Hostname: page-component-cc8bf7c57-pd9xq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-11T22:56:37.426Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

New Perspectives on Meadowood Trade Items

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Karine Taché
Karine Taché*
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal (QC), Canada, H3C 3J7 ([email protected])
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

In Early Woodland times, the creation of vast interaction spheres resulted in the widespread circulation of various objects and raw materials across northeastern North America. In this article, I discuss the contexts and spatial distribution of Meadowood trade items from over 240 archaeological sites. Traditionally viewed by William A. Ritchie as cult-related items, Meadowood artifacts have subsequently been interpreted as participating in a risk-buffering strategy. Alternatively, I present arguments supporting the role of Meadowood artifacts as part of a strategy used by a few individuals or corporate groups to increase their status through privilege access to rare and highly valued goods. Socially valued goods can be used in multiple ways and documenting this complexity is a prerequisite to understanding the mechanisms underlying the circulation of goods within the Meadowood Interaction Sphere, the structure of the network, and the incentives of the participating groups. This article stresses the need to move beyond the dichotomy between utilitarian/subsistence-related goods and non-utilitarian/ritual artifacts.

Resumen

Resumen

Au Sylvicole inférieur, la mise en place de vastes sphères d'interaction permet la circulation de divers produits et matières premières à travers le Nord-Est américain. Dans cet article, j'effectue une analyse contextuelle et spatiale de produits d'échange Meadowood provenant de plus de 240 sites archéologiques. D’abord considérés par William A. Ritchie comme objets de culte funéraire, on a ensuite cru que les artefacts Meadowood participaient à une stratégie de gestion des risques lors d’échanges réciproques et adaptatifs. Je présente ici des arguments en faveur d'une interprétation sociopolitique des artefacts Meadowood, où certains individus ou groupes d'individus utiliseraient leur accès privilégié à des biens rares et prestigieux pour augmenter leur statut social. L'étude des mécanismes de circulation des biens, de la structure du réseau et des motivations justifiant une participation à la sphère d’interaction Meadowood exige une meilleure compréhension de la multiplicité et de la complexité des usages réservés à de tels objets de prestige. Cet article insiste sur l'importance de dépasser la simple dichotomie entre objets utilitaires/reliés à la subsistance et objets non-utilitaires/rituels.

Type
Articles
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 76 , Issue 1 , January 2011 , pp. 41 - 79
Copyright
Copyright © Society for American Archaeology 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References Cited

Abel, Timothy J. 1997 The Meadowood Mortuary Complex: Social Complexity in Northeast Early Woodland Culture. Paper presented at the 81st Annual Meeting of the New York State Archaeological Association, Lake George, New York.Google Scholar
Abel, Timothy J., Stothers, David M., and Koralewski, Jason M. 2001 The Williams Mortuary Complex: A Transitional Archaic Regional Interaction Center in Northwestern Ohio. In Archaic Transitions in Ohio and Kentucky Prehistory, edited by Olaf H. Prufer, Sara E. Pedde, and Richard S. Meindl, pp. 290–327. Kent State University Press, Kent, Ohio.Google Scholar
Andrefsky, William Jr. 2005 Lithics: Macroscopic Approaches to Analysis (Second Edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Andrews, John P. 1995 A Lithic Analysis of the Frazer-Tyra Site (20SA9): A Multicomponent Site in the Saginaw Valley. Michigan Archaeologist 41(4):139–200.Google Scholar
Archéotec 2009 Centrales de l’Eastmain-1-A et de la Sarcelle et dérivation Rupert. Interventions archéologiques dans le secteur amont de la rivière Rupert. Saison 2008. Manuscript on file, Société d’énergie de la Baie James (SEBJ), Montréal, Québec.Google Scholar
Arnold, Jeanne E. 1996 Emergent Complexity : The Evolution of Intermediate Societies. Archaeological Series No. 9. International Monographs in Prehistory, Ann Arbor, Michigan.Google Scholar
Belcher, William R. 1988 Archaeological Investigations at the Knox Site (30–21), East Penobscot Bay, Maine. M.Sc. thesis, Quaternary Studies, University of Maine, Orono, Maine.Google Scholar
Belcher, William R. 1989 Prehistoric Fish Exploitation in East Penobscot Bay, Maine:The Knox Site and Sea-Level Rise. Archaeology of Eastern North America 17:175–191.Google Scholar
Beld, Scott G. 1991 Two Terminal Archaic/Early Woodland Sites in Central Michigan. Technical Report No. 22. University of Michigan Museum of Anthropology, Ann Arbor, Michigan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bello, Charles A., Cresson, John H., and Veit, Richard 1997 A Meadowood Cache from the Rancocas Creek Drainage, Burlington County. Bulletin of the Archaeological Society of New Jersey 52:63–67.Google Scholar
Binford, Lewis R. 1963a The Pomranki Site: A Late Archaic Burial Station. In Miscellaneous Studies in Typology and Classification, edited by Anta M. White, Lewis R. Binford, and Mark L. Papworth, pp. 149–192. Anthropological Papers No.19. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.Google Scholar
Binford, Lewis R. 1963b The Hodges Site: A Late Archaic Burial Station. In Miscellaneous Studies in Typology and Classification, edited by Anta M. White, Lewis R. Binford, and Mark L. Papworth, pp. 124–148. Anthropological Papers No. 19. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.Google Scholar
Binford, Lewis R., and Papworth, Mark L. 1963 The East Port Site, Antrim County, Michigan. In Miscellaneous Studies in Typology and Classification, edited by Anta M. White, Lewis R. Binford, and Mark L. Papworth, pp. 71–123. Anthropological Papers No.19. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.Google Scholar
Blair, Susan 2004 Pihcesis Ajemseg. Le Sylvicole maritime è Jemseg. In Wolastoqiyik Ajemseg. La Nation du Fleuve Majestueux è Jemseg. Vol. 2:Résultats Archéologiques, edited by Susan Blair, pp. 251–275. Manuscrits sur l’archéologie du Nouveau Brunswick No. 36F. Les Services d’archéologie, Direction du patrimoine, Fredericton.Google Scholar
Blakely, Roger L. 1996 Biocultural Implications of Mortuary Treatment and Paleopathology at the Isle La Motte Site. North American Archaeologist 17(3):239–262.Google Scholar
Bourn, Richard Q. Jr. 2002 The Smith Brook Site (6-HT-23). Bulletin of the Archaeological Society of Connecticut 64:3–22.Google Scholar
Brennan, Louis A. 1974 The Lower Hudson: A Decade of Shell Middens. Archaeology of Eastern North America 2(1):81–93.Google Scholar
Brennan, Louis A. 1977 The Lower Hudson:The Archaic. In Amerinds and Their Paleoenvironments in Northeastern North America, pp. 411–430. New York Academy of Sciences, New York.Google Scholar
Brose, David S. 1994 Trade and Exchange in the Midwestern United States. In Prehistoric Exchange Systems in North America, edited by Timothy G. Baugh, and Jonathan E. Ericson, pp. 215–240. Plenum Press, New York.Google Scholar
Brumbach, Hetty Jo 1979 Early Ceramics and Ceramic Technology in the Upper Hudson Valley. New York State Archaeological Association Bulletin 76:21–26.Google Scholar
Burtt, Frederick 1960 Editor’s Note. The New Hampshire Archaeologist 10:5.Google Scholar
Caldwell, Joseph R. 1964 Interaction Spheres in Prehistory. In Hopewellian Studies, edited by Joseph R. Caldwell and Robert L. Hall, pp. 1–34. Illinois State Museum Scientific Papers Vol. 12. Springfield, Illinois.Google Scholar
Campbell, Shirley F. 1983 Perspectives on Massim Exchange. In The Kula:New Perspectives on Massim Exchange, edited by Jerry W. Leach, and Edmund Leach, pp. 229–248. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Cassedy, Daniel F. 1992 Native American Interaction Patterns and Lithic Acquisition Strategies in Eastern New York and Southern New England. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, State University of New York, Binghamton, New York.Google Scholar
Ceci, Lynne 1986 The Origins of Wampum among the Seneca Iroquois. Manuscript on file, Rochester Museum & Science Center, Rochester, New York.Google Scholar
Chapdelaine, Claude 1990 Un site du Sylvicole moyen ancien sur la plage d’Oka (BiFm-1). Recherches Amérindiennes au Québec 20(1):19–35.Google Scholar
Chapdelaine, Claude, and Beaulieu, Simon 2007 Le site du chalet, un espace de vie complexe. In Entre lacs et montagnes au Méganticois. 12 000 ans d’histoire amérindienne, edited by Claude Chapdelaine, pp. 181–218. Paléo-Québec No. 32. Recherches Amérindiennes au Québec, Montréal.Google Scholar
Chapman, Robert W. 1977 Burial Practices: An Area of Mutual Interest. In Archaeology and Anthropology: Areas of Mutual Interest, edited by M. Spriggs, pp. 19–33. BAR Supplementary Series 19. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.Google Scholar
Chapman, Robert W. 1981 The Emergence of Formal Disposal Areas and the ‘Problem’ of Megalithic Tombs in Prehistoric Europe. In The Archaeology of Death, edited by Robert Chapman, Ian Kinnes, and Klavs Randsborg, pp. 71–81. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Chase-Dunn, Christopher, and Hall, Thomas D. 1991 Conceptualizing Core-Periphery Hierarchies for Comparative Studies. In Core/Periphey Relations in Precapitalist Worlds, edited by Christopher Chase-Dunn, and Thomas D. Hall, pp. 5–44. Westview, Boulder, Colorado.Google Scholar
Chase-Dunn, Christopher, and Hall, Thomas D. 1997 Ecological Degradation and the Evolution of World-Systems. Journal of World-System Research 3:403–431.Google Scholar
Chrétien, Yves 1995a Le Sylvicole inférieur dans la région de Québec et le dynamisme culturel en périphéric de la sphère d’interaction Meadowood. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Université de Montréal, Montréal.Google Scholar
Chrétien, Yves 1995b Les lames de cache du site Lambert et l’influence de la culture Meadowood dans la région de Québec. In Archéologies Québécoises, edited by Anne-Marie Balac, Claude Chapdelaine, Norman Clermont, and Françoise Duguay, pp. 185–201. Paléo-Québec No. 23. Recherches Amérindiennes au Québec, Montréal.Google Scholar
Clermont, Norman 1978 Les crémations de Pointe-du-Buisson. Recherches Amérindiennes au Québec 8(1):3–20.Google Scholar
Clermont, Norman 1990 Le Sylvicole inférieur au Québec. Recherches Amérindiennes au Québec 20(1):5–17.Google Scholar
Clermont, Norman 2002 La présence Meadowood (1000–400 BC). In Sous les Caryers du Buisson: Le Site Hector Trudel, edited by Norman Clermont. Manuscript on file, Anthropology Department, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec.Google Scholar
Clermont, Norman, and Chapdelaine, Claude 1982 Pointe-du-Buisson 4:Quarante Siècles d’Archives Oubliées. Recherches Amérindiennes au Québec, Montréal.Google Scholar
Clermont, Norman, and Chapdelaine, Claude 1990 Le plateau des portageurs, une halte au pied des courants. Recherches Amérindiennes au Québec 20(3–4):43–72.Google Scholar
Corbeil, Pierre 2007 Sur une belle terrasse face au marais. In Entre lacs et montagnes au Méganticois. 12 000 ans d’histoire amérindienne, edited by Claude Chapdelaine, pp. 129–180. Paléo-Québec No. 32. Recherches Amérindiennes au Québec, Montréal.Google Scholar
Corporation Archéo-08 1996 8APADJI8E8AN. Les occupations paléohlstoriques du lieu historique nationale de Fort-Témiscamingue. Manuscript on file, Ministère de la Culture, des Communications et de la Condition féminine du Québec, Québec.Google Scholar
Corporation Archéo-08 1999 ntervention archéologique 1998, inventaire archéologique aux lacs Simon et Endormi. Manuscript on file, Ministère de la Culture, des Communications et de la Condition féminine du Québec, Québec.Google Scholar
Corporation Archéo-08 2003 Fouille et inventaire archéologiques, Zees Dumoine et Kipawa (saison 2002). Manuscript on file, Ministère de la Culture, des Communications et de la Condition féminine du Québec, Québec.Google Scholar
Côté, Marc 1987 Les manifestations archaïques de la station I du site Hamel. Recherches Amérindiennes au Québec 17(1–2):133–138.Google Scholar
Côté, Marc 1993 Préhistoire de l’Abitibi-Témiscamingue. Recherches Amérindiennes au Québec 23(2–3):5–24.Google Scholar
Côté, Marc 2010a Intervention archéologique en 2007 au site Nault (ClGt-2). Manuscript on file, Ministère de la Culture, des Communications et de la Condition féminine du Québec, Québec.Google Scholar
Côté, Marc 2010b Intervention archéologique en 2008 au site Nault (ClGt-2). Manuscript on file, Ministère de la Culture, des Communications et de la Condition féminine du Québec, Québec.Google Scholar
Cross, John R. 1993 Craft Specialization in Nonstratified Societies. Research in Economic Anthropology 14:61–84.Google Scholar
Crucefix, Lanna 2001 Copper Use in the Old Copper Complex: A Comparative Analysis of Wittry VI-C Copper Axes and Three-Quarter Grooved Stone Axes. M. A. thesis, Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia.Google Scholar
Davis, Stephen A. 1986 Man, Mollusks and Mammals:A Study of Land Use and Resources in the Late Holocene of the Maritime Provinces of Canada. Ph.D. dissertation, Wolfson College, Oxfordshire.Google Scholar
Deal, Michael 1986 Late Archaic and Ceramic Period Utilization on the Mud Lake Stream Site, Southwestern New Brunswick. Man in the Northeast 32:67–94.Google Scholar
Deller, D. Brian, Ellis, Christopher J., and Kenyon, Ian 1986 The Archaeology of Southeastern Huron Basin. In Studies in Southwestern Ontario Archaeology, edited by William A. Fox. Occasional Publications, No. 1. London Chapter of the Ontario Archaeological Society, London, Ontario.Google Scholar
Dibble, Harold L. 1995 Middle Paleolithic Scraper Reduction:Background, Clarification, and Review of Evidence to Date. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 2:299–368.Google Scholar
Dincauze, Dena F. 1968 Cremation Cemeteries in Eastern Massachusetts. Peabody Museum, Cambridge, Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Dincauze, Dena F. 1976 The Neville Site:8,000 Years at Amoskeag, Manchester, New Hampshire. Peabody Museum Monographs No. 4. Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Donaldson, William S., and Wortner, Stanley 1995 The Hind Site and the Glacial Kame Burial Complex in Ontario. Ontario Archaeology 59:5–95.Google Scholar
Ellis, Christopher J. 1994 The Pits (Part II): A Radiocarbon-Dated Early Woodland, Meadowood Phase Feature from the Parkhill Site. Kewa 94(5):2–6.Google Scholar
Ellis, Christopher J. 1999 Some Sites and Artifacts I Have Known:The Welke-Tonkonoh Site Revisited or What is a Meadowood Point? Kewa 99(3–4):9–26.Google Scholar
Ellis, Christopher J., and Spence, Michael W. 1997 Raw Material Variation and the Organization of Small Point Archaic Lithic Technologies in Southwestern Ontario. In Preceramic Southern Ontario, edited by Philip J. Woodley and P. Ramsden, pp. 119–140. Occasional Papers in Northeastern Archaeology, No. 9. Copetown Press, St. John’s, Newfoundland & Labrador.Google Scholar
Ellis, Christopher J., Fisher, Jacqueline A., and Brian Deller, D. 1988 Four Meadowood Phase Lithic Artifact Assemblages from Caradoc and Delaware Townships, Southwestern Ontario. Kewa 88(8):3–20.Google Scholar
Emerson, John Norman 1955 The Kant Site:A Point Peninsula Manifestation in Renfrew County, Ontario. Transactions of the Royal Canadian Institute 31, Part 1:24–66.Google Scholar
Emerson, John Norman, and Noble, William C. 1966 The Surma Site, Fort Erie, Ontario. Ontario Archaeologist 9:68–88.Google Scholar
Fecteau, Rodolphe D. 1979 Archaebotanical Remains from the Morpeth South Site (AcHk-3), a Late Archaic Site in Kent County, Ontario. Kewa 79(6):3–6.Google Scholar
Ferguson, Chauncey C. 1947 West Brookfield Indian Burial. Bulletin of the Massachusetts Archaeological Society 9(1):16.Google Scholar
Fiedel, Stuart J. 2001 What Happened in the Early Woodland? Archaeology of Eastern North America 29:101–142.Google Scholar
Finlayson, William D. 1977 The Saugeen Culture:A Middle Woodland Manifestation in Southwestern Ontario. Mercury Series, Archaeological Survey of Canada No. 61. National Museums of Canada, Ottawa.Google Scholar
Fitting, James E., Halsey, John R., and Martin Wobst, H. 1968 Contributions to Michigan Archaeology. Anthropological Papers No. 32. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fogel, Ira L. 1963 The Dispersal of Copper Artifacts in the Late Archaic Period of Prehistoric North America. The Wisconsin Archaeologist 44(3): 129–179.Google Scholar
Forget, Jean-Marc 1996 Le Sylvicole inférieur et la culture Meadowood. In En remontant la rivière aux Brochets. Cinq mille ans d’histoire amérindienne dans Brome-Missisquoi, edited by Jean-Marc Forget, and Daniel St-Arnaud, pp. 51–65. Paléo-Québec Vol. 25. Recherches Amérindiennes au Québec, Montréal.Google Scholar
Fowler, William S. 1965 A Birdstone Recovery in Rhode Island. Bulletin of the Massachusetts Archaeological Society 26(3):39–43.Google Scholar
Fowler, William S., and Welt, Jess W. 1955 A Significant Find. Bulletin of the Massachusetts Archaeological Society 17(1):9–12.Google Scholar
Fox, William A. 1981 Meadowood Caches in Southwestern Ontario. Kewa 81(2):3–5.Google Scholar
Fox, William A. 1983 Four Square Meters of Ontario Prehistory. Arch Notes 2:17–26.Google Scholar
Fox, William A. 1984a An Early Woodland Camp on Inverhuron Bay. Kewa 84(6).Google Scholar
Fox, William A. 1984b Meadowood Biface Caches from Southwestern Ontario. Kewa 84(2):7–12.Google Scholar
Funk, Robert E. 1976 Recent Contributions to Hudson Valley Prehistory. New York State Museum Memoir 22.Google Scholar
Funk, Robert E. 1993 Archaeological Investigations in the Upper Susquehanna Valley, New York State. Vols. I and 2. Persimmon Press, Buffalo, New York.Google Scholar
Funk, Robert E., and Pfeiffer, John E. 1988 Archaeological and Paleoenvironmental Investigations on Fishers Island, New York: A Preliminary Report. Bulletin of the Archaeological Society of Connecticut 51:69–110.Google Scholar
Garland, Elizabeth B. (editor) 1990 Late Archaic and Early Woodland Adaptation in the Lower St. Joseph River Valley, Berrien County, Michigan:The US-31 Berrien County Freeway Project. Michigan Department of Transportation, Michigan Department of State, and the Federal Highway Administration.Google Scholar
Godfrey-Smith, Dorothy I., Deal, Michael, and Kunelius, liana 1997 Thermoluminescence Dating of St. Croix Ceramics:Chronology Building in Southwestern Nova Scotia. Geoarchaeology 12(3):251–273.Google Scholar
Granger, Joseph E. 1976 The Orchid site Area B, Fort Erie, Ontario. New York State Archaeological Association Bulletin 67:1–39.Google Scholar
Granger, Joseph E. 1978 Meadowood Phase Settlement Pattern in the Niagara Frontier Region of Western New York State. Anthropological Papers, No. 65. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.Google Scholar
Granger, Joseph E. 1979 Cache Blades, Chert and Communication:A Reappraisal of Certain Aspects of Meadowood Phase and the Concept of a Burial Cult in the Northeast. In Essays in Northeastern Anthropology in Memory of Marian E. White, edited by W. E. Engelbrecht, and D. K. Grayson, pp. 96–122. Occasional Publications in Northeastern Anthropology No. 5. Archaeological Services, Bethlehem, Connecticut.Google Scholar
Granger, Joseph E. 1981 The Seward Site Cache and a Study of the Meadowood Phase ‘Cache Blade’ in the Northeast. Archaeology of North Eastern North America 9:63–103.Google Scholar
Groison, Dominique 1983 Analyse des collections des sites de la région Manicouagan-Outardes. Manuscript on file, Ministère de la Culture, des Communications et de la Condition féminine du Québec, Québec.Google Scholar
Halstead, Paul, and O’Shea, John M. 1982 A Friend in Need is a Friend Indeed: Social Storage and the Origins of Social Ranking. In Ranking, Resource, and Exchange: Aspects of the Archaeology of Early European Society, edited by Colin Renfrew, and Stephen Shennan, pp. 92–99. Cambridge University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Hammer, John 1976 Identification and Distribution of Some Lithic Raw Materials from New York State. Man in the Northeast 11:39–62.Google Scholar
Hampton, O. W. 1999 Culture of Stone:Sacred and Profane Uses of Stone among the Dani. Texas A&M University Press, College Station.Google Scholar
Harrison, Simon 1992 Ritual as Intellectual Property. Man 27(2):225–245.Google Scholar
Hart, John P., and Sidell, Nancy A. 1997 Additional Evidence for Early Cucurbit Use in the Northern Eastern Woodlands East of the Allegheny Front. American Antiquity 62:523–537.Google Scholar
Haviland, William A., and Power, Marjory W. 1981 The Original Vermonters: Native Inhabitants, Past and Present. University Press of New England, Hanover, New Hampshire.Google Scholar
Haviland, William A., and Power, Marjory W. 1994 The Original Vermonters:Native Inhabitants Past and Present. Revised and expanded edition. University Press of New England, Hanover, New Hampshire.Google Scholar
Hayden, Brian 2001 Fabulous Feasts. A Prolegomenon to the Importance of Feasting. In Feasts, Archaeological and Ethnographic Perspectives on Food, Politics, and Power, edited by Michael Dietler, and Brian Hayden, pp. 23–64. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington.Google Scholar
Hayden, Brian 2002 L’évolution des premiers vêtements en cuir. In Le travail du cuir de la préhistoire à nos jours, edited by Frédérique Audoin-Rouzeau, and Sylvie Beyries. XXIIe rencontres internationales d’archéologie et d’histoire d’Antibes. Éditions APDCA, Antibes.Google Scholar
Hayden, Brian, and Schulting, Richard 1997 The Plateau Interaction Sphere and Late Prehistoric Cultural Complexity. American Antiquity 62:51–85.Google Scholar
Heckenberger, Michael J., Petersen, James B., Basa, Louise A., Cowie, Ellen R., Spiess, Arthur E., and Stuckenrath, Robert E. 1990 Early Woodland Period Ceremonialism in the Far Northeast: A View from the Boucher Cemetery. Archaeology of Eastern North America 18:109–144.Google Scholar
Helms, Mary W. 1988 Ulysses’ Sail: An Ethnographic Odyssey of Power, Knowledge, and Geographic Distance. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.Google Scholar
Helms, Mary W. 1993 Craft and the Kingly Ideal: Art, Trade, and Power. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Howe, Dennis E. 1988 The Beaver Meadow Brook Site: Prehistory on the West Bank at Sewall’s Falls, Concord, New Hampshire. The New Hamphsire Archaeologist 29(1):49–107.Google Scholar
Inizan, Marie-Louise, Reduron-Ballinger, Michèle, Roche, Hélène, and Tixier, Jacques 1995 Technologie de la pierre taillée. Préhistoire de la pierre taillée, No.4. CREP, Meudon, Île-de-France.Google Scholar
Jackson, H. Edwin 1991 The Trade Fair in Hunter-Gatherer Interactions: The Role of Intersocietal Trade in the Evolution of Poverty Point Culture. In Between Bands and States, edited by Susan A. Gregg, pp. 265–286. Center for Archaeological Investigations, Occasional Paper No. 9. Southern Illinois University, Carbondale.Google Scholar
Jackson, Lawrence J. 1982 Dawson Creek: An Early Woodland Site in South-Central Ontario. Ontario Archaeology 33:13–32.Google Scholar
Jackson, Lawrence J. 1986 New Evidence for Early Woodland Seasonal Adaptation from Southern Ontario, Canada. American Antiquity 51:389–40l.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, Lawrence J. 1988 Dawson Creek Site Feature Analysis: 4000 Years of Ontario Prehistory. Occasional Papers in Anthropology No. 5. Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario.Google Scholar
Jarvis, Hugh 1988 INAA Characterization of Onondaga Chert:A Preliminary Study in Western New York. M.A. thesis, Department of Anthropology, State University of New York, Buffalo.Google Scholar
Johnston, Richard B. 1984 Archaeology of the Mclntyre Site. In The Mclntyre Site:A rchaeology, Subsistence and Environment, edited by Richard B. Johnston, pp. 7–85. National Museum of Man, Archaeological Survey of Canada, Mercury Series Paper 126, Ottawa.Google Scholar
Johnson, Jay K., and Brookes, Samuel O. 1989 Benton Points, Turkey Tails, and Cache Blades:Middle Archaic Exchange in the Midsouth. Southeastern Archaeology 8(2):134–145.Google Scholar
Jury, Wilfrid W. 1965 Copper Artifacts from Western Ontario. Wisconsin Archeologist 46(4):223–246.Google Scholar
Jury, Wilfrid W. 1973 Copper Cache at Penetanguishene, Ontario, Canada. Wisconsin Archeologist 54(2):84–106.Google Scholar
Kaeppler, Adrienne L. 1999 Kie Hingoa: Mats of Power, Rank, Prestige, and History. Journal of the Polynesian Society (108): 168–232.Google Scholar
Kenyon, Victoria B., and Foster, Donald W. 1980 The Smyth Site (NH 38–4): Research in Progress. The New Hampshire Archaeologist 21:44–54.Google Scholar
Kinsey, W. Fred III 1975 Faucett and Byram Sites: Chronology and Settlement in the Delaware Valley. Pennsylvania Archaeologist 45:1–103.Google Scholar
Kinsey, W. Fred III, Kraft, Herbert C., Werner, David J., and Marchiando, Patricia 1972 Archeology in the Upper Delaware Valley: A Study of the Cultural Chronology of the Tocks Island Reservoir. Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.Google Scholar
Klein, Joel I. 1985 Current Research, Northeast. American Antiquity 50:887–897.Google Scholar
Kraft, Herbert C. 1975 The Archaeology of the Tocks Island Area. Archaeological Research Center. Seton Hall University Museum, South Orange, New Jersey.Google Scholar
Kraft, Herbert C. 1989 A Dated Meadowood Component from Fairfield, Essex County, New Jersey. Bulletin of the Archaeological Society of New Jersey 44:51–54.Google Scholar
Kuchler, Susanne 1997 Sacrificial Economy and its Objects. Journal of Material Culture 2(1):39–60.Google Scholar
Langevin, Éric 1990 DdEw-12:4000 ans d’occupation sur la grande décharge du lac Saint-Jean. M.Sc. thesis, Department of Anthropology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec.Google Scholar
Langevin, Éric, and Girard, Joane 1995 Sites du Grand Marais de Saint-Gédéon, Lac-Saint-Jean, rapport d’interventions archéologiques. Manuscript on file, Ministère de la Culture, des Communications et de la Condition féminine du Québec, Québec.Google Scholar
Lee, Thomas E. 1958 The Parker Earthwork, Corunna, Ontario. Pennsylvania Archaeologist 29(1):3–30.Google Scholar
Lévesque, René, Osborne, Freleigh F., and Wright, James V. 1964 Le Gisement de Batiscan:Notes sur des Vestiges Laissés par une Peuplade de Culture Sylvicole Inférieure dans la Vallée du Saint-Laurent. Études Anthropologiques No. 6. Musée national du Canada, Ottawa.Google Scholar
Levine, Mary Ann 1999 Native Copper in the Northeast:An Overview of Potential Sources Available to Indigenous Peoples. In The Archaeological Northeast, edited by Mary Ann Levine, Kenneth E. Sassaman, and Michael S. Nassaney, pp. 183–199. Bergin & Garvey, Westport, Connecticut.Google Scholar
Levine, Mary Ann 2007 Determining the Provenance of Native Copper Artifacts from Northeastern North America: Evidence from Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis. Journal of Archaeological Science 34:572–587.Google Scholar
Loring, Stephen 1985 Boundary Maintenance, Mortuary Ceremonialism and Resource Control in the Early Woodland: Three Cemetery Sites in Vermont. Archaeology of Eastern North America 13:93–127.Google Scholar
Loring, Stephen 1989 Une réserve d’outils de la période intermédiaire sur la côte du Labrador. Recherches Amérindiennes au Québec 19(2–3):45–57.Google Scholar
Lovis, William A., and Robertson, James A. 1989 Rethinking the Archaic Chronology of the Saginaw Valley, Michigan. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 14:226–260.Google Scholar
McConaughy, Mark A. 2003 Chipped Stone Tools at Bâb edh-Dhrâ’. In Bâb edh-Dhrâ’:Excavations at the Town Site (1975–1981) Part 1:Text, edited by Walter E. Rast, and R. Thomas Schaub, pp. 473–512. Eisenbrauns, Winona Lake, Indiana.Google Scholar
McConaughy, Mark A. 2005 Middle Woodland Hopewellian Cache:Blank or Finished Tools? Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 30(2):217–257.Google Scholar
McEachen, Paul J. 1996 The Meadowood Early Woodland Manifestations in the Maritimes:A Preliminary Interpretation. M.A. thesis, Department of Anthropology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland.Google Scholar
McEachen, Paul J., and Williamson, Ronald F. 1995 The Siller Site: A Meadowood Component on the Credit River. Kewa 95(2):2–19.Google Scholar
McEachen, Paul J., Allen, Patricia, Julig, Patrick, and Long, Darrel G. F. 1999 The Tozer Site Revisited: Implications for the Early Woodland Period in New Brunswick. Canadian Journal of Archaeology 22:157–166.Google Scholar
Marois, Roger, and Ribes, René 1975 Indices de manifestations culturelles de l’Archaïque:la région de Trois-Rivières. Collection Mercure No. 41. Musèe national de l’Homme, Ottawa.Google Scholar
Martin, Susan R. 1999 Wonderful Power: The Story of Ancient Copper Working in the Lake Superior Basin. Wayne State University Press, Detroit, Michigan.Google Scholar
Mason, Ronald J. 1981 Great Lakes Archaeology. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Mitchell, Barry M. 1963 Occurrence of Overall Corded Pottery in the Upper Ottawa Valley, Canada. American Antiquity 29:114–115.Google Scholar
Mitchell, Barry M. 1966 Preliminary Report on a Woodland Site near Deep River, Ontario. Anthropological Papers 11:1–25.Google Scholar
Nicholas, George P. 1993 Current Research, Northeast. American Antiquity 58:579–580.Google Scholar
Noble, William C. 1982 Algonkian Archaeology in Northeastern Ontario. In Approaches to Algonquian Archaeology, edited by Margaret G. Hanna, and Brian Kooyman, pp. 35–56. Archaeological Association of the University of Calgary, Calgary.Google Scholar
Ozker, Doreen 1976 The Naugle Site 20MD30, Midland County, Michigan. The Michigan Archaeologist 22(4):315–355.Google Scholar
Ozker, Doreen 1982 An Early Woodland Community at the Schultz Site 20SA2 in the Saginaw Valley and the Nature of the Early Woodland Adaptation in the Great Lakes Region. Anthropological papers, No. 70. Museum of Anthropology, Ann Arbor, Michigan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parkins, William 1977 Onondaga Chert:Geological and Palynological Studies as Applied to Archaeology. M.Sc. thesis, Department of Geological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario.Google Scholar
Pauketat, Timothy R. 2008 Practice and History in Archaeology. Anthropological Theory 1(1):73–98.Google Scholar
Pétrequin, Pierre, and Pétrequin, Anne-Marie 1992 De l’espace actuel au temps archéologique ou les mythes d’un préhistorien. In Ethnoarchéologie:Justification, Problèmes, Limites, Xlle Rencontres Internationales d’archéologie et d’histoire d’Antibes, pp. 211–238. APDCA Editions, Juan-les-Pins.Google Scholar
Pétrequin, Pierre, and Pétrequin, Anne-Marie 1993 Écologie d’un Outil:La Hache de Pierre en Irian Jaya (Indonésie). Monographies du CRA No. 12. CNRS Éditions, Paris.Google Scholar
Pfeiffer, Susan 1977 The Skeletal Biology of Archaic Populations of the Great Lakes Region. Archaeological Survey of Canada Mercury Series, Paper 64. National Museums of Canada, Ottawa.Google Scholar
Pleger, Thomas C. 2000 Old Copper and Red Ocher Social Complexity. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 25(2):169–190.Google Scholar
Prisch, Betty C. 1976 The Divers Lake Quarry Site—Genesee County, New York. New York State Archaeological Association Bulletin 66:8–18.Google Scholar
Provençal, Julie, Gaudreau, Marianne, and Chapdelaine, Claude 2009 La cache du site Népress, fonction économique ou rituelle. Paper presented at the 28th annual meeting of the Association des Archéologues du Québec. Sherbrooke, Quebec, May 1–3.Google Scholar
Rataul, Ralph C. 2004 New York State’s Garnetiferous Gneiss Bannerstones: The Form and Function of Flight M. A. thesis, Department of Anthropology, State University of New York, Albany, New York.Google Scholar
Renfrew, Colin 1977 Alternative Models for Exchange and Spatial Distribution. In Exchange Systems in Prehistory, edited by Timothy K. Earle and Jonathan E. Ericson, pp. 71–91. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Renfrew, Colin, and Bahn, Paul 1996 What Contact Did They Have? Trade and Exchange. In Archaeology: Theories, Methods, and Practice, pp. 335–368. 2nd ed. Thames and Hudson, London.Google Scholar
Ridley, Frank 1954 The Frank Bay Site, Lake Nipissing, Ontario. American Antiquity 20:40–50.Google Scholar
Ritchie, William A. 1944 The Pre-Iroquoian Occupations of New York State. Memoir No. 1, Rochester Museum of Arts and Sciences, Rochester.Google Scholar
Ritchie, William A. 1946 A Stratified Prehistoric Site at Brewerton, New York. Research Records No. 8. Rochester Museum of Arts and Sciences, Rochester, New York.Google Scholar
Ritchie, William A. 1949 An Archaeological Survey of the Trent Waterway in Ontario, Canada and its Significance for New York State Prehistory. Research Records No.9. Rochester Museum of Arts and Sciences, Rochester, New York.Google Scholar
Ritchie, William A. 1955 Recent Discoveries Suggesting an Early Woodland Burial Cult in the Northeast. New York State Museum and Science Service Circular 40. State University of New York, Albany, New York.Google Scholar
Ritchie, William A. 1956 The Morrow Site. In New York State Museum Accession A1956.15. Google Scholar
Ritchie, William A. 1961 A Typology and Nomenclature for New York Projectile Points. New York State Museum and Science Service Bulletin No. 384. State University of New York State, Albany, New York.Google Scholar
Ritchie, William A. 1965 The Archaeology of New York State. American Museum of Natural History, Natural History Press, Garden City, New York.Google Scholar
Ritchie, William A. 1969a The Archaeology of New York State. 2nd ed. Natural History Press, Garden City, New York.Google Scholar
Ritchie, William A. 1969b Archaelogy of Martha’s Vineyard. A Framework for the Prehistory of Southern New England. Natural History Press, Garden City, New York.Google Scholar
Ritchie, William A., and Dragoo, Don W. 1960 The Eastern Dispersal of Adena. State Museum and Science Service Bulletin No. 379. State University of New York State, Albany.Google Scholar
Ritchie, William A., and Funk, Robert E. 1973 Aboriginal Settlement Patterns in the Northeast. New York State Museum and Science Service Memoir 20. University of the State of New York State Education Dept, Albany.Google Scholar
Robertson, James A., Lovis, William A., and Halsey, John R. 1999 The Late Archaic:Hunter-Gatherers in an Uncertain Environment. In Retrieving Michigan’s Buried Past.The Archaeology of the Great Lakes State, edited by John R. Halsey and Michael D. Stafford, pp. 95–122. Cranbrook Institute of Science Bulletin No. 64. Bloom-field Hills.Google Scholar
Robbins, Maurice 1963 Secondary Cremation Burial No. 2, the Hawes Site. Bulletin of the Massachusetts Archaeological Society 24(2):30–33.Google Scholar
Robbins, Maurice 1967 The Titicut Site. Bulletin of the Massachusetts Archaeological Society 28:33–76.Google Scholar
Shott, Michael J. 1997 Stones and Shaft Redux: The Metric Discrimination of Chipped-Stone Dart and Arrow Points. AmericanAntiq-uity 62:86–101.Google Scholar
Spence, Michael W. 1980 The Bruce Boyd Site. Manuscript on file. Anthropology Department, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario.Google Scholar
Spence, Michael W., and Fox, William A. 1986 The Early Woodland Occupations of Southern Ontario. In Early Woodland Archaeology, edited by Kenneth B. Farnsworth and Thomas E. Emerson, pp. 4–46. Seminars in Archaeology No. 2. Center for American Archaeology Press, Kampsville, Illinois.Google Scholar
Spence, Michael W., Phil, Robert H., and Murphy, Carl R. 1990 Cultural Complexes of the Early and Middle Woodland Periods. In The Archaeology of Southern Ontario to A.D. 1650, edited by Christopher J. Ellis, and Neal Ferris, pp. 125–169. Occasional Publication of the London Chapter No. 5. Ontario Archaeological Association, London. Ontario.Google Scholar
Spence, Michael W., Williamson, Ronald F., and Dawkins, John H. 1978 The Brace Boyd Site: An Early Woodland Component in Southwestern Ontario. Ontario Archaeology 29:33–46.Google Scholar
Spielmann, Katherine A. 2002 Feasting, Craft Specialization, and the Ritual Mode of Production in Small-Scale Societies. American Anthropologist 104:195–207.Google Scholar
Staats, F. Dayton 1984 Gray Cache. Pennsylvania Archaeologist 54(3):57–59.Google Scholar
Steinbring, Jack 1968 A Copper Blade of Possible Paleo-Indian Type. Manitoba Archaeological Newsletter 5(1–2):3–12.Google Scholar
Stothers, David M., and Abel, Timothy J. 1993 Archaeological Reflections of the Late Archaic and Early Woodland Time Periods in the Western Lake Erie Region. Archaeology of Eastern North America 21:25–109.Google Scholar
Strathern, Andrew 1983 The Kula in Comparative Perspective. In The Kula:New Perspectives on Massim Exchange, edited by Jerry W. Leach, and Edmund Leach, pp. 73–88. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Taché, Karine 2008 Structure and Regional Diversity of the Meadowood Interaction Sphere. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia.Google Scholar
Thompson, David H. 1973 Preliminary Excavations at the Hopkins Site (6-LF-1), Warren, Connecticut. Bulletin of the Archaeological Society of Connecticut 38:5–24.Google Scholar
Timmins, Peter 1992 The Billiard Site (AhHa–76):A Small Meadowood Component in the Region of Hamilton-Wentworth, Ontario. Kewa 92(1):2–19.Google Scholar
Townsend, E. C. 1959 Birdstones of the North American Indian. Privately printed, Indianapolis, Indiana.Google Scholar
Tremblay, Roland 2005 Un petit soupçon dans la Petite Nationda découverte d’une pierre aviforme en Outaouais. Archéologiques 18:59–70.Google Scholar
Tremblay, Roland 1995 L’île aux Corneilles: deux occupations du Sylvicole supérieur entre la province de Canada et le Saguenay. In Archéologies Québécoises, edited by A.-M. Balac, C. Chapdelaine, N. Clermont et F. Duguay, pp. 271–306. Paléo-Québec No. 23. Recherches amérindiennes au Québec, Montréal.Google Scholar
Trubitt, Mary Beth D. 2003 The Production and Exchange of Marine Shell Prestige Goods. Journal of Archaeological Research 11(3):243–277.Google Scholar
Vanderlaan, Stanley 1966 The Waterport South Site Ood 3–3. Morgan Chapter Newsletter (N. Y.S.A.A) 6:8–12.Google Scholar
Vanderlaan, Stanley 1967 The Forrestel Site Mda 5–1. Morgan Chapter Newsletter (N.Y.S.A.A) 7:1–4.Google Scholar
Vargo, Jack, and Vargo, Donna 1986 Preliminary Results of Archaeological Investigations Conducted at the Multi-Component Tamarack Site. Bulletin of the Archaeological Society ofConnecticut 49:1–18.Google Scholar
Versaggi, Nina M. 1999 Regional Diversity within the Early Woodland of the Northeast. Northeast Anthropology 57:45–56.Google Scholar
Vidal, Violette 2007 Palethnographie du site Nebessis (BiEr-03). Une occupation préhistorique sur les berges du lac aux Araignées. In Entre lacs et montagnes au Méganticois. 12 000 ans d’histoire amérindienne, edited by Claude Chapdelaine, pp. 219–248. Paléo-Québec No. 32. Recherches Amérindiennes au Québec, Montréal.Google Scholar
Weedman, Kathryn J. 2002 On the Spur of the Moment: Effects of Age and Experience on Hafted Stone Scraper Morphology. American Antiquity 67:731–744.Google Scholar
White, Marian E. 1966 The Orchid Site. Ossuary, Fort Erie, Ontario. New York State Archaeological Association Bulletin 38:1–35.Google Scholar
Whitney, Theodore 1967 A Small Blade Cache (Sfg–1). Chenango Chapter Newsletter (N.Y.S.A.A.) 9(1):1–10.Google Scholar
Whitney, Theodore 1970 Nine Mile Swamp Site (Sgf–2-N). Chenango Chapter Newsletter (N.Y.S.A.A.) 11(2):1–12.Google Scholar
Wicks, Norman J. 1973 A Preliminary Report on a Late Archaic-Early Woodland Site in Genesee County. New York State Archaeological Association Bulletin 59:6–13.Google Scholar
Wiessner, Polly 2001 Enga Feasts in Historical Perspectives. In Feasts. Archaeological and Ethnographic Perspectives on Food, Politics, and Power, edited by Michael Dietler, and Brian Hayden, pp. 115–143. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Williamson, Ronald F. 1978 Report on Excavations of the Early Woodland Liahn II site (AcHo–2) and Test Excavations at the Peterkin (AcHo-9), Mitchell’s Bay, Ontario. Research Report No.8. Museum of Indian Archaeology at the University of Western Ontario, London.Google Scholar
Williamson, Ronald F. 1980 The Liahn II Site and Early Woodland Mortuary Ceremonialism. Ontario Archaeology 33:3–11.Google Scholar
Williamson, Ronald F. 1982 The Liahn II Site and Early Woodland Mortuary Ceremonialism. Ontario Archaeology 33:3–11.Google Scholar
Williamson, Ronald F. 1988 Report on Archaeological Investigations of the Cash-brown Site (AiHd–42), Lincoln Village Subdivision, Waterloo. Kewa 88(3):4–13.Google Scholar
Williamson, Ronald F., and MacDonald, Robert I. 1997 In the Shadow of the Bridge:The Archaeology of the Peace Bridge Site (AfGr–9): 1994–1996 Investigations. Archaeological Services Inc., Toronto.Google Scholar
Williamson, Ronald F., and MacDonald, Robert I. 1998 Legacy of Stone. Ancient Life on the Niagara Frontier. Eastendbooks, Toronto.Google Scholar
Wilson, Jim 1993 The Preliminary Investigations at the Pocock Site and the Meadowood Phase Along the Middle Thames Drainage. Kewa 93(3):2–22.Google Scholar
Wilson, Jim 1997 The Middle Thames River Settlement/Subsistence Project, Middlesex County, Ontario. Report submitted to Ontario Heritage Foundation and Ontario Ministry of Citizenship, Culture and Recreation, Ontario.Google Scholar
Wray, Charles F. 1948 Varieties and Sources of Flint Found in New York State. Pennsylvania Archaeologist 18:25–43.Google Scholar
Wright, Henry T. 1964 A Transitional Archaic Campsite at Green Point (20SA 1). Michigan Archaeologist 10(1):17–22.Google Scholar
Wright, James V. 1967 The Laurel Tradition and the Middle Woodland Period. National Museum of Canada Bulletin No. 217, Anthropological series No. 79, Ottawa.Google Scholar
Wright, James V. 1994 The Prehistoric Transportation of Goods in the St. Lawrence River Basin. In Prehistoric Exchange Systems in North America. Interdisciplinary Contributions to Archaeology, edited by Timothy G. Baugh, and Jonathan E. Ericson, pp. 47–71. Plenum Press, New York.Google Scholar
Wright, James V. 2004 The Gordon Island North Site and Cultural Settlement Distributions along the Upper St. Lawrence River Valley. In A Passion for the PasUPapers in Honour of James F. Pendergast, edited by James V. Wright, and Jean-Luc Pilon, pp. 321–393. Mercury Series, Archaeology Paper No. 164. Canadian Museum of Civilization, Gatineau, Québec.Google Scholar
Wright, James V., and Anderson, James E. 1963 The Donaldson site. National Museum of Canada Bulletin, No. 184, Anthropological Series, No. 58. Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources, Ottawa.Google Scholar