar
Janetski, Joel, C. 1997 Fremont Hunting and Resource Intensification in the Eastern Great Basin. Journal of Archaeological Science 24:1075–1088.Google Scholar
Jones, Emily L. 2004 Dietary Evenness, Prey Choice, and Human-Environment Interactions. Journal of Archaeological Science 31:307–317.Google Scholar
Jones, Terry L., and Mark Raab, L. 2004 Rediscovery of California Prehistory. In Prehistoric California: Archaeology and the Myth of Paradise, edited by L. Mark Raab and Terry L. Jones, pp. 1–10. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Jones, Terry L., Porcasi, Judith F., Gaeta, Jereme, and Codding, Brian F. 2008 The Diablo Canyon Fauna: A Coarse-Grained Record of Trans-Holocene Foraging from the Central California Mainland Coast. American Antiquity 73:289–316.Google Scholar
Kennett, Douglas J. 2005 The Island Chumash: Behavioral Ecology of a Maritime Society. University of California Press, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Koster, Jeremy M. 2008 Hunting With Dogs in Nicaragua: An Optimal Foraging Approach. Current Anthropology 49:935–944.Google Scholar
Kuhn, Steven L., Stiner, Mary C., Reese, D. S., and Gulec, E. 2001 Ornaments of the Earliest Upper Paleolithic: New Insights from the Levant. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 98:7641–7646.Google Scholar
Lindstrom, Susan 1996 Great Basin Fisherfolk: Optimal Diet Breadth Modeling the Truckee River Aboriginal Subsistence Fishery. In Prehistoric Hunter-Gatherer Fishing Strategies, edited by Mark G. Plew, pp. 114–179. Department of Anthropology, Boise State University. Boise, Idaho.Google Scholar
Lupo, Karen D. 2007 Evolutionary Foraging Models in Zooarchaeological Analysis: Recent Applications and Future Challenges. Journal of Archaeological Research 15:143–189.Google Scholar
Lyman, R. Lee 2003a The Influence of Time Averaging and Space Averaging on the Application of Foraging Theory in Zooarchaeology. Journal of Archaeological Science 30:595–610.Google Scholar
Lyman, R. Lee 2003b Pinniped Behavior, Foraging Theory, and the Depression of Metapopulations and Nondepression of a Local Population on the Southern Northwest Coast of North America. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 22:376–388.Google Scholar
McGuire, Kelly R., and Hildebrandt, William R. 2004 Re-thinking Great Basin Foragers: Prestige Hunting and Costly Signaling During the Middle Archaic Period. American Antiquity 70:695–712.Google Scholar
McGuire, Kelly R., Hildebrandt, William R., and Carpenter, Kimberly L. 2007 Costly Signaling and the Ascendance of No-Can-Do Archaeology: A Reply to Codding and Jones. American Antiquity 72:358–365.Google Scholar
Madsen, David B. 2000 Late Quaternary Paleoecology in the Bonneville Basin. Utah Geological Survey Bulletin 130:1–190.Google Scholar
Madsen, David B., and Berry, Michael S. 1975 A Reassessment of Northeastern Great Basin Prehistory. American Antiquity 40:391–405.Google Scholar
Madsen, David B., and Schmitt, David N. 1997 Mass Collecting and the Diet Breadth Model: A Great Basin Example. Journal of Archaeological Science 25:445–457.Google Scholar
Maschner, Herbert D. G., Betts, Matthew W., Reedy-Maschner, Katherine L., and Trites, Andrew W. 2006 A 4500-year Time Series of Pacific Cod (Gadus macrocephalus) Size and Abundance: Archaeology, Oceanic Regime Shifts, and Sustainable Fisheries. Fishery Bulletin 106:386–394.Google Scholar
Morgan, John 2005 2003-04 Rabbit Hunter Cooperator Survey Report. Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources, Frankfort, Kentucky.Google Scholar
Morin, Eugene 2004 Late Pleistocene Population Interaction in Western Europe and Modern Human Origins: New Insights Based on the Faunal Remains from Saint-Césaire, Southwestern France. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Morin, Eugene 2011 Paleolithic Foragers at Saint-Cesaire, France: A Faunal Perspective on the Origins of Modern Humans. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, in press.Google Scholar
Morrison, Alex E., and Hunt, Terry L. 2007 Human Impacts on the Nearshore Environment: An Archaeological Case Study from Kaua’I, Hawaiian Islands. Pacific Science 61:325–345.Google Scholar
Mullen, Christine, O. 1997 Mammalian Response to Pleistocene/Holocene Environmental Change in the Great Basin: The Jackrabbit’s Tale. Ph. D. Dissertation. Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University of Nevada, Reno. University, Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Munson, Patrick J., Parmalee, Paul W., and Yarnell, Richard A. 1971 Subsistence Ecology of Scovill, a Terminal Middle Woodland Village. American Antiquity 36:410–431.Google Scholar
Nagaoka, Lisa 2001 Using Diversity Indices to Measure Changes in Prey Choice at the Shag River Mouth Site, Southern New Zealand. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 11:419–442.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nagaoka, Lisa 2002a Explaining Subsistence Change in Southern New Zealand using Foraging Theory Models. World Archaeology 34:84–102.Google Scholar
Nagaoka, Lisa 2002b The Effects of Resource Depression on Foraging Efficiency, Diet Breadth, and Patch Use in Southern New Zealand. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 21:419–442.Google Scholar
Nagaoka, Lisa 2005 Declining Foraging Efficiency and Moa Carcass Exploitation in Southern New Zealand. Journal of Archaeological Science 32:1328–1338.Google Scholar
Nagaoka, Lisa 2006 Prehistoric Seal Carcass Exploitation at the Shag River Mouth Site, New Zealand. Journal of Archaeological Science 33:1474–1481.Google Scholar
Parmalee, Paul W. 1970 Birds from Hogup Cave. In Hogup Cave, edited by C. Melvin Aikens, pp. 263–266. University of Utah Anthropological Papers, Number 93. Salt Lake City, Utah.Google Scholar
Porcasi, Judith, E., Jones, Terry L., and Mark Raab, L. 2000 Trans-Holocene Marine Mammal Exploitation on San Clemente Island, California: a Tragedy of the Commons Revisited. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 19: 200–220.Google Scholar
Raymond, Alan W., and Sobel, Elizabeth 1990 The Use of Tui Chub as Food by Indians of the Western Great Basin. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 12:2–18.Google Scholar
Rick, Torben C., and Erlandson, Jon M. 2000 Early Holocene Fishing Strategies on the California Coast: Evidence from CA-SBA-2057. Journal of Archaeological Science 27:621–633.Google Scholar
Ruth, Charles, R., and Simmons, H. L. Jr. 1999 Answering Questions About Guns, Ammo, and Man’s Best Friend. In The Twenty Second Annual Meeting of the Southeast Deer Study Group, pp. 28–29. Fayetteville, Arkansas. www.scilowcountry.org/cedar-knoll-deer-study.html Google Scholar
Simms, Steven, R. 1985 Acquisition Cost and Nutritional Data on Great Basin Resources. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 7:117–126.Google Scholar
Simms, Steven, R. 1987 Behavioral Ecology and Hunter-Gatherer Foraging: An Example from the Great Basin. BAR International Series 381. Oxford, England.Google Scholar
Smith, Bruce D. 1974 Middle Mississippi Exploitation of Animal Populations: A Predictive Model. American Antiquity 39:274–291.Google Scholar
Smith, Bruce D. 1979 Measuring the Selective Utilization of Animal Species by Prehistoric Human Populations. American Antiquity 44:155–160.Google Scholar
Smith, Craig., Byers, David A., and Craven, Cynthia 2008 Holocene Bison Procurement and Processing in the Wyoming Basin: The View from the Graham Ranch Site. Plains Anthropologist, 53:313–322.Google Scholar
Smith, Eric Alden 1991 Inujjuamiut Foraging Strategies: Evolutionary Ecology of an Arctic Hunting Economy. Aldine de Gruyter, New York.Google Scholar
South Carolina Department of Natural Resources 2009 South Carolina Rabbit Hunter Survey, 2007-08. South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, Columbia, South Carolina.Google Scholar
Stephens, David, W., and Krebs, John R. 1986 Foraging Theory. Princeton University Press, Princeton.Google Scholar
Stiner, Mary, C., and Munro, Natalie D. 2002 Approaches to Prehistoric Diet Breadth, Demography and Prey Ranking Systems in Time and Space. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 9:181–214.Google Scholar
Stiner, Mary, C., Munro, Natalie D., and Surovell, Todd A. 2000 The Tortoise and the Hare: Small Game Use, the Broad-spectrum Revolution, and Paleolithic Demography. Current Anthropology 41:39–73.Google Scholar
Stiner, Mary, C., Munro, Natalie D., Surovell, Todd A., Tchernov, Eitan, and Bar-Yosef, Ofer 1999 Paleolithic Population Growth Pulses Evidenced by Small Animal Exploitation. Science 283:190–194.Google Scholar
Stuiver, Minze, and Reimer, Paula J. 2005 Calib Radiocarbon Calibration Program Home Page. Electronic document, http://calib.qub.ac.uk/calib/.Google Scholar
Stutz, Aaron J., Munro, Natalie D., and Bar-Oz, Guy 2009 Increasing the Resolution of the Broad Spectrum Revolution in the Southern Levantine Epipaleolithic (19-12 ka). Journal of Human Evolution 56:294–306.Google Scholar
Szuter, Christine R., and Bayham, Frank E. 1989 Sedentism and Prehistoric Animal Procurement Among Desert Horticulturalists of the North American Southwest. In Farmers and Hunters: The Implications of Sedentism, edited by Susan Kent, pp. 80–95. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Ugan, Andrew 2005a Does Size Matter? Body size, Mass Collecting, and Their Implications for Understanding Prehistoric Foraging Behavior. American Antiquity 70:75–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ugan, Andrew 2005b Climate, Bone Density, and Resource Depression: What is Driving Variation in Large and Small Game in Fremont Archaeofaunas? Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 24:227–251.Google Scholar
Ugan, Andrew, and Bright, Jason 2001 Measuring Foraging Efficiency with Archaeological Faunas: The Relationship Between Relative Abundance Indices and Foraging Returns. Journal of Archaeological Science 28:1309–1321.Google Scholar
Ugan, Andrew, Bright, Jason, and Rogers, Alan R. 2003 When is Technology Worth the Trouble? Journal of Archaeological Science 30:1315–1329.Google Scholar
White, Theodore E. 1952 Observations on the Butchering Technique of Some Aboriginal Peoples: I. American Antiquity 17:337–338.Google Scholar
White, Theodore E. 1953 A Method of Calculating the Dietary Percentage of Various Food Animals Utilized by Aboriginal Peoples. American Antiquity 18:396–398.Google Scholar
Wilson, Davis S. 1976 Deducing the Energy Available in the Environment: An Application of Optimal Foraging Theory. Biotropica 8:96–103.Google Scholar
Winterhalder, Bruce 1977 Foraging Strategy Adaptations of the Boreal Forest Cree: An Evaluation of Theory and Models from Evolutionary Ecology. Ph. D. Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Cornell University. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Winterhalder, Bruce 1981 Foraging Strategies in the Boreal Forest: An Analysis of Cree Hunting and Gathering. In Hunter-Gatherer Foraging Strategies: Ethnographic and Archaeological Analyses, edited by Bruce Winterhalder and Eric Alden Smith, pp. 66–98. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Wolverton, Steve 2005 The Effects of the Hypsithermal on Prehistoric Foraging Efficiency in Missouri. American Antiquity 70:91–106.Google Scholar
Wolverton, Steve, Nagaoka, Lisa, Densmore, Julie, and Fullerton, Ben 2008 White-tailed Deer Harvest Pressure and Within-bone Nutrient Exploitation During the Mid-to-Late Holocene in Southeast Texas. Before Farming 2008:1–23.Google Scholar
Yesner, David R., and Aigner, Jean S. 1976 Comparative Biomass Estimates and Prehistoric Cultural Ecology of the Southwest Umnak Region, Aleutian Islands. Arctic Anthropology 8:91–112.Google Scholar
Young, D. Craig 2004 Geoarchaeology. In Archaeological Excavations at Pie Creek and Tule Valley Shelters, Elko County, Nevada, edited by Kelly R. McGuire, Michael G. Delacorte, and Kimberly Carpenter, pp. 39–53. Nevada State Museum Anthropological Papers No. 25. Carson City, Nevada.Google Scholar